Whakaritenga i roto i te arorau. He aha te mea te whakawa, te momo o whakaritenga

Ko te whakawa ko te ahua o te whakaaro, te whakaū ranei whakakahore tetahi e pā ana ki te oraraa o ngā, nga hononga i waenganui i a ratou, me o ratou āhuatanga, me te te hononga i waenganui i ngā.

Tauira o tauākī: "rere te Täingäwai ki te Moana o Kapiana," "AS tuhituhi Pushkin he maau "Te parahi kaieke", "whakarārangitia tiger Siberian te i roto i te pukapuka Whero," etc.

Ko te hanganga o te whakawa

Whakawa ngā te āhuatanga e whai ake nei: ko te kaupapa, paparangi, me nape quantifier.

1. Kaupapa (subjektum lat -. «Whāriki») - e, rite kī i te whakawa, tona kaupapa ( «S»).
2. Ko te paparangi (praedicatum Latin -. «Mea") - he whakaata o te tūtohu ahanoa, he aha mea kei runga i te tumu parau o te whakawa ( "P").
3. Paihere - te ōwehenga i waenganui i te kaupapa ( «S») me te paparangi ( "P"). Whakatau te aroaro / ngaro o te kaupapa o te taonga ka whakaatuhia hei paparangi. Pea uhinga a reira, me te tohu e te "pīhono" ranei te kupu "te" ( "kore he"), "kua", "i", "taonga", me ētahi atu.
4. Quantifier (quantifier kupu) tautuhi ana te hōkai o te ariā, ki nei te tumu parau o te whakawa. Kei te tu te reira i roto i mua o te tumu parau, engari kia hoki te mea e ngaro i roto i te whakawa. Denoted e kupu pērā i "katoa", "he tokomaha", "etahi", "kahore", "kahore", me ētahi atu.

tauākī pono me te teka

Ko pono i roto i te take whakawa te wahi i reira ko tetahi tohu, te āhuatanga me ngā hononga o ngā tūemi whakaaetia / whakakahore i whakawa, pono. Hei tauira: "te horomia e katoa - manu", "9 neke atu i te 2" a na i runga i ..

Ki te kore he pono te tauākī e roto i roto i te whakawa, e mahi tatou ki te whakaaro teka 'faaafaroraa te ra a tawhio noa te whenua, "" He kiro o rino taimaha atu i te manokaramu o te miro "me ētahi atu whakawa tika e te pūtake o te whakaaroaro ana tika ..

Heoi, i roto i te tua ki te arorau rua-utu, i roto i nei e taea e rānei pono teka ranei whakawa, i reira te mea ano hoki he arorau maha-ahu. E ai ki ona ngā, kia pahuhu tonu te whakawa. Rawa āwangawanga reira te heke mai o whakaritenga takitahi, "tupu apopo kore / e tupu i te whawhai manuao" (Aristotle, "I te tikanga"). Ki te amo tatou e ko te whakaaro pono tenei, e kore e taea te apopo whawhai moana tupu. Na reira, ko te mea e tika ana ki te hanga i tupu i te reira. Ranei hurihia: te kī e te whakawa i roto i te taime reira he teka, ko te kupu mahi matou i te impossibility tika o te apopo whawhai moana.

Whakaritenga i runga i te momo o te tauākī

Ka rite ki mohiotia te, te momo o tauākī e toru ngā momo o rerenga: parau, rōpū, me te patapatai. Hei tauira, te rerenga "mahara ahau he momeniti faahiahia" e pā ana ki te momo o te kōrero. He mea tika ki te whakaaro e e talanoa hoki te whakawa taua. Oku i ai e mōhiohio motuhake, kia rite ki te kaupapa motuhake.

I roto i te tahuri, kei te rerenga tūpātai he pātai, te tiki i te whakahoki ki: "He aha e te mau heke mai hoki ahau," I te wa ano kahore reira ta me kore e whakakahore. Nä, ko te kerēme e te whakawa taua ko te pātai hē. rerenga tūpātai, i roto i te parau tumu, e kore e roto i tetahi whakawa, no te mea e kore e taea te rerekëtanga te pātai i runga i te pūtake o te pono / mahaki.

i hanga momo Incentive o rerenga i roto i te take te wahi i reira he etahi manawarü ki mahi, tono i te kanga: ". Whakatika, e Palōfita ko, me te Davida, ka haere ki" Ki te whakaaro ki te whakawa, i roto i te whakaaro o te tahi mau kairangahau, e kore e roto ratou i roto i nga tono o tenei momo. Etahi whakapono e ko te reira he momo o whakaritenga puoro.

kounga whakawa

I roto i ngā o te kounga, kia whakawa rānei faaiteraa (S he P), a tōraro (kore ko S P). I roto i te take o te whakawa faaiteraa, mā paparangi kaupapa piri ki tetahi taonga (-wa). Hei tauira: ". Leonardo da Vinci - Italian kaipeita, kaihoahoa, toi, kaiputaiao, taiao, me te ihi me te kaituhi, i te māngai nui o Renaissance toi"

