Biophysics - sciences koiora ko .... biophysics rāpoi

Ko tētahi o te nuinga o sciences onamata ko, o te akoranga, te koiora. moni o te iwi i roto i te tukanga e tupu i roto ia ratou me nga mea e karapoti ana ahu e rave rahi mano tau i mua i to tatou era.

Kitea o te kararehe, tipu, ngā tukanga māori i te wahi nui o te oraraa o te iwi. Neke atu i te wa, putu ahau he rota o te matauranga, ake a whakawhanakehia tikanga mo te ako o te āhua me te tikanga tupu i roto i reira. arahina tenei ki te putanga o te maha ngā wāhanga e hanga ake te katoa o te pūtaiao matatini.

rangahau koiora i roto i ngā wāhi rerekē o te ora kia taea ki te whiwhi he nui hoki mahara ki te ao pūrere koiora raraunga hōu tino. Whakamahia tenei matauranga ki ngā take tangata mahi (te hōpara ātea, rongoā, ahuwhenua, ahumahi matū, me te pera i runga i).

koiora hou

I teie mahana, te whakatutuki i tēnei pūtaiao matamaha taea te whakatutuki i maha hua pai. Na, tuku pūtaiao hou he maha o rongoā ki te raruraru o te mate tangata i te pānga o wheori me huakita. ka taea ki te kia i roto i te wāhi, kahore whara e pā ana ki te 3 marama, te whakamahi o te hāora rite te puna o microorganisms ranei otaota rauropi pūtau.

arahina maha ngā āhuatanga ki te rangahau koiora i roto i te mara o te hanganga ā-, me te mahi o ngā pūnaha ora katoa. Ako te hanganga rāpoi o rauropi, ratou microstructure, taratahi me te tokomaha o nga ira o te huinga ira tangata me te kararehe, me ngā tipu ako. Ko te maitai o te koiora, pūtau me te engineering ira tukua ki te whiwhi e rave rahi hua ia tipu wa me ahu whakaatu kararehe e hoatu ake te kai, te waiu me te hua.

Hono ako microorganisms whakaaetia ki te whiwhi paturopi me te hanga tekau rau o kano ranei, tuku ki te riro i te momo o mate, ara te hunga e urutā mua tonu kī mano o oraraa o te tangata me te kararehe.

Na reira, ko te pūtaiao hou o te koiora - te reira taea hopea ore o te tangata i roto i te maha mara o te pūtaiao, ahumahi me te tiaki o te hauora.

Whakarōpū o Koiora Sciences

Ko tētahi o nga wāhanga tuatahi i pūtaiao tūmataiti o te koiora. Ko te hunga i huaota, te mätai kararehe, tinana me te taxonomy. I muri ka anga ratou ki te hanga i atu ti'aturi i runga i taputapu hangarau o pekanga - iti, Virology, whaiaroaro, me pera i runga i.

He he maha o taitamariki, me te ahu whakamua pūtaiao, i hanga noa i roto i te rau tau XX-XXI me whai wāhi nui i roto i te whanaketanga hou o te koiora.

e kore te mea He kotahi engari e rave rahi whakarōpūtanga, e taea te runga pütaiao koiora. Whakarārangi ratou rawa faahiahia i roto i te wā katoa, whakaaro tetahi o ratou.

Ko te kupu, kua tamata matou ki te taupoki ana i te momo matua, e he pūtaiao koiora. Ko te rārangi ko te whanaketanga o ngā tikanga me ngā tikanga o te ako whakawhānui whakakiia. Na reira, e kore e he whakarōpū kotahi o te koiora te tīariari i teie mahana.

Bioscience Arā me ratou tikanga

Hoki te whakaotinga, he pera te pūtaiao hou, me te ahu whakamua o te koiora rite:

• hangarau koiora;
• koiora rāpoi;
• koiora wāhi;
• biophysics;
• matūora.

Ia o enei pūtaiao hoki kua hanga i kore mua rautau XX, a na reira te whakaaro ki te waiho i te taitamariki, tere whakawhanake me te tino nui mo te mahi mahi o te tangata.

Kia noho tatou i runga i taua o ratou rite biophysics. Ko te pūtaiao, i puta a tawhio noa 1945 me kua riro te wahi nui o te pūnaha koiora katoa.

He aha te mea biophysics?

Hei whakahoki i tēnei pātai, kia tuatahi matou tohu ki tona whakapā tata ki te matū me te koiora. I roto i te tahi mau pātai nga rohe i waenganui i nga pūtaiao he pera tata e ko reira uaua ki te hanga i roto i nei o ratou whai wāhi āta i matua. Na reira whakaaro biophysics tu rite te pūtaiao matatini e tuatapapa i te tukanga-tinana, me te matū hohonu tupu i roto i ngā pūnaha e noho ana i te taumata o ngā rāpoi ngota, ngā pūtau, okana, me i te taumata o te ao koiora rite te katoa.

