Hauora, Rongoā
Rongoā Ihipiana tawhito o Haina me Inia. History o rongoā
tīari mate rite nui, me te tangata, e te tikanga e i nga wa katoa e hiahia ana te iwi i te awhina o te ngaio mōhio. whakawhanakehia āta rongoā Ancient, me kua haere he ara roa, ki tonu i te hape nui, me te whakamātautau i hopohopo ai, i ētahi wā e hāngai ana anake i runga i te karakia. he torutoru anake o te taimaha o te iwi onamata i taea ki te mawhiti i to tatou mahara i te ringa o te kuware, me ki hoatu ki te taata te āhuatanga nui i roto i te mara o te rongoā, whakaahuatia i roto i te tuhinga whakapae, mātauranga, papyri.
rongoā Ihipiana tawhito
kua meinga rongoā Ihipiana tawhito te pouraka o te matauranga mo nga kaiwhakaako o Roma i tahito, Africa me te Middle Te Tai Rāwhiti, engari ko ona takenga mai i Mehopotamia, i te mea i roto i te tau 4000 BC kua, i o ratou ngā hauora. rongoā Ancient i Ihipa, fakatahai te mau ti'aturiraa pae faaroo, me ngā kitenga o te tinana tangata. Ko te rata tuatahi me te kaiwhakarewa o Imgotepa whakapono, ahakoa kua tata anake faaite Egyptologists te parau mau o tona oraraa (2630-2611 HTT ...) hoki tenetere maha i whakaaro ai he atua teka. Ko te tangata he poto o tona wa, Leonardo da Vinci i te ake Middle. mōhiotanga Basic o te hanganga tangata o nga Ihipiana ka i roto i uhungatia te hunga mate - ara ka mohio ratou e te ngakau, me te roro ko nga okana tino nui.
i wehea mate katoa i roto i te rongoa Ihipiana tawhito kia rua nga ropu: ko te taiao, me te rewera (tipua). Ko te kāwai tuatahi ngā mate e pā ana ki ana wharanga, rawakore kai tōtika, me te wai te kounga rawakore, pirinoa intestinal, ranei ngā āhuatanga huarere kino. utua whakarongo tupato i ki akuaku tinana rite ki te ture, i te tangata ia ki te haere i nga toru nga marama akoranga o horoi o te pūnaha kūnatu (enemas, emetics me laxatives).
i whakaaro take tipua nohoia e te wairua kino, rewera, me te wawaotanga o te atua: te tikanga o pana i roto i nga whenei raro o te taupori i roto i te tono nui, me te reira e tika ana ki nga tohunga. whakamahia hoki te whānuitanga o tohutao ki puwha kawa - i whakapono ai e pei atu te reira i te wairua. prescriptions Tapeke i roto i te täoro ki hauora tawhito ko e pā ana ki 700, me tata katoa o ratou i o te take mai tūturu:
- huawhenua: aniana, ngā rā, karepe, pamekaranete, nani, kouru;
- kohuke whanariki, te uku, mata, pākawa me te kakano;
- wāhanga o te kararehe: ratou waero, taringa, wheua te waruwaru, me tendons, repe, i ētahi wā e whakamahia ana e te ngārara.
I mohiotia kua reira āhuatanga rongoa o taru kawa, me te hinu Katoro, te hinu uri muka me te aroe.
Ko te puna matua mo te gima hauora Ihipiana tawhito whakaaro rangahau, inscriptions i runga i nga koeko me sarcophagi, ngaahi sino o te tangata me te kararehe. I mua i to tatou wa i roto i te huru taketake tiaki e rave rahi papyri o rongoā:
- He kakaho i Brugsch - ko te tuhinga matamua o Pediatrics. Kei roto te reira i whakaako, korero te hauora o ngā tamariki, wahine, me ngā tikanga o te maimoatanga o mate.
- He kakaho i Ebers - te parau e pā ana ki te mate o whekau rerekē, engari kei reira maha tauira o inoi me whakaaro (neke atu i te 900 tohutao i mate kūnatu, ngā pūnaha romahā me te circulatory, mate o te kanohi, me te taringa). Kua roa tenei mahi pūtaiao i whakaaro te mātāpunenga hauora o tohunga onamata.
- Kahunsky kakaho - ngā te pukapuka i runga i gynecology me te rongoā kararehe, i roto i tenei take, pērā i te tahi atu takainga, tino noa o overtones fakalotú.
- He kakaho i Smith - ona kaituhi whakapono Imgotepa. E whakamārama ana te reira i 48 take haumanu o whētuki. He rerekē Information - i te tohu, me ngā tikanga o te rangahau ki tūtohutanga maimoatanga.
