Ahurea Russian i roto i te poto rau tau 18. ahurea toi Russian o te rau tau 18

riro hoki te hītori o Russia i te rau tau 17 kua tino. tohua te reira i te timatanga o te whakawhitinga maeneene ki te wa hou. ke te āhua e rua tōrangapū me ahurea. tsars Russian anga ki te tahuri tona mata ki te Te Hau-ā-uru. Next, whakaaro he aha te tikanga i te ahurea Russian i roto i te rau tau 18. Ka hoki te aroaro Whakarāpopototanga o te āhuatanga o tona tupu tere i roto i te tuhinga.

Overview

i tino hira i roto i te whanaketanga o te kāwanatanga Culture Russian o te rau tau 18. Tenei rau tau o te fakamaama me take. Na ka korero te reira o nga whakaaro nui o te wa. whakaaro Culture o Russia 17-18 rau ko te tino pokea ana o rerekē nui pāpori-hītori, me te wä. Kei te hoki tohua te whakamutunga i te pakanga ki te mārika fakalotu me turanga feudal-monarchical.

Ko te mau faaiteraa matua

ahurea Russian i roto i te rau tau 18 tu i roto i te whakaaetanga o te wairua o te haere noa, me te horapa o te tirohanga materialist. Kei te tino mārama kitea tenei i roto i te tuhinga, te pūtaiao, rapunga whakaaro. I roto i te poto, i roto i te mahi māngai o te kaituhi rahi, philosopho me pūtaiao o te wā. Ko reira e pā ana ki Radishchev, Lomonosov, Schiller, Goethe, Lessing, Rousseau, Voltaire, Holbach, Diderot, a na i runga i.

Ko te āhuatanga matua o

Culture o Russia 17-18 rau - He mea tino nui, i nei te wā hou mō te āhua. e kore e taea te tango i ko tetahi ki pūkete e toru tenetere o Mongol raupatu. No te o ia, te ahurea o Russia 16-18 rau rite i te reira i roto i te noho taratahi. I tua atu, kia tuhia te reira te mana o te Ekalesia Siu, i te mea i mamae ki te tutakina Russia i te "Western" me "whakapono". E pā ana hoki tēnei ki te ora ahurea, tikanga, me te mātauranga. Otiia, i te ahurea Russian i roto i te rau tau 18 ka mau te ara o te whanaketanga Pākehā. Ia māmālie timata ki te kia tukua i nga mekameka o wharekarakia.

Ngā Āhuatanga o te tomokanga ki Europe

Te ahurea Russian faahiahia o te rau tau 18? Ko te wā tenei o te whanaketanga, matua koe fakamāmaní me te he wikitoria whakatakotoria i runga i te haapae hua outlook rationalist me mārika tōkeke o te morare fakalotu. ahurea Russian i roto i te rau tau 18 (ka te whakapakoko kia whakaaturia i raro nei) i hoatu e te "fakamāmaní" toi o te tika ki te āhukahuka tūmatanui. haamata te reira ki te tango i te tūranga nui atu. Kei te korero tatou e pā ana ki te hanganga o nga turanga hou o te hapori, me te pūnaha mātauranga tivira. Heoi, e kore i taea e te tikanga Russian i roto i te rau tau 18 whakakahore tona mua. Ae, piri rangatira Russian ki te kainga tupu fakalaumālie taonga o Europe. I te wa ano e kore ratou e wareware e pā ana ki te tuku iho taketake rohe e kua putu ki runga o te whanaketanga toi, me te o mua he wā roa. Ko te taua pā ki te wheako o te toi tawhito. He aha te mea na ngā mō te ahurea Russian o te rau tau 18? arotake poto tona whanaketanga, e taea e tatou e kite e te āhuatanga reira e te tonu hohonu o whakatupuranga. Nā ki tenei te pai whakapumautia ai i roto i te waiata, whare tapere, peita, hoahoanga, rotarota me te tuhinga. I te mutunga o te rau tau tae toi Russian tiketike tuatahi.