Ka rite ki tetahi atu, Biophysics - pūtaiao he tona ahanoa o ako, ngā whāinga me ngā whāinga, me te he hua tika, me te whai kiko. I tua atu, kei te tata fakafekau'aki tenei ako ki te maha o ngā ahunga hou.

whakaurunga rangahau

Ko ratou hoki Biophysics biosystem i rerekē ngā taumata whakahaere.

1. Moroiti-kaiao (huakita, wheori, harore rauropi pūtau me te pükohu).
2. Pūtau-.
3. pūtau Takitahi me o ratou wahi hanganga (organelles).
4. Plants.
5. Animals (tae atu ki te tangata).
6. hapori rauropi.

Ie Biophysics - te ako o te ora i te wāhi o te tirohanga o te tukanga tinana tupu i roto i reira.

whāinga pūtaiao

I te tīmatanga, he biophysicists mahi ki te whakamatau i te oraraa o ngā tukanga tinana me tītohunga i roto i te ora o nga mea ora, ka ako ia ratou, kitea atu te āhua, me te faufaa.

Ka taea te whakatakoto raruraru Modern o tenei pūtaiao e whai ake:

1. Hei ako i te hanganga o ira me huarahi e haere tahi ratou whakawhiti me te rokiroki, whakarerekē (irakētanga).
2. A feruri i maha ngā āhuatanga o te koiora pūtau (ngā pūtau ki ia atu pūira me taunekeneke ira, me te tahi atu tukanga).
3. Hei ako i te rāpoi matatini rāpoi koiora polymer (pūmua, waikawa karihi, polysaccharides).
4. Cosmogeophysical whakakitea te mana o ngā āhuatanga i runga i te akoranga o ngā tukanga tinana, me te matū katoa i roto i kaiao ora.
5. More hohonu ki te whakakitea nga huarahi o Photobiology (ahotakakame, photoperiodicity me pera i runga i).
6. Whakatinana me te whakawhanake i ngā tikanga o te whakatauira pāngarau.
7. Hei tono nanotechnology ki te ako o ngā pūnaha ora.

Mai i tenei rārangi ko reira mārama e Rangahau te rota o biophysics nga raruraru nui me te nui o te hapori hou, a ka he nui hoki te tangata, me tona ora nga hua o tenei pūtaiao.

Ko te hītori o te

Biophysics rite te pūtaiao ahu ngā tata - i roto i te 1945, ka Erwin Schrödinger whakaputaina tona mahi "He aha te mea te ora i te wāhi o te tirohanga o te ahupūngao." Ko ia te tangata e kite tuatahi a faaite i roto i taua tokomaha o nga ture o te ahupūngao (ture thermodynamic o rehe aronui) ko te wahi ki te hei he i roto i te ora, me te mahi o nga rauropi o mea ora.

Ngā mihi ki te mahi o biophysics pūtaiao tangata ka anga tona whanaketanga kaha. Ko ara mua, i roto i 1922, Institute o Biophysics, hanga i roto i Russia, upoko nei e P. P. Lazarev. He mawehe te he tūranga taketake i roto i te ako o te āhua o te excitation o te kopa, i nga okana. Ko te hua ko te tāutu o te uara o te katote i roto i te tukanga.

Na ka taea te raupapa o ngā āhuatanga o te pūtaiao rerekē ki tatou mahino e nga biophysics - kua hiahiatia oti, te horo, me te matatini pūtaiao ki matau nga tukanga katoa tupu i roto i ngā pūnaha ora.

1. ka tuwhera Galvani hiko, me tona faufaa mō te kopa ora (bioelectricity).
2. A. L. Chizhevsky - papa o te maha pekanga ako i te mana hanganga i runga i te ao koiora, me te ionization radiation me elektrogemodinamiku.
3. Kua te hanganga taipitopito o ngā rāpoi ngota pūmua kua ako i muri noa i te kitea o te tikanga ttara X-ray (tātari X-ray). I meatia tenei e pūtaiao Perutz me Kendrew (1962).
4. I roto i te taua tau, tuwhera hanganga toru-ahu o te DNA (Moris Uilkins).
5. i taea e ki te whakawhanake i te tikanga o te whakatika i te pūmanawa hiko rohe Neher me Zachman Anga i 1991.

He maha o te tahi atu āhuatanga whakahohea kamata biophysics pūtaiao i runga i te ao hou, kaha, me te ahu whakamua i roto i te whanaketanga me te hanganga.

Huinga Biophysics

He he maha o pekanga e hanga ake tenei pūtaiao. A feruri i te taketake tino o ratou.