I roto i te rongoa Ihipiana tawhito whakamahia scalpels tuatahi me kopikopi, whakaata me te catheters uterine. fokotu'u mai tenei he taumata tiketike, me te ngaio o kaiwhakaako-tākuta, ahakoa he iti iho i roto i te pūkenga o te tohunga Indian ratou.
Ko te rongoā Indian matua
rongoā Indian o nga wa onamata okioki i runga i rua pūtake rongonui: waehere o nga ture o Manu me te pūtaiao o Ayurveda, i ahu mai i te Vedas - te tuhinga tapu matamua i roto i te Sanskrit. I tuhituhia te kōrero tino tika, me te oti o te pepa e te rata Indian Sushruta. I roto i te e whakaahuatia reira take o mate (e toru doshas tāne i me aratau e Kei roto tinana tangata), ngā taunakitanga mo te maimoatanga o neke atu i te 150 mau ma'i o ngā momo, i roto i te tua, e pā ana ki 780 whakaahuatia otaota me otaota hei rongoā, whakarato mōhiohio mō rātou tono.
rongoā tuku iho Indian e ngā e katoa te tikanga i ratou pānga i runga i te tinana:
- ruaki me laxatives;
- whakaongaonga me te reka;
- sweatshops;
- whakatairanga nakunaku;
- taero (whakamahia hei rongoā i roto i te pokanga).
I iti rawa whakawhanakehia tohunga matauranga kikokiko, engari wehea tākuta te tinana tangata 500 uaua 24 karere wheua 300 me 40 oko ārahi i roto i te tahuri, e wehea nei, ki manga 700, 107 o pūhui tahi me te neke atu i te 900 tuhonohono. I utua ano hoki te rota o te whakarongo ki te āhua hinengaro o tūroro - whakaaro Ayurveda e mai te nuinga o nga mate katoa i te arā o te pūnaha io. Na whānui matauranga - e rua rongoā tawhito o India - i tohunga i roto i tenei whenua, ko te tino rongonui ki waho.
Whanaketanga o te rongoa i roto i Haina i tahito
ahu rongoā Eastern Ancient i roto i te wha o te rau tau BC, tetahi o nga Ngā tuhinga whakapae tuatahi i runga i mate whakaaro "Huang Di Nei Jing", ko Huang - ko te ingoa o te kaiwhakarewa o te aronga Hainamana i roto i te rongoa. Nga Hainamana, rite nga Initia, whakapono tito taua tangata e o e rima ngā huānga, te tāne i o e arata'i ki tini o nga mate, he mea tino kiko, me te kua korerotia kua i roto i te "Nei Jing", i roto i te rau tau 8 tārua Van Para.
лунь», повествующего о методах лечения лихорадок различного типа, а Хуа То – хирург, начавший использовать швы в полостных операциях и анестезию опием, аконитом и коноплей. Chzhan Chzhun Jing - he tākuta Chinese, kaituhi o te pukapuka "Shang Han Hepurona tsza bin", he kōrero e pā ana ki te tikanga o te maimoatanga o ngā momo o ngā tumomo, a Hua Tuo - taote, ka anga te whakamahi i sutures i roto i ngā mahi puku, me te rehunga mua, aconite me te tarukino.
Hoki te maimoatanga o tini o nga mate rata kua whakamahia hena, kāriki, kanekane me te lemongrass, kohuke toka whanariki tino pōwhiritia me te mēkuri, konupora me te kakano. Otiia i roto i te wahi tuatahi ko, o te akoranga, Ginseng - te pakiaka o tenei tuatahi, ka whakaputaina i runga i tona pūtake he maha o raau taero rerekē.
whakapehapeha Special o tākuta Hainamana ko he pini tātaritanga: nuinga o nui haere auau ngakau tohu i te pūnaha io kaha rawa, me te ngoikore, me te taratahi, i runga i te anga ke, i whakaatu e pā ana ki tona kore o te mahi. tākuta Hainamana wehewehe neke atu i te 20 momo o pini. haere mai ratou ki te mutunga i kitea nga okana me nga tukanga i roto i te tinana e i roto i te pini, me te huringa i roto i te ngā torutoru whakamutunga, e kore koutou e taea e tautuhi anake te mate te tangata, engari ano ki te matapae tona putanga. Wang Shu-ia nei i tuhituhi te "pukapuka i runga i te he pini 'i roto i te nui taipitopito whakaahuatia katoa.
Ka rite ki China - te wāhi o te mahi werowero ngira me te moxibustion wāhi. kōrero tuhinga Historical e pā ana ki tohunga Bian-tatūtangā ko Fu Wen, kaituhi o te pukapuka i runga i enei tikanga. I roto i a ratou mahi whakaahua ratou rau o ngā kaha biologically i runga i te tinana tangata, e pa ana te hunga tino e taea te whakaora e tetahi mate.
