Synchrony - reira ... wetereo synchronic me diachronic i roto i

Wetereo - e kore te mea he pūtaiao ohie. Te āhua e ki ako e kore te mea e taea te reo tae noa ki te mutunga, engari tonu te rota o ngaio i hoki tenetere maha e ngana ana ki te ahu mai i te ngā o tona whanaketanga, ki te whakatū i te tahi mau regularities, tautuhi i te āhuatanga e pa ana i te huringa i roto ia ia. I roto i nga mahi o maha kairangahau maha tūpono te wā "diachrony me synchrony", e tuwhaina e te ako ki ngā reo e rua. He aha takoto muri enei ngā me aha pānga ratou te ariā o wetereo?

tīmata whakamārama

pā te reo Synchronic me diachronic ki te ariā o te wā. I roto i te take tuatahi, i matau ki te reo kei te rite te pūnaha hū, me te ahanoa o ako o wetereo ko tona āhua i tetahi taime i homai.

I roto i te take o diachronic te kukuwhatanga o te reo, kua whakaritea ona pānga katoa i roto i te ahua o te raupapa, i muri nei i te reo, ko te utu i roto i tona āhuatanga o nāianei. Ki te utu koe i te whakarara ki te mahi o IA Baudouin de Courtenay, kaiwetereo Polish o te rau tau 19, ka taea e kite tatou e te synchronic me diachronic - te reira i te mea ano e rite ana statics me ngā akiakinga, aua.

Ferdinand de Saussure me tona ariā

whakamōhio hoki te wa tuatahi enei ariā i roto i te mātauranga wetereo Swiss Ferdinand de Saussure. Synchronic me diachronic, i roto i tona whakaaro, he hia: te reira - te rua wa, me te whanaketanga, ko reira itoito i roto i te hakari, me te i te wa ano te hua o te mua. Saussure ta e diachrony - ko te raupapa whanaketanga i roto i nei i te kotahi wā ka taea e kite koe i tetahi anake wā o te whanaketanga. He fakakātoa 'o nga wāhanga katoa o te ara roa ki te whakaatu i te huringa i ia ki te haere i te reo i mua i tae i te reira tona ahua reira.

He konä - he raupapa o ngā wāhanga te kōtuitui tukutahi, e ko, kahore he whanaketanga me te pānga o te wa, i reira he anake te reo āhua i te kau.

Ko te mara hou o te wetereo

tonu te reira i ona mahi Saussure whakataki o ngā wāhi hou e rua o wetereo, e tuatapapa i te wetereo synchronic me diachronic i roto i. I roto i te take tuatahi, i roto i wetereo synchronic, te arotahi, ko te i runga i ngā āhuatanga kōrero o te reo, e ko, te pūnaha katoa rite te katoa. I tua atu, e hāngai ana te synchrony kei i runga i te tirohanga o te reo katoa ona pāpāho, ona whakaaetanga o te mahara ngā.

Ki te whakaaro ki te wetereo diachronic, mahi ai ki te taua āhuatanga, engari whakaaro ratou wā, kahore whakaaro ki te āhua o e mohio a ratou i te mahara ngā. whai huānga reo ia atu, me te he e kore pūnaha - e ko te tuhinga matua o wetereo diachronic.

Rauemi o ngā mōhiohio mō te synchrony me diachrony

Synchrony - te ako o te āhuatanga, ko te kotahi anake te reo, kaua ki te riringi ki runga ki te huinga, ara, ki te te pā reira reo i roto i te wā kotahi o te wā. Ka taea hoki e Diachrony te mahi ki ngā reo maha i te wa kotahi, te whakatairite i te kukuwhatanga o ratou huānga. Ka whiwhi pārongo e pā ana ki to ratou ahanoa o ako wetereo synchronic anake i te kaupapa, i waenganui i te ngā kupu, te mea takoha diachronic ki te aromātai me te wheako mua, a ka tango ki pūkete te whanaketanga o te reo o nāianei - e ko, kei te whakaaro te reira atu āhuatanga atu synchronic.

He aha e nga take?

wetereo Synchronic me diachronic ki ana ano hoki ki nga wāhanga motuhake o taua mea. Statics, arā wetereo synchronic, mahi ki wetereo whānui - e reira whakaata tino te hononga i waenganui i ngā āhuatanga katoa o te reo. Wehe, Ko reira ia tapao e tahuri synchrony te ki te faaohie i te raraunga herenga, te kore te pūnaha o te reo, me te kore e tarai i.

arotahi wetereo Diachronic hoki i runga i mātauranga whakahua, no te mea e kore e nga oro whakaritea i roto i tetahi huru kotahi: kua veteki te wa ki nga ngā ahua me mau, hanga tonu whakatikatika ki te whakahua. Ko te aha e ratou te ahanoa matua o ako o wetereo hihiri.

Tahi ranei wehe?

Saussure, nana nei i whakaurua te ariā o te mātauranga wetereo, synchrony me diachrony, fakamamafa'i e i roto i tetahi take e kore e taea te heke ratou, no te mea he ritenga ki tetahi ki tetahi ki enei āhuatanga o wetereo. Otiia whakaae ia ki te meka e maha whakawhirinaki wetereo i runga i wetereo synchronic, taea ki te hoatu whakautu ki ngā pātai maha o te reo, i te ako i te kaikōrero reo ko - te faahaamana'oi tika taputapu, te aroaro te kukuwhatanga o ngā āhuatanga rerekē, etahi o nei e kore e wātea ki te perception tonu.

Ae, ki te pateko hanga he reo toenga nui-hiahiatia, engari kahore diachrony e kia taea tona kunenga atu.