I roto i te whakawa tōraro, i te tahi atu te ringa, tangohia te taonga kei atu i te kaupapa: ". Theory o te anga 25 o Hemi Vicary kua kahore haamauraa whakamātau"

kiripuaki ine

kia whakaritenga i roto i te arorau noa (e pā ana ki ngā ahanoa katoa o tenei piha haapiiraa), tūmataiti (etahi o ratou) me te waeine (ina korero e pā ana ki te kaupapa, i reira he kotahi anake). Hei tauira, e taea te tohe i te reira e te whakaaro pērā i "I te po e hina ngeru katoa" ka tirohia ki te ahua whānui, no te mea pānga reira i te mau melo katoa o te ngeru (te kaupapa o te whakawa). Whakaaetanga o te "ētahi nakahi e kore e paitini" - he tauira o te whakawa tūmataiti. I roto i tahuri, i te whakawa "Dnieper faahiahia i roto i te marino rangi" ko te kōwae, mai e korero tatou e pā ana ki tetahi awa ngā, ngā i roto i te puka kotahi.

whakaritenga Māmā me te matatini

Tei runga i te hanganga, kia waiho te whakawa o te momo o te kuware matatini ranei. ngā hanganga whakawa ohie e rua ariā hono (SP): «Book - he puna o te matauranga". He hoki whakawa ki tetahi ariā - ka te tuarua anake auraa: "I whiwhi te reira pouri» (P).

i hanga puka uaua e hono rave rahi te whakawa ohie.

Whakarōpū o whakaritenga ohie

kia o te puka e whai ake whakaritenga Simple i roto i arorau: attributive, whakawa ki te whanaungatanga, existential, puoro.

Huanga (rawa-whakawa) ka tono mō te whakaaetanga / whakakāhoretanga o te tumu parau i etahi āhuatanga (huru) mahi. Ko ēnei whakaritenga puka categorical me kahore ui, "ngā te pūnaha io kararehe o te roro o te roro, ua me te huarahi karere putaatu."

I roto i te whakaritenga ki te faatura o te whanaunga motuhake i waenga i ngā. kia whai ratou i te horopaki spatio-pae tino, causal, etc. Hei tauira :. "hoa Old pai atu i te rua hou", "hauwai mama te hauhā i te 22 ngā wā."

whakawa existential - tenei whakapae o te oraraa / 'ikai o te kaupapa (e rua rauemi me te pai): "Kahore he kore te poropiti i roto i tona whenua ake", "Ko te Moon ko te amiorangi o te whenua."

Aratau whakaaro - he ahua o te whakaaetanga, i ngā te aroaro o etahi operator aratau (Me pai / kino, whakamatauria mohiotia / unknown, kua araia hoki reira, e whakapono ana ahau, me etahi atu.). Hei tauira:

• "Me Russia ki te whakahaere i whakahou mātauranga" (modality alethic - taea, hei akiaki ia o te tahi mea).
• "Ia tangata e whai te tika ki te haumaru o te tangata" (modality deontic - nga tikanga morare o te mahi pāpori).
• "Waiho noa o te taonga kāwanatanga arata'i ki tona mate" (axiologic modality - e pā ana ki te rauemi, me ngā uara morare).
• "Te ti'aturi nei matou i roto i to koutou harakore" (modality epistemic - te tika o te matauranga).

whakaritenga me te momo o connectives arorau Complex

Ka rite ki kua whakahuatia, ngā o te kuware torutoru nga whakaritenga matatini. Ka rite ki nga hononga arorau i waenganui i a ratou e taua tikanga rite:

• Te taha (he b ʌ - honotanga whakaritenga). Whakaritenga-conjuncts i te paihere o "me", "whakatinanatanga o nga tika me nga rangatiratanga o te tangata, me te tangata e kore e ofati i te tika me nga rangatiratanga o ētahi atu."
• Disjunction (avb - wehewehe whakaritenga). Ka rite ki nga āhuatanga wāhanga o te whakawa-rara e whakamahia rite i tētahi ruruku - te taha "ranei". Hei tauira: "E te whakawa te tika ki te whakanui i whakaiti i te rahi o te kerēme ranei."
• Te pānga (he b → - whakawa-pānga). Ki te tohaina posting te i roto i te hanganga faingataa te whakawa, me te reira, i taea te tohe reira e pā ana te whakawa taua ki implicative. Ka rite ki te ruruku whakamahia i roto i te puka o feohi pērā i "te mea ... ka". Hei tauira: "Ki te roto i te pēne ki te mahue te nāianei hiko, pupū ake te waea," "E hiahia ana koe ki te kia hari - kia hari".
• Ōrite (te b ≡ - ōrite te whakawa). E te reira wahi i roto i te take i reira ko nga uara o te me te b te taua (rānei e rua pono e rua teka ranei): "hanga te tangata te mo te oaoa, rite te manu ki te rere."
• Whakakorehanga (¬a, ā - whakawa-koaro). e pā ana ia pūtake te ki te tauākī pūhui tauākī e whakakahore ana ki te taketake. Mā te whakamahi i "e kore" paihere. Nä, ki te te tauākī taketake e whai ake: "tauhohe te puru ki te marama whero," (he) - te whakakāhoretanga e tangi rite: "E kore e te puru urupare ki te marama whero" (¬A).