Taonga National - he ōhanga ... RF. Ko te taonga motu o Russia

Kei te whakapono te reira e te taonga motu - ki te huinga o rawa ōhanga o te whenua, te whakarite i te oraraa o te iwi, rite pai rite te hanga o te taonga, me ngā ratonga. Ko te kupu tenei te tikanga o te Komiti State Tatauranga o Russia. faaite tenei kāwai ōhanga te pūmanawa ōhanga o te kāwanatanga, āta whakaatu te opuaraa wā roa-o tona whanaketanga.

Tuhipoka wae taketake: whakakitea te ariā o te taonga motu e tenei kāwai - rawa ōhanga. I roto i te āhua konstitutsialnye wae i mana o ratou oaoa i te painga o te āhua ōhanga. I roto i te tirohanga o te ru o te aroturuki tonu o te tohu, ki te whakatau i te tōtika o te economists kaupapa here o nga whenua katoa whakatau tonu tona tupu heke ranei

Whakamahia e ngā tikanga o te tātai i taonga motu o te ao tautuhia i roto i rua ara: he ara o paerewa motu toenga ranei.

tikanga toenga

taonga National ka tautuhia tātai i te toenga kei te rite te uara tika kupenga tika i nga pauna tepu o rawa me ngā herenga (kite. Ripanga 1), unu ake hoki nga rāngai ngā o te ōhanga. Tenei - ko te huarahi tuku iho ki a Russia (tuatahi - mo te USSR) e whakaatu ana i tenei tohu rite te kohinga o nga hua o te mahi, arā, te taonga motu whiwhi e whakatupuranga roto i te taha ki te rauemi māori whai wāhi i roto i te tukanga ōhanga ...

Tikanga o te pūnaha o ngā paerewa motu

Heoi, ka rite ki ngā tohunga mōhio, te pūnaha o ngā pūkete motu atu tōtika whakatau i te taonga motu. Ko tenei - tino te huarahi mākete, no te mea sna ko te huinga whārite o tohu e whakaata te matatini tonotono-ōhanga o te kāwanatanga. I hanga tua ki taonga rauemi mahi taupori, e hoki te pūnaha o ngā pūkete motu ki pūkete te rerekētanga i waenganui i ngā rawa pūtea (2) me te taunahatanga pūtea (3).

Ripanga 1. hanganga whānui o te taonga motu

taonga National. hanganga

Tautuhi he aha te tikanga i te wahi o te pūnaha pūkete aua motu tukanga taonga motu, whakaahua poto ona wāhanga.

rawa Non-pūtea, he te taonga o wae pütahitanga, ko te tikanga mo te hanga me te painga kore-ōhanga riro ratou. I roto i tona hanganga, ngā ratou rawa pūmau (ahumahi me te ahumahi-kore), rawa nāianei, me te uara.

He āhuatanga āhuatanga o te rawa pūmau ko ratou wā taonga e rave rahi ki te whai wāhi i roto i te uri pāpori. Ēnei ngā whare me ngā hanganga, mihini me te taputapu, waka me kōrero, me pera i runga i. E ratou te kaha ki te whakaiti i to ratou uara e tika ki te ino rauemi, me te pae morare. te taumata o te te kākahu o ngā hua pūmau o te whenua - he tohu rautaki. I roto i ngā, āhuatanga te ōhanga Russian i te taumata o nāianei e te wähanga nui o te hekenga uara o ngā rawa pūmau. Whakahōu ratou - ahunga nui o te whanaketanga o te kāwanatanga.