aro mātai General

ahurea Russian i roto i te rau tau 18 i haere i roto i ngā rerekētanga nui. Kei te mārama kitea tenei e te meka i puta hoki te wa tuatahi i roto i te whenua o te fakamāmaní (fakamāmaní) waiata i te mara o ngā kōrero tuku iho. Kua meinga te reira i te toi tino ngaio. Russian ahurea i roto i te 18 rau (Ripanga aroaro i roto i tenei tuhinga e whakarato ana ngā mōhiohio i runga i etahi o nga tino ātaahua ngā o te wa) i ki tona tihi tika ki nui panoni i roto i katoa ao o te hapori. Kei te korero tatou e pā ana ki te whakahounga i i kawea atu i roto i te tau o Pita I. kua ripeneta ke enei panoni te hanganga pāpori me te ahurea katoa o te whenua. "Domostroevskogo" tikanga Ekalesia o te kaupapa-kura mai timata nga anotau Middle ki hu'ahu'a roa'tu. pa te reira i maha ngā wāhi o te ahurea te whakawhanake o te 18-rau Russia. Kei te huri nga mea katoa, me te katoa - Life o te iwi, ngā tikanga, ngā tikanga. Nā ki ngā whanaketanga tōrangapū i roto i ētahi atu haapuai te tikanga o te whakapehapeha motu, me tona tikanga o te kaha, me te nui o te kāwanatanga. Ko te tohua 19, te rau tau 18? Kua riro Culture o Russia te takoha tino taonga i hanga e te kaiwaiata Russian. Ko te opera kaiwaiata, kaiwhakaari, me te kaitito, te nuinga o nei mai i te iwi. i ratou ki te whakaoti i tētahi mahi tino uaua. i takoha ratou ki hohoro tūhura te mea i whiwhi toi Western i runga i te rau tau.

Ko te wā matua o te whanaketanga

ahurea Russian i roto i te rau tau 18 wehea poto ki toru ngā wāhanga matua:

1. Ko te hauwhā tuatahi o te rau tau (te whakahounga o Pita).
2. 30-60-doma. I tohua ratou e te tupu o te ahurea motu, me te he pakaruhanga nui i roto i te mara o te toi, tuhinga, me te pūtaiao. Heoi, tino nui haere whenua ioka.
3. Ko te tuatoru whakamutunga o te rau tau. Kei te āhuatanga i te reira e te tupu o te kāwanatanga, he democratization nui o te ahurea Russian, te keia o ngā whakahēnga pāpori me tutū pāpori nui.

rawa mātauranga

āhuatanga tēnei wā e te hua whānui i roto i te reo matatini i roto i Russia. Heoi, ki te utu tatou tauritetanga ki Western Europe, kua tino lagged te taumata o te mātauranga i muri. Ki te whakaaro ki te hanganga pāpori o te ākonga, ko reira rawa ātaahua. Ka taea e te taua te mea o te tau. He wāhi nui ki te ahunga whakamua o te mātauranga i hanga te kura te hoia.

Āhuatanga o te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao

taonga maha ngā nui te hītori o Russia (rau 18). whai wāhi Culture ki te whanaketanga o te hapori Russian. timata Pūtaiao ki te kia wetekina i te mekameka o te scholasticism wharekarakia. Hoki ia, ko reira he ahua o te anō. Na i hoatu āhuatanga Tūtohua Engels. whakapono ia e ko te wā i hiahiatia Titans a hanga te hunga mo te ako, rehe, huru, te weriweri me te mana o te whakaaro tenei. I te wa ano, ka hiahiatia pūtaiao "kaihanga". Ko te kupu, whakahekea te kitea o te faufaa ao i roto i te Russian Academy o Sciences mathematicians Bernoulli ko Hēura, me te he kēmihi me ahupūngao Lomonosov.

takoha nui

Ma'imiraa i arata'ihia e pūtaiao-tangata ke, i karangatia ki te St Petersburg Academy, awe hoki te whanaketanga o te ao, me te pūtaiao Russian. Heoi, kihai i hanga te whakamutunga na ratou mau tautooraa. Ka taea e te taua te mea o te "marama" arikitanga. I hanga pūtaiao Domestic i te iwi Russian. Ko reira e pā ana ki te iwi "o te ana'iraa rerekē, me te taitara," i roto i nei ko te whai ake:

1. I. I. Polzunov (tama a te hoia).
2. MI Serdyukov (Kalmyk hanga me te Hydraulics) - kua hanga he "ognedeystvuyuschuyu" mīhini, ko reira te tuatahi kaipūkaha whakawera Russian.
3. A. K. Nartov (Turner).
4. I. I. Lepehin, V. F. Zuev, SP Krashennikov (hoia 'tamariki) - i roto i te Academicians Soviet tuatahi.
5. AU Golovin (tama a hoia) - mathematician.

