Zlatoust maitai whakairo: hangarau, hītori

Chrysostom - he pa iti i roto i te rohe Chelyabinsk ki te taupori o iti iho i te rua rau mano iwi. Kei te mohiotia te pai te reira i roto i te toi o ringa, tumu kōrero toi me kaikohikohi o patu bladed i roto i nga whenua maha huri noa i te ao. Kororia o te pa kawea mai he whakairo maitai tae kikokore, me te huatau, pani hua maitai o te kounga pai. Kings, tuhituhi CPSU General Hekeretari me te peresideni o te Russian Federation rite he uara nui ki o ratou hoa ke nga hua rangatira Ural.

Zlatoust tuhi whakapaipai patu matarua me ngā tūemi o mahia te kāinga me te taputapu - pouaka, take hikareti, tuhituhi mea, maha whakairo whakamahia i roto i te hanga o ngā karakia - oko, turanga rama, monstrances me utu mō ngā ata. Mētara, tohu hākinakina - hoki te hua o te mahi o te kaituhi.

patu pakarutanga rite te mea o te mana

Chrysostom - he pa i reira ratou e mohio he rota e pā ana ki te mata.

tikanga patu pakarutanga o e ki te whakarite i rua ngā mahi.

Tuatahi - mamatanga o te whakamahi mo tona whakaaro e tūmanakohia ana. tikanga o tēnei kia ngāwari tochitsya ka pupuri te nuinga o te roa o te whakarewa koinga, kia manahau, kaha, tika ngāwari, a kahore te waikura. Rahurahu me te takotoranga - he tuhinga motuhake. Ko te patu pai tauira hapai i te mea he porotaka, tukurua i te hanganga kikokiko o te ringa, a he rite i reira he toronga tūturu o te ringa. Takotoranga, aua, - he hokohoko atu o te mata. Tika hangaia ka mahi i, kihai ratou i piri ki kakahu, e kore e taimaha rawa, e kore e raru rawa me kore taka atu. Te roa, āhua, piko, matotoru pereti - kaute katoa.

Ko te tuarua - te mana. Mai i te ara ano he mata, i hanga ki te whakawa i te rangatiratanga o tona rangatira titiro reira. Hoki tenei take, rahurahu me te takotoranga mo te rangatira te whakapaipai ki te kohatu utu nui, te koura, me te moni hiriwa, pikitia me inscriptions.

Zlatoust maripi tenei ra, rite tonu, te whakatau whakaritenga katoa o te paerewa. hanga tonu oka moni rongonui he awheawhe iti i roto i te pa Ural.

rau Production Zlatoustovsky

I roto i te hanga o tetahi ahanoa toi he hikoinga faufaa katoa. No okotahi me Zlatoust maitai whakairo. e kore he secretion production hangarau. I roto i te whare pukapuka, ka taea e kitea e koe kaiarahi ki nga mea katoa. Formulations o alloys whakarewa, he wātea hoki te waikawa o te tātai waikawa me varnishes. whakaako Art tānga toi e i Zlatoust peka o te Ural State University. Mai 1996, ka taea e te tangata te tomo i te makehe "Hangarau o tukatuka toi o rauemi."

Ko te toi tiketike tūturu - e kore te reira noa tikanga. Ehara i te ohipa teiaha, engari he wahi iti o nga Masters whiwhi ki taonga, me te farii i tohu i ngā whakataetae ao. Ka taea e Chrysostom kia whakakake o.

UK Taonga a Germany e whakakake o ngā kohinga o ngā hua whakarewa, i hanga nga rangatira Zlatoust. He aha te mea te ngaro o taua rongonui? Ko te take i te kaituhi rohe rangatira nga tikanga katoa o te mahi ki te whakarewa, a tenei whai me te notching, me Palauningí me te blackening, me pickling, me hiko, me te taushirovanie. Hoki etahi wa tāpiri i teie nei, me te whakairo kohatu, no te mea o nga kohatu Ural e whiwhi roto tino ataahua. Miniature kakano whakairo ki te kohatu, i hanga ki reka pai, me te rite ki ngā kōrero tuku iho tawhito, kei tonu i roto i te tono. I tua atu, i te hītori o te whakairo - ko te kōrero o te puka toi tipu tonu. Mai te ata o te wa nei e kore e mutu te rangatira Ural ki te ako. Piggy tikanga o tukatuka toi whakarewa me te haere tonu ki te tupu i teie mahana.

