Aleksandr Gertsen: biography, kainga tupu tuhituhi

He tonu o devotees e e rite ki te takoto ki raro, tona ora mo tona whakaaro hītori Russian.

Aleksandr Ivanovich Gertsen (1812-1870) ko te hapori Russian tuatahi nei kauwhautia nga whakaaro o te ōritetanga me te autaea'eraa. A ahakoa kihai i tangohia e ia te wahi tika i roto i ngā mahi pāhoro, engari ko ia i roto i te hunga e mea whariki i te ara mo tona whanaketanga. Ko tētahi o nga kau taki o nga Westerners, ia i muri ka Maihi ki te mau mana'o o te ara Pākehā o te whanaketanga o Russia, oho ia i roto i te puni ritenga, a ko te kaiwhakaū o tetahi rohe mō te hītori to tatou kaupapa o - populism.

Haurongo Aleksandra Gertsena te tata e pā ana ki taua whika o Russian, me te ao revolution rite Ogarev, Belinsky, Proudhon, Garibaldi. I roto i tona ora, tamata tonu ia ki te kitea te ara pai ki te tikanga tika o te hapori. Otiia ko reira he aroha ngākau mo tana iwi, tainga ki te mau mana'o o te tīpakohia - kei te aha roaa te faatura o te uri o Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich.

ka tukua haurongo poto me te tirohanga whānui o te mahi matua i te kaipānui ki te kia maheni ki te whakaaro Russian. I muri i te katoa, anake i roto i to tatou mahara, ka taea ki te ora ake ake, ka haere tonu ki te whakaawe i te hinengaro ratou.

Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich: Biography whakaaro Russian

ko A. I. Gertsen te tama poriro a te rangatira rawa Ivana Alekseevicha Yakovleva me tana tamahine te kaiwhakanao mōhiohio,-tau 16-tau wahine German Henriette Haag. Nā ki te meka e kore ko te marena rēhita mana, mea whakaaro tama whakamutunga a tona papa. Iritihia mai German tikanga reira "tamaiti ngakau".

kawea e ahau ki runga i te publicist heke mai, me te kaituhi i roto i runga i Tverskoy Boulevard whare o tona matua keke (inaianei ko reira te Literary Institute ki a ratou. Gorky).

ka anga ia i te wawe tau ki taupoki "moe haere noa-aroha", e kore te mea maere i - te kaiako o te tuhinga IE Protopopov whakamōhio te ākonga ki te ngā whiti o Pushkin, Ryleeva Bouchaud. Te French Revolution, ko te whakaaro i roto i te rangi whakangungu tonu ruma Alexander. Kua i taua wa Herzen ki hoa Ogarev, a tahi te kopengia ratou he mahere ki te taui i te ao. Rerekē kaha mana'o i runga i hoa i hanga te whakatikanga ake Decembrist, i muri nei e tahuna e ratou ake i roto i ngā mahi pāhoro, me te oati ki te mutunga o tona ora ki te tiaki i nga mana'o o te haere noa, me te autaea'eraa.

Pukapuka o te French Māmá i ia pukapuka kai Alexander - i tai'o e ia he rota o Voltaire, Beaumarchais, Kotzebue. kihai ia i tika te taha o me te tīmatanga o te Romanticism Tiamana - whakaturia mahi o Goethe me Schiller reira ake i roto i te wairua ngākau.

porowhita wānanga

I roto i te 1829, Aleksandr Gertsen tomo ia te University Moscow o Physics ko Pāngarau Tari. Na reira e kore ia i te wahi ki tona hoa tamarikitanga Ogarev, nei hohoro i hanga e ratou he porohita o te iwi rite-whakaaro. Kei roto hoki he pai-mohiotia i roto i te heke mai, he kaituhi me te kōrero me te translator V. Passek N. Ketscher. I ona hui, i te matapaki i te mau melo o te porohita te whakaaro o Saint-Simonianism, taurite i waenganui i nga tangata me nga wahine, whakakorenga o taonga tūmataiti - i roto i te poto, ko ratou nga te mua tuatahi i roto i Russia.

