Syrian Turkmens - ko wai enei? Ko wai te taha o te Turkmens Hiriani i te pakanga?

Ko te oraraa o taua iwi rite nga Turkmens Hiriani e hiahia i roto i te mau ohipa i roto i Hiria i taea ki te ako tata anake, i muri i koperea iho te bomber Russian tata te rohe Turkish. Kaiurungi, e kua whakahaere ki te catapult ka koperea i te rangi. i patua tetahi o ratou, ko te whakarau o etahi o te mōhiohio tuarua wā whakahē. Hiriani Turkmen, pupuhi i roto i Russian, ka mea i patua e ratou kaiurungi e rua. I muri mai, i ngā mātāpuna pono, ka mohiotia ai e i whakaorangia te tahi-pairati me tangohia i roto i te rapu, me te faaora mahi.

Ko wai e nga Turkmens Hiriani? He aha te tūranga noho te roto i te pakanga o nāianei?

Ki te ruku koe ki te hītori o ...

Ko te whakahua tuatahi o te ahua o nga Turkmens i te rohe me te iwi Oguz no ki te rau tau IX. Fele iwi whakataunga sredneaziyskimi o nga whenua Middle Te Tai Rāwhiti me Ahia haamata i roto i te rau tau XI, ka ki te awhina o nga militias Turkish whakapumautia Seljuks ratou ture i konei. I raro i te aroraa o te Mongol Seljuk Empire hinga. I roto i te kingitanga o nga Otomení (i te rau tau ki runga XIV ki 1922) Turkmens Hiriani i runga i te whenua hou o Hiria (Aleppo, Hama, Latakia, Homs, Tartus, Idlib, Dzharablus) tiaki te manene, i te runga i te kēnana o te Muslim Hajj tau. Mai taua wa, maha māngai o te iwi e noho ana i roto i ēnei wāhanga.

I roto i te mahi French, oho etahi ki Ramahiku.

purapura o te riri

I mua i te pakanga kaiākiri, i noho nga Turkmens āhua tetahi-ono o te rohe o Hiria. E ai ki ngā whakatau tata, ratou tokomaha - e pā ana ki 3 me te hawhe miriona, o nei hawhe te miriona korero te reo Māori. Religion o te nuinga - ko te Sunnis (te peka tino maha o Ihirama), i reira e ano nga Alawites (tetahi o te tino enigmatic nekehanga Islamic fakalotu).

Te nuinga māngai o te iwi mahi i roto i te mahi hu, ake e ratou nga wheketere i te pa o Aleppo, nga kaimahi o enei kamupene hoki Turkmens. He roto ratou kaitōrangapū, whika ahurea, hōia me pūtaiao (i roto i ngā, i te mua Minita Hiriani Defence Hassan al-Turkmani).

I roto i te tau 30 e tika ana ki kawea te kāwanatanga Hiriani i te kaupapa here o whakawhenumi o te māngai o te iwi kua tangohia o mana maha. kihai i taea e ki te uru i roto i ngā karapu me ngā rōpū ratou. kua araia hoki ratou ki te kōrero, te whakaputa pukapuka, ki te ako i roto i to ratou reo taketake.

Whakatika ki te wa etahi i roto i to ratou puni maturely whakaahunga ki te kāwanatanga o nāianei.

I mua e te pakanga nui?

I waenganui i 2006 me 2011 neke atu i te hawhe o nga whenua Hiriani nana tauraki. Haua o kaupapa here öhanga arahina ki te desertification o whenua, whakangaromanga o kai, me te kararehe. E ai ki te UN me te Red Cross 2010 tau raraunga, e pā ana ki tetahi miriona iwi i runga i te pareparenga o te hemokai.

Ko te taupori taiwhenua ko te haerenga papatipu ki te pa. I roto i te pa o Aleppo i 2011, i reira i 200,000 rerenga. Kore mahi i 20%. Ko te ope tōrangapū e kore e e whakaae ki te kāwanatanga, kua tomokanga.

