Whakahou Zemstvo o 1864

whakaritea Local whaiaro kāwanatanga-i roto i Russia i roto i runga i te āhuatanga o te mua-whakahou 1864, e pü te pūnaha feudal. Ko te ahua pokapū i roto i reira ko te kaiwhakarëti nei nona te mana whakahaere, me te ture, tōrangapū, me te ōhanga i runga i nga peasants no ki a ia.

Tuatahi Zemstvo whakahou Ivana Groznogo, whakahaere hoki i te 1550, kua i taua wa i whakahaua i te whakakorenga o "kai", me te whakatūnga o pōtitia rangatira tūmatanui.

Otiia i roto i te rau tau 19, tenei raruraru tino pera ano kua kore i whakatau. Ahu e te kawana o nga kawanatanga i farii ki mana rawa whanui: pirihimana, hi'opo'araa, whakahaere, ōhanga, me te tahi atu mahi. ko te iwi tino nui i muri i roto i te kawanatanga te rangatira porowini o hanahana me te rohe kaiwhakahaere o te rangatira. Ko, Ka taea e te taua te pūnaha mana whakaata anake nga ngākau nuitanga o te kaipupuri whenua. E kore e tangohia ki pūkete te hiahia e kore anake o te taupori, engari ano hoki i te ahumahi rohe me te tauhokohoko. Indivisibility o ture, whakahaere, me te ōhanga mana ake ngaa atu te āhuatanga.

Hei kawe i te whakahou kaiahuwhenua i tika ki te hanga i te pūnaha. Ki tenei mutunga, rite te timatanga Zemstvo whakahou o 1864. I te rohe whaiaro kāwanatanga-i ki kia tukua ki te mahi, me te hapori ā-rohe. Hei faaohipa mana mo ratou ko te āhua i roto i te puka o te tirotiro kāwanatanga motuhake ranei mātakitaki me te taumahi o ture motuhake. taea te whakatinana whakahau tinana zemskih ratou te whakamahi i mana moni moni e te pirihimana ranei.

Zemstvo whakahou tō whakamātau o te mana ki te aro kaha i roto i te ringa o bureaucracies rohe. Whakatūwhera he hiahia ki te whakatinana i tētahi puka hou o ngā parau tumu kāwanatanga whakahou Wakaminenga rohe kore rawa i kaha. Universal pōti i Kāore hoki ratou. Na reira, i whakaritea e te reira ki te whiriwhiri wehea te mataeinaa te taupori ki toru curiae (wahi), ia o nei i te nuinga e ngā māngai o te tetahi piha haapiiraa. Nā ki te oraraa o te pūnaha curial tohu rawa taea te kāwanatanga ki te whakamahere i te maha o ngā kaipōti i roto i nga whare zemstvo, whakarato te nuinga o nga māngai o te piha haapiiraa pule.

January 1, whakaaetia 1864 mana te "Rekureihana i runga i zemstvo whare". Mai taua ra ki a ratou tukua i superintendence whakapaipai, moni, me te taonga o te Zemstvos, te ihirangi o kōrero me ngā whare, e mau ana i roto i ngā mahi kaupapa atawhai, te whai wāhitanga i roto i te hauora me te mātauranga, tahi inihua o taonga, te tiaki o te ahumahi rohe me te tauhokohoko.

Zemstvo whakahou ngā te hanga o toru curiae: kaipupuri whenua rohe, noho me ngā māngai o te kainga. Te Executive Body Zemsky whakaminenga - kaunihera - pōtitia mō te rua tau. Te mau melo o te porowini zemstvo whakaminenga pōtitia i hui mataeinaa.

kore kua Zemstvo whakahou hanga he pūnaha pai centralized: i roto i tona whakatinanatanga, me te kore i hanga e te tinana e pai fakafekau'aki te mahi o nga zemstvos katoa. I hanga He ngana ki tona hanganga i roto i te tau 1865, i te Runanga porowini o St. Petersburg, engari i roto i te whakautu ki tenei kaupapa o te kāwanatanga ki te tareka reira. Ko te kupu, whakaaetia te oraraa o te kāwanatanga ā-rohe anake i te taumata o nga kawanatanga, me te takiwā. Kore ko hanga reira me te taumata-raro - tari te mataeinaa.

kāwanatanga New tika ki ngā here i roto i te te tika, me te kaimahi kore-whakahaere i ti'aturi i runga i te kāwanatanga. Heoi, whai wāhi te whakahou rohe ki te whakapai ake o te pūnaha ōhanga, kōrero, mātauranga tūmatanui, me te hauora rohe. riro Zemstvos te ahua o te kura tōrangapū mō ngā māngai o nekehanga pāpori, me te ohaoha manapori. I roto i tenei whakaaro, ka taea te āhuatanga te whakahou rite bourgeois.