1. Biophysics o ngā pūnaha matatini - whakaaro nga tikanga matatini katoa o whaiaro ture-o kaiao multicellular (systemogenesis, morphogenesis, sinergogenez). Ano hoki tenei ako ako matou i te wāhanga tinana o te ontogeny me ngā tukanga whanaketanga whanaketanga, ngā taumata o te whakahaere o kaiao.
2. Bioacoustics me biophysics o ngā pūnaha rongo - rangahau o kaiao ora pūnaha tairongo (kite, rongo, fariiraa, kupu, me ētahi atu), tikanga o päpäho nga tohu rerekē. Fakahā nga tikanga o te huringa pūngao i roto i te tirohanga o te rauropi awenga waho (whakaohooho).
3. Biophysics ariā - ngā he maha o podnauk whai wāhi i roto i te ako o thermodynamics o ngā tukanga koiora, hanga o tauira pāngarau o nga wahi hanganga o kaiao. whakaaro hoki te tukanga neke.
4. biophysics rāpoi - whakaaro nga tikanga hohonu o te whakahaere hanganga me te mahi o biopolymers pērā i DNA, RNA, pūmua, polysaccharides. He hanga tauira me whakairoiro o enei rāpoi ngota, me Waitohungia whanonga o ratou hanganga i roto i ngā pūnaha ora. Ano, kei te hanga tenei ako pūnaha supramolecular me submolecular ki te whakatau i te hanga o te huarahi me te mahi o biopolymers i roto i ngā pūnaha ora.
5. Biophysics Cell. Tirohia te tukanga pūkoro tino nui: pārōnaki, wehenga, rōpū, me te moe, koiora o te hanganga membrane. utua ngā aro te ki nga huarahi o te waka membrane o matū, rerekētanga pea, āhuatanga me te hanganga o te membrane me ona wahi a tawhio noa.
6. pākia Biophysics. kōrero Main tukanga: te ahotakakame, solarization me te urutaunga o ngā kaiao ki reira, hemodynamics, pākia taumata wera, te pānga o ionizing radiation.
7. Applied Biophysics. Kei a ia ko te maha pekanga: bioinformatics, waeine koiora, te koiora, te ako o ngā tukanga kunenga me ontogenesis, pathological (rata) biophysics. Ahanoa o ako Applied Biophysics - pūnaha musculoskeletal, ara o pokarekarenga, mōhio ana te iwi nga tikanga o nga āhuatanga tinana. kia aro Special biophysics hauora. whakaaro te reira i te tukanga pathological i roto i te tinana, me pehea te hangaia anō o te wāhi pakaru o te rāpoi ngota ranei hanganga ranei ratou utu. E whakarato ana rauemi mō te hangarau koiora. Ko reira o te faufaa rahi i roto i te ārai o mate, rawa o te āhua ira o ratou whakakorenga, me te whakamārama i te tikanga o te mahi.
8. noho Biophysics - ako i te pānga tinana i runga i te kāinga rohe e rua o mea, me te pānga o ngā kaupapa wāhi e tata ana, me te tawhiti. whakaaro hoki te koiora, te pānga o ngā āhuatanga huarere me mara koiora i runga i te taonga. Whakawhanake tikanga o mehua ki te ārai i te pānga kino o ngā āhuatanga taiao.

Kei te hanga enei marau katoa i te takoha nui ki te māramatanga o te mahi faufaa o ngā pūnaha ora, te huarahi o te mana ki runga ki a ratou o te ao koiora me te tikanga rerekē.

mua Tata

Ka taea e koe te karanga etahi o nga ngā tino nui e pā ana ki te paetae o te biophysics:

• whakatuwheratia te pūrua tikanga kaiao;
• Ko te āhuatanga me panoni tūranga o te waikura nitric i roto i ngā pūnaha ora;
• te interrelation o iti me te karere RNA, i roto i te heke mai, ka āwhina i kitea e koe i te otinga ki te maha ngā raruraru hauora (whakakorenga o mate);
• autowaves tuwhera natura tino;
• e tika ana ki te mahi o rāpoi Biophysics ako āhuatanga o te ariā me te tāruarua o te DNA, i hua i roto i te kaha ki te hanga i te whānuitanga o ngā taero hou i mate taumaha, me te matatini;
• Ko te tauira rorohiko o nga tauhohe katoa e haere tahi i te tukanga o te ahotakakame;
• tikanga whakawhanakehia mō te ultrasound whakamātautau o te tinana;
• whakapumautia i waenganui i cosmogeophysical me ngā tukanga matüora;
• tohu panoni āhuarangi i runga i te ao;
• te whakatuwhera uara urokenazy whākōkī i roto i te ārai o te mate Thrombosis me te whakakore i nga pānga i muri i patu;
• hanga ano he maha o ngā āhuatanga o te hanganga pūmua, te pūnaha circulatory me ētahi atu wāhanga o te tinana.

Institute o Biophysics i Russia

I roto i to tatou whenua i reira ko te Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosova. I runga i te pūtake o tenei institution mātauranga mahi Biophysics Tari. Ko ia te tangata e faaineine ngaio tohu ki te mahi i roto i tenei rohe.

He mea nui ki te hoatu i te kounga tīmata ngaio heke mai. Kei te tatari ratou mo te mahi uaua. Biophysicist takoto ki matau nga pikonga katoa o te tukanga tupu i roto i mea ora. I tua atu, Me ki matau i roto i te ahupūngao ngā ākonga. Ko te he pūtaiao matatini - biophysics. E hangaia kauwhau i roto i te ara, pērā i ki karapoti te raupapa katoa whai wāhi i roto i biophysics me ngā wāhanga, me ki te taupoki ana whakaaro o e rua huru koiora, me te tinana.