Tuatapaparaa o ngā rawa o te āhua rauemi o nāianei - he, i roto i ngā, rauemi raw, hua oti, hua taonga mo te hoko, me te hokona mō te iti. tūranga o te kāwanatanga i roto i te whanaketanga o te rängai production e whakaritea te nuinga e ona kamupene haumarutanga rawaka mahi whakapaipai, ko te "rauemi raw" mo te hanga (wahie, rauemi, rauemi tika, kai, purapura, me te pera i runga i.). Heoi, ko te nui, me te pai-whakapumautia hononga ōhanga e ārai i te hanganga o te rakau nui o ngā hua oti.

ngä hua pütea rite wenewene, ratou ngako - uara. E ratou he āhuatanga motuhake: he āhua ratou rangatira - rawa whanaunga ki tona tauira - te titauraa.

Ripanga 2. Composition o taonga motu sna tukanga

Heoi, e kore e tangohia nga whika sna ki pūkete te kāwai āhua kikokore, tetahi o nga tohu matua o te taonga motu - te take tangata. ka tona tūranga i roto i tēnei tuhinga e whakahuatia i muri. I reira, kua takoto ona āhuatanga e ngā tawhā pērā i te tümanako ora toharite, te ōrau o te mahi taupori mahi i roto i te makehe, te wā mahi kaha, te huringa hapu o oraraa, te auau whanau.

taonga National. āhuatanga taupū

He meka nui ko e te taonga motu - e kore te mea pateko te mehua, engari huringa hihiri i runga i te wā. Kei te whakaritea te reira i tetahi rā, te uara wäriu.

Tuarua, rite kua whakahuatia, te taonga motu (NB) heterogeneous. I runga i te ringa kotahi - o ngā rauemi māori, i runga i te tahi atu - te hua o te mahi. Reira hoki ngā e rua ngä hua pütea, me te fafa.

A toru, pūkete taonga motu mō te taonga katoa whai noho, takitahi me hinonga ture, ara, ki te he te reira ki waho.

wāhanga āhuatanga

e kore he ōrite - tatauranga o taonga motu. Ko te huarahi rerekē ki te tātaritanga o te wāhanga o tenei ahua matatini e fakanatula whakatika i tona āhua. Ki te fifili koe e pā ana ki o ratou momo, ka taea e tatou te tautuhi i te tēhea e whai ake nei:

1. Unplayable. Ko ētahi o ēnei kohuke, kua pau rāhui (tikanga nuinga ahumahi).

2. whakapāpāho. Ko te pātai uihia e te taupori taea-marohirohi o nga rawa o te whakaputa me te nonproduction take.

3. hengahenga. Ko tenei - te matau-pehea o te hapori te whenua o, i hanga e ona kaupapa here ä-pāpori, mātauranga, me te fakaetangatá. Ko ētahi o ēnei toko i te ora, pūmanawa hinengaro me te āhei.

4. Accounts utua ki nga whenua ke, me ngā pūtahi pūtea.

Ko te tawhā matua

hāngai tatauranga o taonga motu kei runga tātari ona tawhā. Ki te to ratou awhina, marama te matatini e te mana taonga o te kāwanatanga: te akiaki o te National Bank; tona whakamahi o te kāwanatanga; wāhanga, te nui, me te hanganga; hanganga me te hanganga; momo o uri o te taonga motu me ona wāhanga; kiripuaki wae.

Ko te kupu, māngai te National Bank te rite te huinga o rawa rauemi me ngā rauemi ōhanga, tika e pa ana te tārua whänui o te hapori.

ngā rauemi a te ao. tatauranga

Russian Academy o Sciences whakatau tata te taonga katoa motu ao. takoto tenei auau i runga i te kaupapa o nga kaute o nga raraunga World Bank. Ko tōna uara i te timatanga o te rau tau XXI i roto i töpü hoki whenua katoa i $ 550 trillion. A feruri i roto i te puka whānui o te mōhiohio. Ko te wahi o te whakapaipai tangata hanga ake te wahi nui - $ 350 trillion, Rauemi Natural - $ 95 trillion, ahumahi me te rawa kore-hua - $ 90 trillion.