Ko te putanga o te ika

I roto i 1754, i roto i nga Urals, i roto i te raorao o Hai, te awa whakahau Supreme ta o tona Imperial Nui i ironworks prostroen wheketere. Ko te pa, i tupu tata, ko roto i te kororia o St. Ioanna Zlatousta.

Hei whakarite i te hanga i roto i te 1815 i Germany, te wheketere Solingen, i karangatia kaituhi pai - papa me te tama Schaff, a toru nga tau i muri i taea ki te kite i nga hua o to ratou mahi i te Hiha - kawea te puranga tuatahi o iwa matatahi i ki te pane. pai Jobs a riro te whakaae rawa.

Fakataha ki Shafami me raro ratou arata'iraa, taukei production rangatira Ural pūmanawa hou. noho ratou ingoa i roto i te aamu rite nga ingoa o nga kaiwhakatū o te kāhua o te toi mohiotia rite te tae maitai whakairo. Te reira i Efim ko Ivan Bushuyeva Maxim Fedor ko Pita Telezhnikov, Arkhip keke Fodor Strizhev, Ivan Boyarshinov me ētahi atu.

Schaff - piri o te iho Tiamana tawhito. Ratou mau mohio ki te titiro whakairo tino. Whakaahuatanga o nga whakaritenga o te paerewa e kua tangohia atu i te kotahi te whārangi. I te iti, kia titiro te tātuhi rite rangatira nga tauira pai zolingenskih - kia kikokore, flat, me te taetahi. kihai i tukua wa roa Schaff tono te rohe ratou whakaaro ki mahi. Ko te tauira i runga i nga Tiamana pereti konganuku Rakuraku ngira. I whakamahia te waikawa waikawa anake rite te taahiraa tukatuka whakamutunga. Kei te āhuatanga e pakeke tiketike, me te tuhono mea Tiamana. whiwhi Whika iti rawa me te whakawhānuitia e. Kaupapa i roto i tetahi tohu ki tetahi tukurua ranei.

noho Tiamana i roto i te noho motuhake i roto i te kainga, me te kore i rapu ki te kati whakapā ki te kāinga. mahi ratou pai, he hoa, engari i puritia e watea, me te rawa momou ki te faaite i to ratou matauranga ki te mahi.

Zlatoust whakairo o taua wa ngāwari mōhiotia mō te Kaituhitanga. Te tuhi whakanohoia ki runga ki te takotoranga me te ngoto. Ko te rārangi e kikokore, huatau, tuhi pai, he rota o te aro i runga i te tuhi i te kōrero.

kāhua Rawa Russian

Nga akonga, ki te kahore hoki te hunga whika e kua ako i Schaffs, ka anga ki te whakaatu scenes i te ora hōia, me te rangimarie o tona whenua i whanau ai, kaupapa pūrākau - e kore e ratou wehi ki te whakaatu whakaaro ina kōwhiri i hangarau gravornoy. Kei te whakaurua hoki āhua Maori me ngā kararehe o te Urals i roto i to ratou tuhinga. nui atu rangatira Russian ratou kaiako i roto i ngā huarahi maha. ako ratou ki te whakamahi i waikawa ki te whakaputa i ngā tae rerekē, me te tupapaku. Na roto i te rerekē te hanganga o te waikawa me te roanga o te tauhohenga matū, tutuki ratou hua faahiahia. I roto i o ratou ringa, ka tahuri Zlatoust maripi ki mahi ahurei o toi pai, e kore te mea whakama ki te kawe i te mea homai noa, ara hoki nga kingi e.