Tono i te whakatamarikitanga o hapori tika rongoā, ka haere mai tahi ngā rōpū ethno-confessional o Sunnis, Alawites, Kurds me Karaitiana ka whakatika ki runga, ki te whawhai.

Ko te take o te pahūtanga

Rauemi mea te take matua mō te tīmatanga o te Arapi Spring hua me pakaru i roto i amuamu tikanga fakaaoao o te iwi whēwhē o te peresideni tūru, pirau i roto i nga taumata teitei o te kaha, whakahōhā fakalotu o ngā whakahēnga, me te pera i runga i. N.

E ai ki kaitätari tōrangapū, te raruraru Hiriani ā-whakamatauria whenua momona mō te akiaki pakanga waho.

"Fire ki te muka" ka hoatu ai ki waho.

Ka rite ki nga kairīpoata o te Wall Street Journal Nour Malas ko Carol Lee, mo te maha o nga tau, tū māngai o te whakahaere US a'oraa ngaro ki te kaimahi o te taputapu kāwanatanga mo te whakaurunga rite ki te whakatairanga i te tukipoto i hōia, me te kapusi o peresideni o nāianei te whenua o o te Poari iwi Hiriani.

Chronicle o amuamu

He marama i mua i te koroke (te mutunga o Hānuere o 2011), ki he whakahaere extremist "revolution Hiriani" hanga i roto i "Facebook" karanga mo te whakatikanga ake ki te kāwanatanga o Bashar al-Assad.

I te tīmatanga, i kongakonga whakaaturanga anti-kāwanatanga, tae noa ki nga rallies papatipu i te pahųtanga o runga Maehe 15 i roto i Darayya. Ko te whakatikanga ake, ano he tauari i Tunisia ko Ihipa. I maoro i muri ka tahuri nga amuamu ki te nananga tauine-tonu motu.

tohatoha ki i nga tutu tāke, rawa i roto i i hatepea atu te wai, me te hiko wāhi tutu, raupatu nga ope haumaru kai o te iwi, me te paraoa.

whakapaea hōia kāwanatanga i pa Darayya, Aleppo, Hama Duma, Homs, Latakia me etahi. Ko te hoia nei i pai ki te ahi i runga i civilians, i koperea i runga i te wahi.

Ko te hunga tutu me papahoro i te ope i hanga rōpū whawhai, i whakarewahia te pakanga patu ki te ope kāwanatanga. Ko te kupu i hanga reira Free Army Hiriani. Puta noa i te whenua, timata pakanga tutu.

Ko te mārō kē o te tutu

pahono Mana whakaīngoatia nanakia o te pōuri i roto i nga hau te whenua shirilis o pāhuatia wae o te ope auau e pā ana ki te tangata o nga pa whakakeke.

whakaritea EU aukati i ki Hiria. Ko te mārō o te pakanga huihuia whakauka, tupu te maha o patunga.

I te tahuri o 2011-2012, tīmata te kāwanatanga ki te whakamahi i ngā pūrepo me tāke ki te iwi tutu. Hakihea 26 i roto i Homs tāke pūhia i runga i kāinga.

I roto i te tahi mau āhua, he whakahe ki te tikanga Assad, e mahi ana nga kaiuru massacres i roto i embassies Hiriani. Ko te US me te UK, a haere atu ratou karere i Ramahiku.

I roto i te April 2012, ngana Assad ki te whakatau i te rangimārie i te pakanga. Kua kauwhautia e te whenua te rangaawatea, farii i te aroturuki i UN.

Hoki te wā tuatahi i roto i te hawhe rau i roto i Hiria e tū pōtitanga multiparty i ai toa i te kimi huarahi "National e uouangatahá" (Baath Party).

Ahakoa te rangimarie whakaaturia, whawhai patu.

Whai wāhi i roto i te pato'iraa o ētahi atu whenua

Te aroraa ngā atu āhua: i reira he pūtea, me te kaingārahu, o tutu Hiriani i monarchies hinu o te Persian Gulf. Iran tohe te kāwanatanga Hiriani. Russian Federation tuku patu ārai ki Assad.

