Whenua - Ko reira uaua ki te neke i te rohe

Whenua - ko reira wahi o te mata whenua ki ngā āhuatanga uaua mō te kaupapa. Ko te taitara, ko te, i mawhiti tuatahi, e kore e whakatau i te whakamāramatanga o, kihai i tika tohu taua rohe ranei. Ruggedness whakamahia te wā kei te ki konei te tikanga "tirohanga" o mata o te whenua i pukupuku rerekē. hanga ratou kōtītiti, a kahore he tika tenei te hikinga. Ka taea hoki te whakatika ēnei ngā me runga ake te whenua.

Kainga: definition me ngā āhuatanga

Awa, ngā roto, pukepuke, me maunga, ngahere me repo - taui tenei katoa te āhua o te mata o te whenua. Whenua - he ariā e ko faaite ïa rohe rite. Ko te papakupu o te ihoparau "ripeka" tohu e i roto i tenei faaiteraa e whakamahia ai i roto i te uara o te tokoingoa o kounga āhuatanga o te wahi ngā ranei. I roto i te ara tetahi, ka taea e tatou te mea e i roto i tenei rohe tapahia mata o te whenua, kei te ake i nga āhuatanga ngā o te tanga.

Terrain uhinga e te rohe, ko te 20% atu momo rerekē o tutukitanga, i roto i etahi ara koretake i ngāwari kaupapa ranei. Ratou kia ka puta noa ai āwenewene ahanoa hanga ranei. Ki te taua mau fifi iti iho i te 20%, he reira tikanga ki te kōrero e pā ana ki crossovers iti.

e hanga Roads, overpasses, awa me whakataunga i te tangata, a ka ko nga wāhi kaupapa. Na katoa o taua āhua i hanga huaina, ko te tauturu. Ngā Akoranga Te whenua Pūtaiao enei āhuatanga takitahi, ratou huinga, me te huarahi ki te whakaatu ia ratou i runga i te mahere.

Ko te kupu, i raro i etahi whenua ite ki ngā whenua i runga i ona kōtītiti mata ngā tūturu me āwenewene hanga (ahanoa). Ki te he ratou iti iho i te 10%, ka whakaaro tenei rohe ko ki te hei pūtahitanga-kore. Neke atu i te 30% - taunakitanga o ripeka kaha.

Uruhanga - he taonga o te rohe rite, hoatu matauranga e pā ana ki te noho pai fifi ranei o ona nekehanga. Here te take matua, ko te aroaro ngaro ranei o te whatunga ara. Ko reira mārama e te aroaro o awaawa, awa, ngahere repo ranei whakaiti uruhanga. Hei whakanui i te reira, he mea e tika ana ki te kawe i roto i te mahi engineering.

Na reira, ko te rohe katoa waho te ara he conventionally ripeka. Tei Ko tōna tohu i runga i te aroaro ngaro ranei o tutukitanga runga taua mea rite te ōrau. Tohatoha wahi easy- me uaua, me te wāhi te wahi i reira he kore pea o kaupapa.

āhuatanga o

Terrain (whakaahua whakairi reira i roto i te tuhinga) Kei te wehea i runga i nga rave'a mātakitaki. Ko reira tuwhera, ki te he ngāwari kitea ki runga ki te 75% i roto i ngā tohutohu katoa i te rohe. A, no te tiro ana i te tohu iti kōrero e pā ana ki muna. Ko te uara takawaenga taea te āhuatanga e whitinga tikanga. Ko te take te whakatau i roto i tenei take ko te aroaro o ngahere, kari, pukepuke, whakataunga ki hanganga, whāiti aritanga.

Oneone me te otaota i runga taua mea, me te hanga whakatikatika. Runga anō i ratou wāhi momo he koraha, steppe, ngahere, Tundra, repo me ngā momo tauwhirowhiro. Ka taea e te whenua e pukepuke, flat maunga ranei nga whenua. Hoki te mata papatahi āhuatanga e te teitei o 300 m runga ake te taumata herenga moana. whenua tiketike - ko reira te nuinga he rohe pukepuke ki nga whenua uaua atu. E wehea wāhi maunga ki toru ngā momo i runga i nga wahi tiketike anö :. iti rānei - ki runga ki te 1000 m, toharite - ki runga ki 2000 mita te teitei - neke atu i te 2,000 mita whakaritea pukepuke teiteiraa ake ki te 500 m.

pū

pānga te whenua tiketike te tahora me te wāhi o te whakataunga i runga i te whatunga ara. Mai i reira ki etahi whānuitanga whakawhirinaki i runga i te āhuatanga huarere o te rohe. He maha motuhake hoki te oneone o enei wahi. Pānga ki otaota, taumata manawa whenua me te taea o ratou te whakamahi mō ngā hiahia te tangata, me te Mīhini whakatokanga ahurea.