"Hītori Malovskaya"

Mātauranga i te Whare Wānanga o Matiu, me te tuhia ai. Torutoru kaiako ki te whakamōhio i ngā ākonga ki te kauwhau ki ngā ariā matatau o te kaupapa Tiamana. rapu Herzen te ara i roto i o tona pūngao mā te whai wāhi i roto i māna whare wānanga. I te 1831 i whai wāhi ia i roto i te "hītori malovskoy" pera-ka karanga, i tae e Lermontov. Ngā ākonga peia i te orometua whakarongo o te ture taihara. Ka rite ki muri ia haamana'o i poauau, ware me te ahorangi kuware Alexander Malov MJ. nuitia whakahaweatia ngā ākonga ia, ka kataina ki a ia i roto i te piha haapiiraa. ka hoki ona tutu mākūware atu ngā ngāwari - pau tatou i te ra torutoru i roto i te pūtau whiu.

Ko te hono tuatahi

i ngā mahi porohita hoa o Herzen he pai harakore i roto i te natura, engari kite te Imperial Chancellery i roto i to ratou whakapono he riri ki te mana emepaea. I roto i te 1834, mauheretia ngā mema katoa o te rōpū i me whakahekea. tuatahi ka puta Herzen i Perm, a ka i takoto ia ki te mahi i roto i Vyatka. I reira ka whakaritea e ia he whakaaturanga o nga mahi rohe, i hoatu ara ki Zhukovsky tono ki te kia whakawhitia ki a Vladimir. He Herzen tangohia atu me tona wahine marena hou i Moscow. ko aua ra i te māmā me oaoa i roto i te ora ririhau o te kaituhituhi.

Ko te afa o te whakaaro Russian i roto i nga Slavophiles me Westerners

I te tau 1840, ka hoki Aleksandr Gertsen ki Moscow. Here, kawea ana ia e whakarau ki te porohita tuhituhi o Belinsky, e kauwhautia me mātātoa marire ki whakaaro Hegelian. Ki te ngākau angamaheni me ngā mema tütü Russian o tenei porohita ka mohio whakaaro o te tangata tohe Tiamana o te rationality o te katoa o te parau mau ahua-iu kotahi. Heoi, Herzen ia i Hegel i rite te whakatau ritenga. Ka rite ki te hua, i wehea te porohita ki Slavophiles, nga kau taki o e ko Kirievsky me hamsters, a Westerners e kua coalesced huri noa Herzen me Ogarev. Ahakoa te whakaaro tino weherua tonu i runga i te ara o te whanaketanga o Russia heke mai, me te hunga me etahi atu e kore e hāngai ana fā'ūtaha ïa tūturu i runga i te aroha matapo o te tufaa Russian, me te whakapono tinihangakore i roto i te kaha te mana, me te o te iwi. Ka rite ki tuhituhi ia i muri, Herzen, i rite ki te ratou Janus rua-hinana, ko o ratou mata i koané i roto i ngā tohutohu rerekē, me kotahi beat ngakau.

Ko te tiango o mana'o

Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich, nei haurongo, me te pera i ki tonu i te nekehanga auau, te hawhe tuarua o te ora pau mea rawa waho Russia. I roto i te 1846, ka mate a te papa o te kaituhituhi, mahue he tukufakaholo nui Herzen. Tenei i hoatu e Alexander Ivanovich faingamālie mo e rave rahi tau ki te haere a tawhio noa Europe. Ko te haerenga kua faufaa ke te ara o te whakaaro o te kaituhi. miharo ana hoa Westerners ka kite ratou whakaputaina i roto i te buka aamu "Notes o te fatherland" tuhinga Herzen ui ko e "Letters i te Avenue Marigny», e ka mohiotia rite i muri "Letters i France me Itari." i whakaaturia mārama huru anti-bourgeois o aua pukapuka ki te meka i whakama te kaituhi i roto i te ora orurehau o whakaaro Western. I muri faifakamo'oni te kore o nga takaí o te mekameka e kahakina roto Europa i roto i te tau 1848-1849, te pera-ka karanga "puna o nga iwi", haamata ia ki te whakawhanake i te ariā o "hapori Russian", i hoatu whanau ki te awa hou o te whakaaro taumauri Russian - populism.