I roto i te raumati o 2012 i roto i te tuwhera pakanga tomo Turkey: Pipiri 22 koperea iho he rererangi toa Turkish i runga i te rohe Hiriani.

Kua mana mohio te UN me te Cross Whero te pakanga i roto i te Hiria whawhai metarahi.

Āwhina Russian

I roto i te Maehe 2015, ope anti-kāwanatanga, tetahi i muri i tetahi tango mana o nga pa Hiriani. tukua te horo no Palmyra LIH te executions papatipu, tikanga ki 400-450 civilians, hoia, me te tautoko kāwanatanga (te nuinga wahine).

I muri i te raumati LIH takoha 2015 ngā mahi i roto i Al Hasaka i roto 60 mano. Civilians.

Maoro, te maha o rerenga, kia rite ki tata UN, kua tae 200 mano.

I roto i te raumati o 2015 kitea te United States i taunakitanga o te mahi tahi o nga rangatira Turkish ki te LIH.

I roto i te tino whakakapi Mahuru LIH hōia Assad i Idlib kawanatanga, ka mau mara hinu whakamutunga ( "Jazan"), i raro i te mana o hōia a te kāwanatanga, te airbase Abu al-Duhur.

te karangatanga a Assad mō te awhina ki Russian, ko Mahuru 30, timata rererangi Russian ki te mahi i runga i whawhai hanganga akatainuia aro. I muri ka timata te wiki o murua te rererangi Russian toa ino nui-tauine o te ope Hiriani, i roto i nei anō hōia a te kāwanatanga te mana ki runga i te nuinga o te whenua.

Wai taha Hiriani Turkmens?

E ai ki a Associated Press, ko nga māngai o te iwi i roto i te tuatahi ki te tautoko i te tutu patu ki te peresideni o nāianei, me te āwhina me te tautoko o Ankara.

I roto i 2012, te Turkmens Hiriani hanga tona ope, taua neke atu i te 10 mano tangata. E tohatoha i roto i te maha ngā wāhanga o Iraq ko Hiria nga ope patu. Te nuu faehau e faitau te whawhai ki a te peresideni Assad me ngā rōpū IG. Mai i ngā mātāpuna pono kua mohiotia taua mea e faaohipa i to ratou whawhai SWAT mahi kapa i roto i te hunga e tohutohu i te kaha-kaiwhakaruruhau.

Turkmens Hiriani ko Turkey

I muri timata i roto i te ture te pakanga Hiriani āhuatanga o te iwi i roto i te whenua kua heke. kitea e ia ia he kanohi ki te kanohi ki te hoariri nui: te ope o Bashar al-Assad, te fundamentalists tuwhena IG me wehenga Kurdish. mahi Ankara rite kaiwhakaruruhau. Hiriani Turkmens a Turkey - he aha te te hononga? Ko te māngai o tenei iwi, e noho ana i roto i Hiria ko Iraq, e tata ana ki te iwi o Turkey, i whakaae ki te tautoko i tino ratou i roto i te utu mo te ki he tukupā neke i roto i te ara o ngā kaupapa here pai ki reira.

Ko reira mārama e kore te mea pera nui āwangawanga e pā ana ki te raruraru o te iwi e tukinotia ana i roto i Hiria Ankara, rite ratou ake ngākau nuitanga - tōrangapū, me te ōhanga.

Ki te awhina o nga hoia Turkmen i runga i te rohe ki te waihanga i te counterweight tika ki Kurdish whaiaro korero-. Ano, whai wāhi ratou i roto i te whakarato mea mau huna pāhekoheko ki IG. e kore e kaitätari tōrangapū aukati e rapu Turkey ki te riro i te initiator o mana'oo motuhake i roto i te Turkmen, me te wā ki te whakauru i roto i tona mema te whenua o Hiria, i reira ratou e ora.

Kitea iho rite te kaiwhakarite o te iwi e tukinotia ana, e hipokina Ankara te tiaki o ana mahinga ngākau nuitanga-whakaritea.

take Hiriani

E ai ki ngā puna pono, kua whai wāhi Turkey i te take Hiriani pera-ka karanga.