Ko te hononga o te synchrony me diachrony

I te wa ano e kore e taea e tatou e te mea e synchrony - ko te whakaata anake o te āhua o te reo o nāianei. Ka taea e wetereo Synchronic whakaatu te āhua o te reo i roto i te rau tau 11, ka 16 - i roto i tetahi wā wā. E te ara, te whakamahi i taea te takina aua wāhanga o te synchrony me te whanaketanga reo: i roto i te kotahi wāhanga e puta ai i muri ngaro ranei mutate (hei tauira, i runga i te wā I whakakahoretia te reo Russian hou o te oropuare, ke te whakahua o te tahi mau kautaha orokati, riro kāwai me hākoritanga o ora ore). Ko reira i roto i enei "ngoikore", me he taea te huānga tāupe ki ako i te kukuwhatanga o te reo, e ko, i roto i te whakaaro o tona āhuatanga diachronic.

Estimates Synchronic me diachronic

Kia pehea te maha nga wa kua whakahuatia, synchronic me diachronic i roto i te reo kōtuitui. āhuatanga tāupe o tona whanaketanga take, i te wahi pūmau rongoa i roto i nga wāhanga synchronic, hanga i te tuakiri o te reo, te hanga he aha titore reira i te tahi atu mita katoa noa e pā ana te utuafare. Synchronic me diachronic i roto i wetereo anake kīnaki tahi i te tahi, tuku, i runga i te pūtake o te tātaritanga o te kukuwhatanga o te reo, me te whakaaro i nga whakaaro o ona poro synchronic i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te whanaketanga, ki te matapae tona whanonga heke mai: te tīpako i te hou "ngoikore" hononga, e hohoro ka kia ngohengohe ki te anō, me te ake kaha whakakotahi te mea kua haere e rave rahi ngā wāhanga o te whanaketanga reo. Me hoki tenei wetereo hihiri ki te arotahi ratou tokangá ki runga ki nga mea timatanga takitahi e kore e anake, engari ano hoki i runga i te whanaketanga o te pūnaha katoa.

He ako o te reo Russian: whae

Na e matau ana kua tatou i te ariā o te synchrony me diachrony, ngana ki te tūhura tata katoa o tatou ki te reo Russian i te wāhi o te tirohanga o enei āhuatanga e rua o wetereo. Tuatahi, ko te tautohe e pā ana ki te aha rōpū o reo no ki te Russian, kawea atu hoki he wa roa: te tangata ta e ko te reira o te rōpū Finno-Ugric (engari ka te pāpāho kia mahino Russian me reo o Scandinavie, i, kāore, e kore e ratou e wātea ana) etahi tohu i roto i e kore i reira kahore mana Tatar (ko te kōrero ano rite ki nga Uropi i konei - te reo Tatar o hou pāpāho Russian hoki pea ki te matau).

Ki te taenga o Karaitiana i runga i te whenua Russian reira ko te wāhanga tuatahi o te reo synchronic: i roto i te reo o Tuaiho Onamata Rus puta whai mai hahi-pukapuka o te Ekalesia Old, e tonu noho manene ki te nuinga o tangata noa.

Ko te wāhanga tuarua: he matapihi ki Europe

riro te raina tarai synchronic muri nga rau tau 17 me te 18. Ae, he tawhiti rawa i te tuatahi ia, engari i roto i te rau tau torutoru i roto i Russia, mua kua nei kua he kāwanatanga tika kati, huringa i roto i te reo tupu iti rawa. I roto i te rau tau 17, Pita te tuatahi, tapahia i roto i te matapihi ki Europe, kei te whakatinana i roto i to ratou reo taketake tono he nui nui o ngā, a tika kupu o te take mai ke.

Mai i tenei momeniti ki ia ariki hou o te reo Russian Kei te haere atu me te ake ariā ke, tāpiri pōro wetereo hou, whakaaro, waives etahi o ona hanganga (hei tauira, i runga i te wā, i maka atu pera-ka karanga vocative, kei te tiaki tonu i roto i te Ukrainian me Polish: .. Mamo, teina, me ētahi atu), taui tona hanganga ā (ki te whakarite tatou reo Russian o te rau tau 17 ki tona tapahia synchronic tuatahi, ka kitea te reira i taua hawhe o te oropuare tuatahi kua oro kua nekehia i te reo ki faaohie i te reira, i honoa mai, i te ara, te huinga o oro orokati).

wāhanga Synchronic o te reo Russian hou

Synchrony - he whakaaturanga o te hua o te whanaketanga reo diachronic. Ki te whakarite tatou te rua te wāhanga synchronic o Russian hou, riro te reira kitea e ara ake faaohiehia te reo o te rau tau torutoru whakamutunga,. Ngā mihi ki a Pita, i reira ko te wetereo whānui tuatahi e roto ture whakahauanga mo te katoa. I teie mahana i reira he he au ki te wāriu o te ture e pā ana ki te meka i te tahi mau kawe kore kia tino matatau i roto i te reo. Ae, i reira he archaisms, etahi hanganga me ngā kīanga e he tino pakeke ki te whakamārama, engari i te wa ano wehi o te tutu o te kupu, i akina reira kukuwhatanga, e kore whakatikatika ki te kaiwhakawa. Ki te rā, te whakaaturanga tātari diachronic e tonu ki te tohe tarahu kupu ke, ratou e āta whakakapi i te tau-tawhito Russian, i muri i tīmata te ia ki te ngaro etahi torohaki hītori, hoatu ara ki te ao māmā.

mutunga

Na tatou e matau nei te tikanga o "konä", i matau ai tatou te rerekētanga o te wā i roto i te rangi ki tona diachrony. I tua atu, tatou i matau kihai noa te theorist o enei ariā, engari whakahaere ano hoki he tātaritanga iti o te reo Russian. Tūmanako, kua meinga enei ngā matatini he iti moka ofi me mārama.