Ivanko-Samara

Ko te putanga o te kāhua toi ahurei nuinga o e pā ana ki te ingoa Ivana Bushueva. tupu ake ia i roto i te utuafare o gunsmiths. ako e ia peita i te iwi. I roto i te Urals, kua roa kua mahi i roto i te steelmaking. I runga i nga otaota Demidov te kamaka ore, tunua ana ake maitai Ramahiku, i hanga patu. Na roto i te wa o te tupu o te Zlatoust tipu whakarerenga iho o te mahi ki te whakarewa i hanga e maitai. Ivan Bushuyev - te ingoa tino rongonui i roto i Zlatoust. Ko ia pūmanawa mīharo me pakeke-mahi. Ural ariki hono mōhiotanga me ngā pūkenga ako e hoa ki te tikanga German whakairo. Ko ia he poto i runga i te wahi o te whakapaipai. titoa e ia matatahi, ka hoatu ki runga ki o ratou tānga. E puritia ana mahi i roto i te koki o te Moscow Kremlin. tahuti ore a Paora Bazhov te ingoa o te ariki i roto i te korero "Ivanko-Samara". Te hoiho rongonui a manu, he tohu o Chrysostom - he takoha me te faatura.

a Ivan Bushuyev he tikanga rawa pai o rahi, maitai proportioned. Ko tino mōhiotia tona tikanga. e kore e pateko pūāhua Bushuevskie, rite nga Tiamana. Ko tōna iwi, kararehe - ngā ora. Ko reira kahore aituā tohu Chrysostom - Kei te tere e rere ana ki roto ki te hau hoiho whai parirau koura. Ko te tuhi Ivan Bushueva maha hoiho reira. faahoho'ahia te huringa o te matenga, te tūranga o te tinana, waewae, hiku, taringa, ara ngāwari ki te whakatau he aha te kararehe mana'o, e te artist. kihai I te anahera arahina ringa o te rangatira, ka ko ia e pupuri ana i te ngira Rakuraku wanihi?

gilding a ahi

Ko te hanganga o tā tohungia Ivan Bushuyev kore wa ranei kaha. Ia ara whakaaro tona tikanga ake o ngā hua whakapaipai koura.

Kaiwhakaako mohio te hangarau, me te mohio ki te hanga i te matatahi i ngā wāhanga katoa, tīmata ki te wehenga o te ore. i arahina reira tuhono rara mahi, ko ia taea ki te patupatua nga konganuku, whakahiato me varnishes mo waikawa ranunga, engari te nuinga pai tānga toi Ivan. whakaaro ia kōrero, ka whakatata ratou ki runga ki te pepa, a ka heke ki te rahi e hiahiatia ana, pereti tunu me te hoatu i runga i tona pikitia. Te faaineineraa o te hua ki te tuhi i te oro tupato, me te varnishing. Na te hinu-rama maripi takotoranga ranei pani ki te apa o te ngarahu. whakauria ahanoa atu i roto i te više, a kumea ana e ia he pikitia hapu. Ki te tahuri mea katoa i roto i te pai, a ka uru ki te kōrero ki te wāhi kuiti o te hua, ko reira taea ki te timata i te wahi tino nui o te mahi. Tūkino ki te tauira ariki te mata zachernonnuyu Rakuraku ngira, te tango i kararehe ki whakarewa. I muri i taua memeha koura i roto i te konuoi me hoatu i roto i te putea aru iti. te tahu ahanoa Engravable te ki te pāmahana tiketike rawa, me te mata whero-wera o tenei putea tupeka aia. Mercury evaporates me te koura wai tauta ki te whakarewa. Te mata matao ranei takotoranga Bushuyev horoia i te kararehe. Ko te ngāwari hoki tenei mahi. e karangatia ana ko waikawa. Tei runga i te hanganga waikawa i whakarewa noho te hue tae rerekē atu te whakarewa turanga.

kohu Mercury tukua i roto i te whakawera, he tino kino ki te hauora. Torutoru o nga kaituhi o te koura wera i noho ki runga ki te wha tekau nga tau. mate Ivan Bushuyev i 1835. Ko ia 37.