Ko tētahi o nga kaupapa ki tukinohia "te hoariri", whakaritea e Ankara, te Hiriani Turkmen. Hoki nei whawhai, māngai o te toru o nga nui rawa i roto i te iwi o te whenua? Te aha i whai wāhi ratou i roto i te kēmu o tētahi atu? He aha te i roto i te taonga i roto i tenei kēmu e ia?

timata Ankara te āwhina i te Hohua tonu i roto i te 90, ka te whakahaere o te āwhina tahi tukinotia "Bayir-Bucak" i hanga.

I roto i te 2011, hanga hoki "te Hiriani Turkmen Movement", ko tona whakaaro - ki te karanga i te iwi ki te whai wāhi i roto i te whakatikanga ake ki Assad.

I waihangatia e rave rahi mau toro'a i roto i nga pa o Turkey me i te rohe ki te pūmau "rohe o fatongia": te maunu i roto i Aleppo tirotiro Gazantipskogo o te tari, tutu i roto i te Latakia - i Yayladağı, tutu i roto i al-Raqqa - i Akdzhala.

I tua atu, "Hiriani Turkmen Democratic Movement" whakahaere nga mahi o te pato'iraa i roto i Hiria. I roto i te mehua whakaritea o te whakahaere - te tuku press i roto i to ratou reo Māori, i te hanganga o te reo irirangi, ngā kura. Ko te whakaaro o nga activists ko Turkization whenua Hiriani raki, i roto i te heke mai taea ki te tono wehenga, mana motuhake, me te hononga ki te whenua pātata, "friendly" ki a ratou te whenua.

Turkmens Hiriani hanga ratou ope, mātātoa ngätahi me te ngā kēnge o te hunga tutu. I tēnei wā, i reira e 14 wae paramilitary. E tahoê ratou i roto i te "Gang o maunga Turkmen." Latakia militants whakahau e Mohamed Awad i Aleppo rangatira hōia o te hunga tutu ko Ali Basher.

Ahakoa ngā rōpū paramilitary i roto i 2012 whawhai ki ope kāwanatanga, te nuu faehau Kurdish me LIH, i roto i August 2015 ka mea te rangatira o nga Mejlis o te hiahia ki te whakatū i roto i Hiria Turkmen mōhiohio ope. kawea te ope me te tiaki i te iwi i te purenga iwi i roto i te hoariri, peia ratou i roto o nga pa kapi. Na trimming te Hiriani Turkmen Kurds i te pa o Teremera Abyad takoha ki te rere rua tekau mano tangata. hōia a Assad, a peia ratou i roto o Homs, pāpaka, me te tahi atu pa.

I takoto te maha o te ope e kiia ki te 5000 iwi. Hei wāhanga o te rōpū pato'iraa reira 1000. Te nuinga pea, ko ratou hoia o nga ope motuhake Turkish i runga i te take o militias.

gambit Turkish

Me mea te reira e rerekē te whāinga o te tutu Hiriani, me Ankara ahua.

Tuatahi, kihai i te pato'iraa farii i kaupapa o Ankara mo te federalization o te whenua. pokapü maramarama Hiahia whai ki te tango ki te pūkete e ratou mau paroita hiahia "kotahi Hiria." Na, mo te whakaaro ki o te muri, Ankara whakahaeretia te hanganga o te "Hiriani Turkmen Pūhara" i te amuiraa tuatahi e kua whakaaria te tutu i tautoko katoa. Ētahi kaipakihi Turkish wāhi kē i roto i te kaupapa, e whakaatu ano te whai wāhitanga atu i roto i nga tōrangapū o te whenua mai i Assad.

Tuarua, ko te mahi o te IG, e whawhai ki te rōpū Turkmen, Ankara painga. I roto i te meka, tangohia te whawhai o te rererangi Russian i Whiringa 2015, tautoko Turkey te IG. E ai ki te kōrero pono, ona moni tūmatanui me ngā rōpū whakarato nui āwhina ki te IG. aroturuki Ankara rautaki nui hoki hora reira nga rohe o e haere tauwhiro o te hinu i te wāhi mana e te IG ki Turkey me i reira ki te whenua o te IG tautoko te tauwhiro o taonga e hiahiatia ana whawhai, patu, me kākahu.