Ko te kaihanga pono o te pūtaiao i roto i feudal Russia tenei.

University takoha

Ana ngā āhuatanga, me te tāpae kōrero tohunga nui e tu i roto i roto i nga whakatutukitanga katoa o pūtaiao Russian. okioki ia i runga i te wheako, mahi me te ora materialistically utu huri noa te ao. rapu M. Lomonosov ki whakatau auaha hohonu. Ua hinaaro ia ki mohio nga mea ngaro o te natura. Tenei mataotao Ko te kaiwhakarewa o matū tinana, me te ariā ngota.

Mō ētahi atu pārongo,

whakatakotoria Fundamentals o koiora pūtaiao i roto i te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau XVIII. I tenei wa, Putaatu te hautaka hauora Russian tuatahi. Kei te korero tatou e pā ana ki "tauākī hauora St.-Petersburg".

pūtaiao Historical: āhuatanga matua

Ko te hauwhā tuarua o te rau tau - te wa o te hanganga o te hītori rite te pūtaiao. Kohia ka whakaputaina etahi putanga. E rave rahi o te rangatira, kua tamata hītori ki te whai wāhi i roto i taua mahi. O nui te pānga ki te iwi whānui i teie mahana ko te hītori o Russia (rau 18). tonu te ahurea Empire ki whanake tere. V. N. Tatischev ko te kaihōpara nui o te mua. timata ia te mahi i runga i "Te History o te Russian." Ko tona ngana i te pūkete pipiri o ngā i te hi'oraa o te rangatira. Kia mōhio e meinga tenei mahi te pūtake mō ngā pūtaiao maha. I roto i ngā, pā tenei ki te M. V. Lomonosovu me tona "hītori Russian tahito." Hoki e kore e wareware M. Shcherbatov me tona mahi "History o Russia i nga wa onamata," i ata te hiahia ki te whakanui i te rangatira, whakatika serfdom me nga mau haamaitairaa o te "anō" piha. ko whawhai kaiahuwhenua wehi arahina e Emelyana Pugacheva te kaituhi. matau ia e te whakaoho rongonui me nekehanga e mooni, engari i te wa ano whakataua ratou. I. I. Boltin - tetahi atu kōrero o te rangatira. Critic, hōhonu, aivanaa whakaaro, ako hoki e ia te hītori o te rangatira e kore e anake, engari atu ano rāngai o te hapori - i te kaimahi, minita me kaihokohoko. Ko ana mahi whakakororiatia te mana Ngātuere, o te kingi, me te pūnaha feudal.

whakatutukitanga nui

Kua tipu pūtaiao Russian hei wāhanga o te ao. I te wa ano ka kite a pūtaiao Russian whakatutukitanga o ratou hoa Western i te hi'oraa auaha. I tua atu, kua whanaketia e ratou he pānga nui i runga i te whakaaro pūtaiao ao. Ki te whakaaro ki te taumata whānui o tona whanaketanga, ko reira paku raro te Pākehā Western. I roto i tenei whakaaro, riro nui atu nui ia paetae hou. Scientists i ētahi atu whenua i pai te mōhio o te mau papai o te Russian Academy o Sciences. Me mahara hoki käore te reira e kore enei moni e riro rawa o nga tini mahi. i hatepea atu ratou i reira. i tawhiti ngākau nuitanga o te tini i te pūtaiao me te mātauranga. Ki te whakaaro ki te autocracy, nga mana e wehi o te matauranga. Te iwi whakahuatia o ratou toi whakaaro, me te tōrangapū whakaaro tonu. Ko reira e pā ana ki ngā mahi toi me te mahi toi, me te mahi ā-waha.