Ko te tino hua oneone pango me te whakaaro tata ki a ratou pereni oneone. Ko e ratou mo rori paru i te mea kei iti tika te nui o te ua. Ko te tino noa one me te tote waimaori āhua-Sandy. Primers, pērā i te oneone (hua kahu o runga) e whai hua mo te hanga. E wehea ēnei i roto i te tahuri ki toka, ka wewete me intermediates.

Ahanoa rohe, i runga i te whakaaro, wāhi, āhua me te take mai taea te wehea ki te maha ngā momo rānei:

• whakataunga;
• waihanga mō te ahumahi, ahuwhenua me te ahurea;
• whatunga ara me te ikiiki kōrero;
• rārangi kōrero me te kaha;
• otaota;
• ahanoa hydrographic (awa, ngā roto) me ngā āhuatanga wai ki a ratou (tauranga, Marinas, Ua monohia).

huānga tanga

Whenua - ko reira pāhiwihiwi, whakatau i te momo, me te āhua o te mata o te whenua. E wehea ratou ki puka o te tauturu. Gore - he pukepuke domed koeke ranei. pea te wahi o runga puka whakapeka (tihi) ranei he plane (mania). ka karanga Maunga te turanga ko te kapu me te anga te taha - arewhana. Ki te te teitei o te hanganga o runga ki te 200 m, he reira tikanga ki te karanga i reira i te pukepuke. Ki te he te reira tangata-i hanga, te reira puranga. He maha ngā teiteiraa whakaritea i roto i te kotahi aronga ki te hanga i te hiwi.

Tukupu whenua ki te whārua peihana-āhua ka karanga te kati-peihana. Ki te he te reira iti, he mea he poka. ka karanga Dell te rohe whakaiti i tohua i roto i te ahunga taua ko mārama whārua kite. Ki te he tapa pari me Aharoto pari te hanganga taua, huaina ai ko te awaawa. I waenganui i te hiwi e rua tihi pātata te tikanga i te hinga. huaina te hanganga taua te he nohoanga.

Haere i runga i nga whenua taratara

e kore he tino tika ana nga whenua matatini me mau haafifiraa ki haere i roto i te aratau noa. Ki te whai koe ki te haere ki tenei rohe, ko reira pai ki te whiriwhiri i te rongonui kararehe ara, kōruarua me ngā humarie takoto i runga i te whenua. Hei ara ake i te piki maunga he tika ki te whakamahi i ngā taputapu pŭpŭ tauturu me oko. Ngā otaota kino, mai kia hanga i ratou i te rockfall.

Movement i runga i nga wahi āhua flat taea te whakamana, ka whanganga haere naki ranei rere (omaoma). Ngaahi Fakafe'ātungiá hanga pōturi iho ki te titiro āta ki ona waewae, kia rite kore ki te tahuri i te waewae takokitanga ranei. Forest, repo, rakau, onepu te hukarere ranei - titau te whanaketanga o takahanga motuhake tenei katoa.

Wātea o tueke muri, pinakitanga ranei uta te ta'uma whakaritenga atu. Ko ētahi wā tika te heketanga ki te hanga "tangiwai". A, no te ki te waewae anga pari hoatu i runga i te waewae katoa ranei whakarite ratou "herringbone", horahanga tōkena i ringa, ka tītaha paku atu te tinana.

gymkhana

Whenua - he pae e tika ana mo te whakataetae. Ka taea te whakarite ratou i roto i ngā huarahi rerekē. Reihi i runga i te rohe, hopu, koringa take, retireti, pereo, huira me waka. wahi Cross-whenua o tetahi o nga pekanga o kaiaka. Ko te whakataetae e pā ana tuatahi i roto i tenei hākinakina (ripeka-whenua) i puritia i roto i te 1837. I tū te Ao Championship i roto i 1973. whakataetae e pā ana e te nuinga i roto i te ngahuru me te hotoke i muri i te otinga o te ara, me te mara wa matua.

Cross-whenua rere tōtika mahi i runga i uaua katoa me ngā pūnaha tinana. Kei te nuinga o te ara e takoto ana i roto i te rohe ngahere ranei i roto i ngā wāhi tuwhera. kia te roa, i runga i te whīwhiwhi o te wāhanga i te 3 ki te 12 km rānei. e kore te tikanga Natural o te whakataetae pāngia. iwi maha tango wahi i roto i te ua, te hukarere me te hau kaha.

whakaako Cross-whenua haunga uaua kaha manawanui, haapuai hononga, e nga here, hei rongoa i te pūnaha ngakau me iaia. Utaina i hono ikuna'i mau fifi tōtika atawhai te ahotea me te mahi rite te mana kaha.