Ko te tino nui Ankara ki te whakahaere i te taupori Turkmen, me te mau tonu ona mana'oo anti-kāwanatanga.

I roto i te meka, e puritia iwi purutia ki fakaaoao ke Ankara. I roto i tona take, ka e ia he mema o te pakanga toto.

aro Military ki Turkmens Hiriani e Asada taruke Kurds ko IG arahi ki te mate nui, me te whakanui ake i te maha o te manene i roto ia ratou. Ankara hoki kua i roto i tenei āhuatanga etahi pānga tōrangapū.

Mussiruya hau e pā ana ki te kohuru o te iwi Turkmen, whakahaere e te hapu Assad, mahara ki te hoatu whenua momona Alawite - ratou tahi-faaroo, whakanuitia Ankara tona tūranga rite te kaiwhakarite o te iwi whanaunga e tukinotia ana. Ko te kupu, e rapu ana i te kāwanatanga ki te haina i te tautoko o ona ake tangata i roto i te aroraa ki te tikanga Hiriani te faatere.

He hoariri hou, i riro he "marama" noho tata kai Hiriani Turkmen - Russian. A e kore ratou e mahi i tetahi mea, engari whawhai ki reira.

He aha te i muri?

E ai ki Reuters raraunga, mai te timatanga o ngā mahi i roto i Hiria (Mahuru 2015-th) i roto i te āwhina ki te peresideni Assad ki te fakamamahi te mate o te whakamätau Russian (24 Whiringa-), tupitahia Russia Turkmens Hiriani 17 ngā wā. E ai ki te māngai o te Russian Defence Tāhuhu, i roto i te takiwā o pa Kesladshuk, Harama, Gmam, te wahi i te nuinga o te taupori he māngai o te iwi, takiwa, rōpū tutu turanga o te aro nei ki te peresideni o nāianei, me ki te awhina o aro rangi taea whakangaro Pukehinahina kariri penapena, whakahau pou, tipu , i hanga whitiki Shahid.

E ai ki ngā kairīpoata, ko te hua o te poma Russian he maha o aituā harangotengote, mano o te mau utuafare i rere ki te rohe.

koperea iho Whiringa 24 Turkish Air Force i raro i te take o te ofatiraa o te rohe, he Russian SU-24. Defense Tāhuhu whakakahore kaikōrero hara. hinga rererangi i ia he torutoru kiromita i runga i te rohe o Hiria. I te whenua, me catapulted te wāhi o te rōpū Turkmen o kaiurungi Russian whakatuwheratia ahi. i patua rangatira, kaiwhakatere whakaorangia. Ka rite ki te hua o te toparere whakaeke kumete patua Mi-8 i moana-kaikirimana.

Ko te ra i muri i te raruraru, ka mea te peresideni Russian kawea rererangi Russian i roto i roto i Latakia (wāhi kēnge kukū) mahi ki te IG.

Ko te Turkish te Peresideni mea e i roto i te rohe e nohoia e te iwi anake nonga, a kua Ankara he fatongia ki te tiaki ia ratou.

Ka rite ki korerotia e ngā kairīpoata Western, i muri i te raruraru, kua riro te poma o Hiriani rererangi Russian Turkmen he pūāhua nui. E ai ki kaiwhakaatu, kihai i he kaha o aro rangi mai te timatanga o te whawhai. rererangi Russian i Latakia huna te tūranga o te "Free Army Hiriani" me tangata whare.

i takoha ngā mahi hōia ki te waiho to ratou mau fare no te neke atu i te whitu mano te iwi. E ai ki Anadolu Agency, i roto i te rapu o te wāhi atu nonga i roto i nga ra whakamutunga o Noema whakamutunga tau, rere atu i te rua mano ngā māngai o te iwi ki te tonga kaiwhakaruruhau te whenua o.