Āhuatanga hoahoanga

tīmata auaha ki te hanga i roto i te mea tonu te rängai hanga i roto i te wā Petrine. Ka rite ki te ahurea Russian katoa i roto i te rau tau 18, kei te pangia te hoahoanga huringa nui. E hangaia ngā hanganga hoahoanga ki te whakapuaki i te nui te mana me te o te kingitanga. Nā ki te whanaketanga tōrangapū, me te ōhanga o te whenua kei te huri me te metarahi. Arsenal i Kremlin, Big Stone Bridge - te whare tino rongonui o te wā.

whanaketanga o te hoahoanga

whakaritea te kura tuatahi o te hoahoanga i roto i Moscow Ukhtomskiy. MF Kazakov VP Bazhenov ako i raro i tona arata'iraa. era Petrine tohu te hanga o te whakapaipai hou. Hei tenei pito, karangatia kaihoahoa kai. Ko reira e pā ana ki Rastrelli me Trezzini. I ka hapu te whakapaipai hou rite te pa auau. I te wa ano i ia ki te whai i te roa huarahi toropā me rōpū hauwhā, tapawhā me ara. Trezzini ko te kaituhi o whare noho mō te maha o ngā kāwai o te iwi:

1. "Noa" iwi.
2. "Whai" tangata.
3. "Eminent" iwi.

Ēnei mahi tūmatanui he kāhua ohie. Hoki ngā nui i taea te whakaaro a Pita me Paora Cathedral. I roto i te whare tūmatanui ko te whai ake:

1. Admiralty.
2. Exchange.
3. Gostiny Dvor.

Me ki St Petersburg hanga i maha atu taonga. I roto i ngā, e pā ana tenei ki te whare whenua ki te rongonui Park-hahi. Ko reira, te tuatahi, me te tuatahi, e pā ana ki Peterhof. Ko te Russian Baroque kāhua, ko te nui koha ki tona whanaketanga mahi I kawea mai papa me te tama Rastrelli. Ko te tuatahi he toi Italian. I whai wāhi ia i roto i te fakamatala whakapaipai o Peterhof. Ko kē tana tama te kaihoahoa Russian. Ia - te kaituhi o maha mahi nui, i roto i nei ko te whai ake:

1. Smolny Convent.
2. Whare kingi: Catherine, nui, Winter.

Ko te whanaketanga o te hoahoanga i roto i te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau

I whakakapi te hoahoanga o te Classicism Russian i te Baroque. I te tahuri o te ahurea Russian 19-18 rau kite te pua o tenei au. I reira hoki ngā māngai o te Classicism. Ko ētahi o ēnei kaihoahoa I. E. Starova, M. F. Kazakova me V. P. Bazhenova. mahi Tata i roto i St Petersburg me Moscow. Kua hanga e ratou he wāhi nui ki te hanga o te whakaurunga pērā i:

1. Mikhailovsky Castle.
2. Noble Assembly.
3. Ko te kaumatua i roto i te Moscow Kremlin.
4. Te whare me te papa ensemble (tikanga Tsaritsyno).

Tawhito Ko te kaituhi o te Alexander Nevsky Monastery ko Trinity Cathedral. E nga uara matua o te Classicism pā ensemble. I roto i te āhuatanga o tona whakahaere e taea te tāutuhia:

1. rarangi Torotika o tīwae.
2. Tautukunga ki hangarite tino.
3. rārangi Torotika.

Palace Square (kaihoahoa K. I. Rossi) ko te tauira pirimia o tenei aronga. Ko nga whare ora o taua wā e inaianei nga pa kore anake o whakapaipai - he masterpieces e whai hiranga ao.

Toi Ataata: āhuatanga o te whanaketanga

ahurea Art o Russia o te rau tau 18 Nōna ka hoki huringa. Tenei wā tohua te tino pokea ana o peita portrait. kia ngā te kaipeita tino rongonui o te wa o Pita te whai ake:

1. Ivan Nikitin.
2. Andrey Matveev.

E whakaaro ratou nga kaiwhakatū o peita fakamāmaní Russian. tuhia te wāhi koki i i te mutunga o nga 20. ka anga te reira ki te taea i kōti ara o peita. Best kaipeita whakaahua o te wā e:

1. V. L. Borovikovsky.
2. DT Levitsky.
3. F. S. Rokotov.
4. AP Antropov.

whakairo Classical i roto i te ahunga whakaaturia e te whika whai:

1. Mihailom Kozlovskim.
2. Fedorom Shubinym.

Hermitage (i te kohikohinga momona toi i roto i te ao) kua hoki kua hanga e i roto i te rau tau XVIII. Ko tōna pūtake ko te kohinga tūmataiti o pikitia o te Empress Elizabeth.