mahi Famous

Zlatoust rangatira mahi o te pānga nui i roto i ngā o te toi e kore anake, engari ano hoki i rite tuhinga hītori. ora te reira i rua matatahi i hanga i roto i te hauwhā tuatahi o te rau tau 19. runanga ratou peita iti tohu i te wāhanga o te mahi i mua ki te ahua o te kaupapa. Tenei maina ore me te tango, whakarewa me te whakaitinga i roto i te pokepokea ai, me te timipera, me te tuhi, me te tuku o te kingi, me te whakaaturanga o te hero. He tino rite ki tetahi ki tetahi nga matatahi. Ko reira kitea i hanga e ratou rangatira o tetahi kura, engari kotahi kite tatou pēpi cherubic, me te tahi atu - pakeke noa. Old Zlatoust whakairo - tawhito, wāriutia nei te tino utu, tautautefito ki he taimi whakaaro koutou e i te wa o te ariki kei te kaha te mahi ki te koura, te hiriwa me te kohatu utu nui. Hoki nga hiahia o te whānau kingi i roto i nga awheawhe o Zlatoust tipu whakahau wā he momo o tūemi, patu kore anake. Grand Duke Alexander, kainga ki te torona Russian, Ivan Bushuyev ki te rōpū o hoa i hanga patu rite wharekarakia. Ka taea te kite i tenei tūemi ahurei i roto i tetahi o nga fare o te whare taonga o te tikanga ā-rohe Chrysostom.

Pavel Petrovich Anosov

Whakairo Chrysostom rite te motu Russian iwi mahi, au nui ki nga mahi Pavla Petrovicha Anosova. i te pānga nui i runga i te whanaketanga me te whakatairanga o te toi ahurei kore anake, engari ano hoki i runga i te whanaketanga o tenei tangata te ahumahi keri o te Urals. hanga iwi pūmanawa i te utuafare rawakore i roto i te ora, kua ona ake mahi me te taranata, kahore kau pataloni mana, me te rironga ko.

pani wawe Pavel Anosov, a ka mau tona koroua i runga i te mātauranga, i mahi rite te mīhini i te wheketere Izhevsk me Votkinsk. Ko te aha, ka riro te mātauranga pai i te St Petersburg Cadet Corps, haere Pavel Petrovich ki te Mining District Zlatoust. haere ana ia 22-th tau. Tīmata ki te tari tino iti, haere i roto i ngā wāhanga katoa o arawhata mahi, tae Anosov te pou o tino o te otaota o te kawanatanga kawana Altai me Tomsk maunga. ka mate ia i tau 54 ki te paetukutuku o te kawana o Tomsk. I roto i tona ora e kore e tino roa, i taea ki te whakaara, me te whakawhanake i te rino, me te ahumahi maitai i roto i te rohe tukua ki a ia e ia. Ko ia he mataaro pūkaha maina me kēmihi, ako te āhua o te Urals, a meinga maha ngā āhuatanga i runga i te wāhi o putunga kohuke raro.

I roto i te 1828, Pavel Petrovich Anosov, ko kua upoko o te Zlatoust Metallurgical Plant, kua riro i te tikanga Mining Tāhuhu ki te whakawhanake i maitai o te āhuatanga matua e kore he iho ki te pai mohiotia i te wa o Ramahiku ko Bulat. Arhitrudnaya mahi, no te mea o ratou ngaro karakia tiaki gunsmiths rāwhiti mō ngā rau tau maha. Heoi, i muri i nui rangahau me te tamataraa, kitea Paora Petrovich me ana hoa tātai koranu tino angitu nei te whai kororia anō te tipu, me i te wa i te katoa o Russia kotahi, me te. haere Russian Bulat Anosova ki te hanga o maripi.

Mai te mea i a Paora Petrovich, ka taea e tatou haamana'o i te meka e whai ake nei, characterizing reira rite te tangata faahiahia me te rangatira pai.

• hanga Anosov te kanga ki runga ki mēkuri gilding, no te mea he tino kino ki te hauora, a whakakapia ana e ia ki electroplated.
• hangaia e ia i te mihini ki te whakahaere i te mahi o nga kaimahi.
• I roto i tona kaiārahi o te mahi o te tipu Zlatoust tau whakarato rua hararei utua - kotahi tuarua i te aroaro o Aranga, me i te raumati, i roto i te wa kotinga.

