Toropona, taonga puoro: he whakaahua, he whakamārama o

Ka rite ki te tahi atu mea Symphony Orchestra, toropona - he taonga puoro ki te tangi ahurei, me te hītori ngā. Ko ia he mema tonu o te taratimere puoru me jazz here, engari kihai i nga wa katoa i te taua whakaaro whanui - i mua i te reira e mau tenetere i te tono kuiti, me whakapai ake hangarau.

takenga

Iritihia i te «toropona» Italian me French - ngongo nui te putorino nui ranei. Ko te ingoa "toropona" tīmata ki te whakamahi i roto i te Renaissance i te rau tau XV. tohu ratou parahi ki scenes, e taea ai e koe kia tangi atu iti, me te tuwhera te mauhaa.

Ko te matamua o te taonga pūoru i sakbut te toropona i roto i te tohutoro ki te Renaissance me te Baroque. Kua roa ngā rua i whakamahia rite taurite, engari whakaritea me mana nui atu i nga ētahi atu katoa i muri i te rau tau XVII, te wā "toropona".

Timbre me te whakamārama

Nahea te toropona? taonga puoro, he whakaahuatanga e taea te kitea i kua i roto i te rau tau XV, kua puta ke ai mai e kore he tino nui te taua wa. Ko te ngongo piko rua ki te atamira turanga. Whakamutua tomo te reira i te tihi. roa ngongo - toru mita, diameter -. 1.5 cm obligatory mo katoa hau he mängai - te toropona ko reira nui, he peihana porotaka.

I roto i te waiata whakaahua tu mea toropona roto. Rerekē te tahi atu mea parahi, te toropona atu hangarau, taea hoki te whakawhiti maeneene i tuhipoka ki mōhio, ki te mahi i chromatic me glissando.

Wehewehe i te reo tōiri, alto, tikanga, panguru, contrabass momo o taputapu. Ko te toropona tikanga tino whakamahia nuitia.

Instrument Range - G (tote) kontroktavy ki F (F) o te rua te mea Heminiti.

Tona reo - iti, nui, me te roa, rerekē-tangi tiketike, me te pūriki. I te tihi he pīataata, me te kanapa timbre, i te raro - te pouri, me te ri'ari'a. Nā ki ona huru maitatai timbral o te toropona ka he taonga puoro, he solos whakawhirinaki me te mahi katoa.

Ko te tikanga o te hanga tangi

Bright, tawhiri tangi o te toropona me ona kaha hangarau e tika ana ki tona hanganga. Rerekē atu te parahi, toropona kua he hononga honotanga - he wahi elongated U-āhua e he wahi o te taonga puoro. Toropona roto reira riro atu kaha hangarau - whakarei ake hanga whānui tangi reira ngāwari ki te paheke i tuhipoka ki te mōhio (glissando).

i ngaro i roto i te toropona hītori koata awatea me haurima mā te whakamahi i kvartventilya me kvintventilya taua puka taea.

Ka rite ki ki ētahi atu mea parahi, ka taea e wahangu (muting) kia whakamahia i roto i te mahi o te toropona.

tavevo te Bibilia

Whakahua o nga putorino nui e tino kanorau, me te e kitea i roto i ngā tuhinga onamata. tetere pāharakeke tahi e ngā nui, me nga anahera whakaputaina me ko Mīkaera. Kairangahau tuhinga Bibilia me waiata o taua wā whakapono e tenei taputapu - hatsotsra - he hau tawhito, vaguely haamana'oraa o te tetere hou, me te toropona, engari kua kore parirau. Otiia, ko reira te reo o te toropona i roto i mahi maha e te reo o te Atua, te timatanga o te whakawa tohu.

antecedents hītori

tohutoro Pakipūmeka rocker kitea kua taonga puoro i roto i te tawhito. Isidor ko Virgil tohu ngongo retireti motuhake (ductills pūnguru), te tangi rerekē i ai i runga i te tūranga o te wahi turanga. Kei te mohiotia te reira ano hoki e i roto i nga karikari o te Pompeii Roma i roto i te rau tau XVIII, e rua trombones, engari he tohu o enei kitenga atu rite i kitea he kōrero atu i te tutuki.

Te nuinga o ngā kairangahau e whakapono e kore i nga trombones tawhito pakimaero, engari e pā ana ki to ratou ahua, me te taea anake te tangi mana'o.