Āhuatanga āhua noho tāone

I roto i te reira i reira nga huringa whakaari. Ko rawa ngāwari ki te kite i roto i Moscow me St Petersburg tenei. Hoki miramira etahi o te tahi atu pa nunui o te whenua. timata rangatira ki te hanga whare mo ratou. wahi rongonui mo tenei ko te Nevsky Prospekt me Palace parepare. i hanga whakaurunga tika me nga awa e rere ana ki te awa. I runga i nga pareparenga o te Neva timata ki te whakaatu atu i nga embankments ofa'i. Ko tenei mahi katoa i roto i te tārere ki tonu i muri i te ture o te Empress. Hoki he utu te tuhituhi e te grille kati o te Summer Garden hoki o reira. Na roto i te mutunga o te ahua rautau i roto i St Petersburg kua puta ke. Here, he tokomaha tākare salons kahurangi ihirangi. Here i taea rongo koe i te reo Wīwī, te tango i tetahi wahi i roto i kōrero e pā ana ki toi, tuhituhinga tōrangapū ranei ranei. I roto i enei salons anga ki te whiti ki te rota o te tuakiri. I roto i ngā, pā tenei ki rongonui tuhituhi Russian. haere kauhoe nifty nga nohonga i whakapaipai kei runga i Nevsky Prospekt. He he maha e haere te tangata pai-kakahu i roto i te huarahi me nga rangatira o nga tiaki.

Moscow, rawa, kua oti huringa nui. E tano ia tapao e kore i reira te marama Petersburg me taonga. Otiia, e mohio ana Moscow e pā ana ki ki te pupuri i ki nga ngā hou o te wa ki runga. mutu hanga pa papû, ka anga nga ara ki te taumata atu. Me kï reira e kore enei hou e hopu i te āhua katoa. Engari, tino te anga ke. E ara ake ratou fakamamafa'i te rawakore o te ora Russian, iho, me te stagnation whānui. He wāhi nui o te ora motu tonu i waho o te ao tāone. E pā matua tenei ki te kainga, me te kainga. I tua atu i roto i nga pa, i reira te mārama ua rerekētanga nui i roto i te ara o ngā āhuatanga, me tikanga o te ora. tonu te hanahana ki noho wahi o te taupori tuawhenua. I muri i te tuku o nga tikanga e hāngai ana (Letters Patent me Liberty) māngai o tenei piha wetekina i hōia mātua, me te mahi ā-iwi. Ko te kupu, ka anga te wahi nui o te rangatira ki te whakarite i te ora pāmu, noho i roto i o ratou whenua, a ka anga ki te mahi i fare. Ko te wahi matua o tenei piha haapiiraa, i te aroaro reira ki te kaiwhakarēti "middling" me rangatira o whenua tuawhenua. I roto i tenei whakaaro, ka taea e tatou humarie faaoti e kore i nga rangatira wehea i te tahi mea kaiahuwhenua ora irresistible. noho ratou whenua nga tangata, me he iwi ki nei ratou e taea te kōrero i te pononga. Māngai o akomanga rerekē e rua mō ngā tau e maha i te taha i te taha. Ko te kupu, i reira ko whakapā ki te taua rongonui ahurea, whakapono, tikanga me te iho. taea te tukinotia rangatira e tohunga tuku iho, steam pati me inu te whaowhia ano rite te peasants. He utu ano hoki te reira i te tuhituhi e ko he wahi nui o tenei he iti-piha tareka te katoa ranei. He he tino tika ki te haamana'o Madam Prostakova Fonvizin. rangatira e kikī ko ha konga o te ora tuawhenua Russian. Ka rite ki mo nga peasants, kahore e nga innovations hou pa i te katoa. he hautanga iti o ratou anake i taea e pakaru i roto i roto i te "iwi". I roto i te kainga ka anga ratou ki te hanga i te rinena pai, me te ma i roto i te iwi whānui. Kua whakamahia hoki kaimahi tūemi hou whare (taonga me oko). i taea ki te etahi kai ratou, ka ki te tiki hu pai me kakahu ratou.

I roto i te mutunga

Ko te ripanga i raro whakaatu nga ngā tino nui, me te ari e te hunga āhuatanga mo te hawhe tuatahi o te rau tau 18.