E ai ki ngā tatauranga, 50% o te taonga motu o te ao no ki te whenua whakawhanakehia o Western Europe, USA, Canada ko Japan. tata National Bank o te United States i $ 24 trillion, $ 95 trillion o taonga motu whakahaere OPEC he wahi nui o rāhui hinu o te ao, 40% o tona production me ao utu mo reira. Whenua o te Kihi mua no ki National Bank, whakatu $ 80 trillion.

E ai ki nga pūtaiao i runga ake-whakahuatia whakatau tata i te taonga motu o Russia he $ 60 trillion. Ko te wāhanga o te take tangata i roto i reira - $ 30 trillion, ngā rauemi māori - $ 24 trillion, rawa ahumahi, me te kore-hua - $ 6 trillion.

Ko te rahi i runga o te ao taonga motu whakaaturia i roto i te Ripanga 3.

Ripanga 3. He hanganga o te taonga motu

Ko te taonga motu o Russia

Characteristically, no Russia ki painga maha i runga i ētahi atu whenua i roto i ngā o te taonga ia tetahi tangata (400 Whārangi. $), Nei ko wha nga wa te toharite ao. Ratau, te toharite kiato o te taupori Russian ia kiromita tapawha ko 8.39 tangata i roto i France te ahua, ko te 119, hoki Italy - 200,52, Germany - 229,12.

aro mātai faahiahia o te taonga motu o Russia. pūtea Whenua reira - 12.5% o te ao. I roto i Russia he hawhe o rāhui wai o te ao, neke atu i te 50% o te whenua mangu, neke atu i te 60% o ngahere coniferous o te ao. He tino nui rakau Russian o ngā rauemi māori, noho ratou i te wahi nui o ngā rauemi māori o te ao. I roto i ngā, i te rāhui RF hau kėia 32% o te hinu o te ao, - 13%; konutea - 15%; rino - 26%; carbon - 11%; konutea - 15%; nika - 36%.

āhua Raw o te ōhanga

Tohunga mea e te ōhanga o te Russian Federation i te wa nei, ko te rauemi raw. Eaha te auraa? kaweake te nui o te hinu faufau, me te hau (e pā ana ki 75%) kei te ka pau te hauwhā anake te i roto i te mākete kāinga. I roto i te hanganga o te hinu GDP wāhanga o Russia me hau noho he wahi nui: e pā ana ki 32%, i ngā hua engineering - e pā ana ki 5%. Te ahua whakamutunga, rite matau tatou i te reira, e kore e hāngai ki te hua öhanga, me te pūtaiao o Russia. te mea katoa i roto i te whakaaturanga tūturu o te tono mākete ao mō ngā rauemi raw e tika ana ki te kaupapa here protectionist o te Te Hau-ā-uru ki ngā hua skill- me whakapaipai kaha tapanga "hanga i roto i te Russia".

Akiaki o production hinu Russian whakaatu hehema tupu. I tēnei wā, he tino faahiahia tau hawhe te piriona toni te rōrahi o tona production. he whakaraerae ki rihīti moni i te hoko o te hinu, tae atu hoki haumi i roto i te rāngai mīhini ōhanga Russian, tuku ki te haere ki te hangarau hou. keri e te roto i Russia, "koura mangu" 4 whakaaturanga Ripanga.

Ripanga 4: hinu Russian

hua i roto i te rohe Tyumen - te nuinga o te hinu Russian (Urals ingoa hokohoko) - 65%. Heoi, i roto i te maina wā roa i roto i te rohe, ka kia iti, i i te wa ano e rite ana te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti me tona tupu matapae i roto i Eastern Siberia.

Ahakoa atu whakakitenga maranga akiaki hau Russia (kite. Ripanga 5). Tātaritanga o tohu ōhanga whakakitea he au rarua: te tčnei, o te ōhanga i runga i te tōtika o ngā rauemi raw nui te tere o te whanaketanga o te te engineering aunoa.