• hanga Pavel Petrovich te whakatuwhera kura mō kaimahi 'ngā tamariki. whakapumautia e ia painga mō tamariki i raro i te 12 me te mau tamahine - ki 18.
• I tona kaupapa, ka whakahaere te mahi i runga i te ako o te āhuatanga o te konganuku i roto i te maau, me ngā o te hua o te rangahau me ngā. I mua ia ia, ko te hanga o te whakarewa mo hoari he mea o te pūmanawa, ka haere i runga i i rangatira ki te rangatira-waha. tuhituhi a Paora ia Anosov ka whakaputaina e rave rahi painga o maina, tae atu pakeke whakarewa o kowiri tira me te hanga o Ramahiku maitai.

he pai i roto i te tikanga katoa Bulat me he kahore iho ki te paerewa ao pai. E tonu hoari kaimahi werohanga, me te tapahi patu, toki, hoari, me te hopu maripi i reira nga kaupapa o te toi tiketike. nui ratou uara tawhito rau o nga mano o moni. Moire waipuke Ramahiku ataahua rite whakarewa utu nui. i kore noa hanga reira Anosova kaitoi ki te peita, tika tata te turanga. Nui whakapaipai iti tono i runga i te kakau me te takotoranga.

I te tau 1847 mutu ia te wā o P. P. Anosova. haere ana ia ki St Petersburg ki te kohinga o daggers, hopu maripi, pouaka, rīnena ki kakau mea whariki a ki te kohatu āhua-utu nui o te Urals, whakaata me te ngarahu. tūmanakohia Pavel Petrovich ki te whakaatu i enei mea, me rangatira tiketike-rangatira ki te tiki whakaaetanga ki te whakawhānui i hanga, engari ko te ara i roto i te tupuhi te hukarere. hurihia te pereoo i runga i, i kurua tona hoa ki pouaka taimaha, me hipoki ki te hukarere. i noho ratou i te ra torutoru i te aroha o te āhuatanga kino ki kahore tumanako o te ora. Ka rite ki te hua, Anosov tino mate. Kāore i taea ki te ora ia, ka mate i roto i te puna o 1851.

Pavel Matveyevich Obukhov

Tata 15 tau Zlatoust whakato noho kahore kāwanatanga pai. I roto i te waenganui-60raa ki te pou o te kaiwhakahaere whakaritea Paora Matveyevich Obukhov. whakahaere ia ki te kawe i te kamupene i roto i o raruraru. ko Pavel Matveevich i te hapu o kaikeri. riro ia te mātauranga engineering i te St Petersburg Mining Institute, puta ia i nei ki te mētara koura, ka whakangungua i roto i Germany, a Belgium, rite ki te hua o riro kaiwhakahaere pūkenga pai, me te kaiwhakahaere. I roto i te Zlatoust, anō e ia te tukanga whakaputa arahina ki te tikanga i mahue Anosov whānui tukufakaholo pūtaiao, me te haere tonu i timata ana ngā runga i doping. Kei te kiia Pavlu Matveevichu mo te hanganga o te maka maitai. whakakapi te reira i te repo parahi, a inaianei kua riro Zlatoust Metallurgical Plant he kaiwhakarato nui o pū - pū me raiwhara.

E hoki awheawhe Art kore mangere. Ki te Anosov i roto i nga tau tata nei, te nuinga hua me matatahi urunga maitai, te Obukhov me whänui mana ki patu te tāpiri i te whānuitanga nui o ngā tūemi whare - pouaka, take hikareti, ngarahu, rīnena. E te ara, tukua Pavel Matveyevich Obukhov ki tona tiaki i te hinonga mohio kore noa ratou ake whakaaro mo te whakapai ake, engari whakawhanakehia hoki a whakatinana nga whakaaro Pavla Petrovicha Anosova, tiaki i roto i nga pūkete.