He rapunga whakaaro hou

I roto i France, ka hoa ki Proudhon Aleksandr Gertsen, ki nei timata ia ki te whakaputa i te niupepa "reo o nga tangata". I muri i te pehanga o te pato'iraa tuwhena, oho ia ki Switzerland, a ka ki a Nice, i reira ka tutaki ia ki a Garibaldi, te toa rongonui mo te haere noa, me te motuhake o te iwi Itari. Ki tenei wā no te whakaputanga o te tuhinga roa "Mai te Ētahi Shore", e whakaraupapa ana whakaaro hou, me i kawea atu Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich. kore te rapunga whakaaro o te hanganga tuwhena o te tikanga pāpori makona te kaituhi, Herzen me hopea mea poroporoaki ki ana ngā whakapono ohaoha. timata ana whakaaro ki te haere ki te whakawa i runga i te Europe tawhito me te pūmanawa nui o te ao Slavic, takoha ki ite i te pai hapori.

A. I. Gertsen - kairīpoata Russian

I muri i te matenga o tona wahine, oho Herzen ki Rānana, i reira ka anga ia ki te whakaputa i tona niupepa rongonui "Te Bell". oaoa te nuinga nūpepa mana i roto i te wā i mua i te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom. Na ka tīmata tona tohanga ki maturuturu, ngā kaha pānga i runga i te rongonui o tona pehanga o te ngangaretanga Polish o 1863. Ka rite ki te hua, te whakaaro o Herzen kihai i kitea tetahi tautoko i te Radicals, e kore Rīpera: mo te tuatahi, ko ratou āhua rawa, a he tuwhena rawa te whakamutunga. I te tau 1865, kua wawe ui te kāwanatanga Russian e Kuini te Kuini o Ingarangi, ki ëtita o "Te Bells" i peia i te whenua. i takoha Aleksandr Gertsen me ana hoa ki te neke ki Switzerland.

mate Herzen o kakā i te tau 1870 i roto i Paris, i reira tae ia i runga i ngā take whānau.

tuku iho tuhi

he maha nui o ngā tuhinga i tuhituhia i roto i Russian, me te hekenga Bibliography Gertsena Aleksandra Ivanovicha kua. Ko te nuinga mohiotia hoki ana pukapuka, i roto i ngā, i te mahi whakamutunga o tona ora, "taku Past me Thoughts". Sam Aleksandr Gertsen, tona biography te tahi mau taime e mahi ana zigzags hohore, ka karanga i tenei mahi he whaki, kua meinga nei e te momo o "whakaaro o te whakawa." Ko reira he kōtuitui o nūpepa, pukapuka, whakaahua tuhituhi me meatanga hītori. I te pūrākau "Ko wai te mea hara?" Mahi te kaituhi mō te ono tau. Raruraru o te taurite i waenganui i te wahine me te tangata i roto i whanaunga faaipoiporaa, kia mātauranga tuku reira i roto i tenei mahi whakaoti ki te awhina o nga mana'o tiketike o te humanism. no ano e ki tona kōrero ostrosotsialnye pene "Te tahae makipai", "pata Dr.", "Ko te ati o te karaihe o waipiro", "te hoha" me etahi atu.

He pea e kore te tangata mātauranga kotahi, ko wai e kore te mea i te iti rawa i rongo mohio ko wai Aleksandr Gertsen. haurongo Poto o te kaituhi kitea i roto i te Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Brockhaus ko Efron, engari e kore koe e matau i roto i te mea i ētahi atu puna! Heoi, he pai reira ki te tiki maheni ki te kaituhi i tona pukapuka - i roto i to ratou-roa tonu whiwhi tona tuakiri.