Ko te whakahua mōhiohio tuatahi o te toropona me whakapakoko pā ana ki te rau tau XV. I tenei wa i reira he kore ingoa taputapu kotahi: sakbut (Fr «sacquer» - tō me te «bouter» - pana.), Posaunen (Eng.), Pūnguru ductili whakahuatia me te toropona (Itāria.). Ko katoa ratou ōrite pea ki te kia kitea i roto i ngā puna. Popularity toropona i roto i te rau tau XV, he tiketike nui - kua whakamahia te reira i roto i ngā ratonga hahi hei wahi o rōpū fakamāmaní, me te taputapu takitahi. Kei te whakaaetia te reira ki te tono i runga i nga tikanga ā-iwi nui, me te i runga i te parekura.

Whakakotahi i roto i te ahurea waiata

whakaaro te wāhi o te taonga pūoru te toropona te ki kia Germany Italy ranei. Here noho nga rangatira tuatahi, manufactures trombones hiriwa mo nga marae kingi.

I roto i ngā rau tau XVII-XVIII. ka whai pānga toropona ki te waiata o te mua. Noho ensemble me mauhaa takitahi, tu ia anake, a kore e whakaurua i roto i te tito upaupa. e kore tenei ārai maha kaitito ki te hanga mahi mo te mea.

I roto i te nuinga o te wā, ko te tono matua o te reo toropona waiata hahi tahi waiata reo e whakamahia ana mō tenei rēhita tiketike ranei Nō ia.

Puāwaitanga Symphony Orchestra, hanga i roto i te XVIII rautau e J. Haydn, kihai i ngā i te toropona. Te āhua, ua tenei taputapu i ki kia tawhito-pupuku rawa me te kanohi-hopu i roto i te tutti tangi hawarite. I roto i te tua, e kore he pakari te wa ona whakapainga hangarau.

I roto i te āhuatanga toropona motuhake, ahakoa, whakamahia i roto i te whare tapere puoro. Kua riro tona tangi hue whakaari i roto i te opera o Gluck, a ka homai V. A. Motsart ia he tūranga fakamamahi, me te whakamataku i roto i te opera "Don Giovanni" me "Requiem".

Toropona i roto i te upaupa taratimere

Kupu Whakataki toropona rite te taonga puoro i roto i te upaupa taratimere ko anake i te tahuri o ngā rau tau XVIII-XIX. i L. V. Bethovena. Berlioz tukua wā tuatahi ia ki te wahi takitahi taipitopito i roto i te waiata Tira pūoru, te faataa ia te reira rite te reo rangatira, me te tura. I roto i te wahi hou o te upaupa e whakamahia, te nuinga o rua ranei e toru trombones (e rua tikanga, me te panguru). Orchestras Wagner, P. I. Chaykovskogo, Mahler, Brahms feruri kahore ponguru toropona reo me te hōia, i reira e pā ana tona reo i te ope mate, me te ri'ari'a.

tohu te waiata Tira pūoru P. I. Chaykovskogo tangi toropona nga whakapakoko o Rock, Providence. I roto i te Wagner toropona, tahi ki ētahi atu parahi tohu mana, me te kaha tiketike, Rock whakapakoko. whakamahia pūmatua R. Wagner ki te whakapuaki i lyrics aroha ( "Tristan me Isolde"). I tonu tenei akoranga pū rerekē i roto i te waiata o te rau tau rua tekau.

Ki te nui ake moni i roto i te toropona i roto i te rau tau XIX, tata rāhuitia ko te whakamahi o te glissando, kua oti nei te tono anake ki nga Talafungani o te rau tau rua tekau - A. Schoenberg me Glazunov.

Toropona i roto i te jazz

toropona Jazz - he tūranga hou o te taonga puoro. E haamata te reira ki te wā Dixieland - tetahi o nga nekehanga tuatahi o te jazz waiata. Here, te taputapu mo te wa tuatahi i mohio rite te improvising takitahi, te hanga countermelody me whakairo whiua ia. Ko te trombonists jazz tino rongonui - Glen Miller, Myth Mole, Edward Kid Ory, hanga ratou ake kāhua o te tākaro. Ko tētahi o nga tikanga taketake - nako huinga o ngā kōrero takitahi me te toropona glissando āhuatanga. Hangaia e te reira i te tangi ahurei o Dixieland 20. rau tau rua tekau. Ngā mihi ki te trombonist jazz, e pā ana kāhua jazz ki mea hau.

oro toropona me waiata American Latin - i whakatairangatia ana te reira na roto i te huri haere rōpū jazz, i ko te mea toropona takitahi.

taea Modern o toropona pūkenga - ki te mahi waiata puāwaitanga ki te tangi o te jazz, kamaka, a ētahi atu momo, me ngā tohutohu. Ko te whakamahi o tenei taputapu kei te hoko atu auaha, me te ngā, me te trombonist wahi i roto i te upaupa ranei ensemble - te katoa tino atu.