Ko te wā Soviet

I muri i 1917, tonu te whakato Zlatoust ki te mahi. Na ka anga maitai matao ki te whakapaipai i te scenes pāhoro, me whakaahua o te feia faatere o te Pāti Communist. A tuu i tangohia e te Classicism parakore te hou taratara. timata te aronga ki te hanga i runga i te take o te production papatipu. I tāmau ahau tikanga setkografii. Kei te haere tata kāhua o te kaituhi. Kua tupu tae tuhi i roto i te rahi me te tahuri ki awhi. hua maitai Zlatoust kaimahi ki te whakapaipai i te taiepa o pūtahi tūmatanui. kua puta ke New mo te waipara galvanic o hangarau konukoreko tua atu aronga Zlatoust whakairo. Whika riro iti mārama, hāngai nui ruia ana i runga i te tākaro o te marama, me te atarangi. Ko reira kore kia nui tuhi rite peita.

Setkografiya taea ki te whakaputa i wā nui o awhi ōrite. i whakawhiti Artists ki a ratou reproductions o peita rongonui e kaituhi pai-mohiotia. whakaahua nui o Lenin ko Stalin whakapaipai i nga facades o ngā pokapū kāwanatanga. Hoki etahi wa, ka hoatu e te whakaaro auaha ara ki te mahi aunoa.

I roto i te 1960 ora ia te moni i roto i mahi tuku iho. tīmata matou ki te whakatuwhera i ngā kura umanga, me te toi. Kua riro whakairo Chrysostom torohaki mo te whanaketanga hou. Young paetahi o ngā kura te whiwhi mātauranga-kaituhi toi nei i haere mai ki te wheketere, me te i roto i te awheawhe i hangaia tūemi whare, ratou mau taleni. I roto i enei tau, whakatangi nga ingoa o taua toi pai rite G. Bersenev A. Bogachev, NV Lohtachova, Averkin O. et al.

reira

I teie mahana, e taea rongo tetahi te whakaaro e roto i te tau whakamutunga rau o Zlatoust whakairo rite te ahua o toi motu me mahi toi kua hāngaitanga ngaro. Ki tenei e kore koe e hiahia ana ki te farii i. Zlatoust whakairo (te kōrero o te ika rongonui fakapapau'i reira) i roto i te wā katoa o tona oraraa, kei te rerekē haere tonu. I te tīmatanga, i āhuatanga reira e ngā āhua laconic me whakapakoko marama, riro i nga Tiamana i Solingen, ka tāpiri i te rangatira Russian gilding me ētahi atu hangarau dekor, whakaaro taonga. I tua atu, i roto i te rau tau 20, ua farii whakairo te whakaaro o te toi rongonui, a whenumi momo hou hou.

mahue te rau tau tuatahi kua tatou i te torutoru ingoa o toi rongonui. Ka taea te kitea to ratou mahi i runga i ringaringa - peita I. N. Bushuev Miniatures i runga i te kaupapa o ngā pūrākau me whawhai hōia. IP Boyarshinov i aroha mahi i runga i maripi hopu. tuhia iho e ia ki runga ki a ratou hopu scenes.

Neke atu i te te muri rau tau ahua o te whakairo i runga i whakarewa i te huri pāpori ora noa rite whānui me ngā hiahia o te tangata. He aha te karangatia e kitsch me te kiritaki taonga - he hua tūturu o te wikitoria o te revolution proletarian, ea nei te ka whai katoa ki te whakarato katoa ki nga mea katoa e hiahia ana koe. Whai i te whakawhanaunga nui, me o te toi arahina ki te meka e te wāhanga whakapaipai o te whakairo Zlatoust tika rawakore. I tēnei wā, ko te toi o te whakairo i runga i whakarewa nō āhua o elitism. rangatira tino i reira, engari, ka rite ki nga wa katoa, ka taea e koe te tatau i runga i tetahi ringa. I tēnei wā, e kore e taea e koe tiketike mate, engari e kore e taea tu te reira tonu - ka tonu te mea hei whenua tupuranga mo te tāutu iwi pūmanawa, me te mo te whanautanga o momo hou o toi.