Ripanga 5. Dynamics o hau production i Russia

Heoi, e kia oti, kahore herenga i runga i te kaha o tona whakarea te aromatawai o te taonga motu o Russia. He nahanaha ratou. I roto i Russia i runga i te whakapaipai tangata i roto i ngā pūkete taonga motu mō te 50% o te rahi, o ngā rauemi taiao - 32% o te hanga whakapaipai me te production-kore, aua - 18%. I te wa ano, i te taonga motu o whenua Pākehā Western, te rahi o te take tangata ko 78,4%.

Ko te tūranga ārahi o te take tangata i roto i te pūnaha o te taonga motu

E ai ki ngā tohunga, e kore e anake nga ngā uara pū, engari ano hoki te hanganga o te taonga motu ko te take nui i roto i te āhua toko i te ora. hanga nga economists o te kura Chicago i te 70 o te rau tau whakamutunga he kitea nui i roto i te hanganga o te National Bank o te tūranga ārahi takaro e te tauwehe te tangata. Kua kē matou whakahuatia e takoto tona kounga e rave rahi wāhanga: te kounga me te oranga, te mātauranga me te production kerekere ia tangata. Ki te te hauwhā o te rau tau i mua, te Russian Federation i tenei taupū no ki te wahi 23th, te inaianei - 66th.

Hokotanga auru huna ranei ki te take tangata?

Various āhuatanga o taonga motu i taumata rerekē o te tūtohutanga ki te raruraru ōhanga. Ko te tīmatanga mo te faaotiraa o te whakapaipai tangata ko tona aromatawai o te mākete mahi kāinga.

Ko reira nui e i roto i tenei hanganga utu i roto i te rängai tümatanui, kua mau production taui. Tenei utu iti ko te pūtake o te utu te whenua o. Ka rite ki te hua, i te whai wāhi ki te hanga te nounou te takawaenga kaipakihi he wahi tekau nga wa nui o te GDP atu kaimahi ahumahi mohio.

I roto i te hokotanga USSR uara rawa hua ia mahi tata rangatira hou i roto i te whānui 0.1 - 0.5 $ th .. No te whakarite, te faaotiraa o te utu mākete o kamupene US i runga i te uara o te kaimahi o te 100 mano. $. I roto i ngā, i Karauna te ZIL kamupene ki rau-mano te hunga kaimahi mō $ 16 miriona. Waihoki Karauna Uralmash, GAZ, a he tokomaha atu pūnaha hinonga.

Ina ripeneta te ōhanga Russian, kia rite ki nga tikanga o te "Washington whakaaro" i roto i te 1990 kihai i huri enei nehe. e kore e kaupapa here moni raru, tahi ki te hokohoko kāwanatanga whakatika te āhuatanga. I tēnei wā, i roto i te Russian Federation 20% o te moni tuku, e kore e whakarato i te utu ora ia melo o te utuafare. Hoki te uri o te take tangata (ina koa i roto i te whakangao), e ngā tatou kaupapa here pāpori, me te ōhanga.

mutunga

titau te taonga motu o te Russian Federation i te wā nei i te wäriu nui o ona wāhanga ki te whakaputa i te akiaki tupu pūmau. Ko te kī, ko te ki te whakapiki ake i te rahi o te whakapaipai tangata. Ki te mahi i tenei, whakarato atu moni me ngā rauemi. ka whai ki te faaite i to ratou "wahi o keke" o GDP o Russia, e pau me te whakawhiti ki Western pareparenga putunga ratou nga oligarchs.

Na te iwi pakihi, mīharo e whakanui ratou moni, ka tata ite e haumi i roto i te pane a te tangata i roto i Russia - te pai tino, ka ako e founga ki te hanga a ratou pūnahanaha. Mahalo kia rawaka ki "whakamārama" te kāwanatanga oligarchs tenei whakaaro.

I te tahi atu te ringa, ka e hoki i roto i te tono, me te hanganga motuhake, mana me te whakarite i te tōtika o te haumi i roto i te take tangata.