Te hono ngoikore anake i roto i te rongoā Chinese tawhito - he pokanga. I roto i te Tiretiera Empire whakamahia ngā tikanga o te maimoatanga o te whati (te pae marutanga whakanohoia noa i waenganui i nga kākaho rakau e rua) e kore e mahi kapu me te tapuhia.
te papa o te rongoā
Ko te hunga whakaaro ki te kia o Hipokeletisí (Kariki. Ippokratis), te rata tawhito Kariki i roto i te whakatupuranga 17, e noho ana i roto i te 460 BC, a tohua te timatanga o te whanaketanga o te rongoa i roto i Roma i tahito. Ko te kupu whakaari rongonui hauora i mua i mana'o tari - "Fakapapau Hippocratic" - ko tona brainchild tenei. Ko hoki te Matua o te tākuta nui Heraclides he kaipūtaiao tino me Fenareta whaea ko he kaiwhakawhanau. i aku matua ratou pai ki te tau o rua tekau ratou tama i te kororia o te tākuta pai, a riro tomokanga ki te tohunga, kahore nei he mahi pai i roto i te mara o te rongoā i taea e kore pātai.
Hipokeletisí i roto i te rapu o ngā maimoatanga angitu kua haere maha whenua o te Te Tai Rāwhiti, a i muri i hoki mai te kāinga, i whakaturia te kura tuatahi hauora, maka ana i te mua o te pūtaiao, e kore haapa'oraa.
He nui e kaiwhakaputa tūturu o ana mahi pau Charterius tona wha tekau-tā (!) Tau te kainga tupu auaha o tenei poto. Neke atu i te kotahi rau o ana mahi e kohia i roto i te kotahi "Collection Hippocratic" me tona "kōrero" he tonu i roto i te tono nui.
Te mau taote tino rongonui o te ao tawhito
He rota o te rata nui o rongoa tawhito i hanga i roto i tenei te tahi mea pūtaiao o ratou ake, hoatu ratou tupuna whakaaro mo te whakaata, te mātakitaki me te rangahau.
1. Dioscorides, Kariki rata 50 rau AD. e., te kaituhi o te pukapuka "rauemi Medica" Ko te pukapuka matua ārahi i runga i Pūtaiao noa te rau tau 16.
2. Klavdiy Galen - Roma pūtaiao tūturu, kaituhi o mahi maha i runga i ngā tipu hei rongoā, tikanga o ratou whakamahinga, me te hanga o ēnei teuteu. Katoa te wai, me te waipiro tinctures, decoctions me tangohanga i ngā tipu mau tonu te ingoa o "otaota". Ko ia te tangata e tīmata ki te kawe i roto i whakamātautau i runga i te kararehe.
3. Harun al-Rashid - rangatira Arab, te tuatahi ki te hanga i te hōhipera tūmatanui i roto i Baghdad.
4. Paracelsus (1493-1541) - tākuta Swiss, nei whakaaro ko te kaiwhakarewa o rongoa matū hou. Critical o Galen me te rongoa tawhito katoa rite te katoa, whakaaro reira hua.
5. Li Shizhen - he mātanga i te mara o te rongoā o te Tuaiho Onamata Te Tai Rāwhiti, te rata Chinese o te rau tau 16, te kaituhi o "Faá o Pūtaiao." Ko te mahi arā, o 52 buka, āhua 2000 whakaahua ana medicaments, arā o te tipu takenga. kaha pakeke te kaituhi te whakamahi o papa e hāngai ana mēkuri-.
6. Muhammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (865-925) - he kaiputaiao Persian, taiao, kei te whakaaro ia he pionie i roto i te mara o te psychiatry me hinengaro. Kaituhitanga o tenei rata tino no ki te rongonui "Al-Hawi" - he pukapuka whānui i runga i te rongoā, e oroko te ao nga taketake o Ophthalmology, gynecology me obstetrics. Kua whakamatauria Razi e te pāmahana - he tauhohenga ki te mate.
7. Avicenna (Ibn Sina) - he poto o tona wa. Tuatahi i Uzbekistan, te kaituhi o te "Tumau o Medicine" - he mātāpunenga, i runga i nei i te torutoru rau tau, whakaakona atu tākuta pūkenga hauora. whakapono ia e taea te ora i tetahi mate i te kai tōtika tika, me te āhua noho āhua.
8. Asclepiades o Pitinia - te rata Kariki nei noho i roto i te BC rau 1. Ko te kaiwhakarewa o therapy tinana (i tua, mirimiri) ko Dietetics, ka karanga to'utangata me riiwhi ki te mau tonu i te toenga i waenganui i te hauora o te tinana, me te wairua. Ka mau nga takahanga tuatahi i roto i te rongoā rāpoi, mo te wa, ko te tahi mea fantastic.
9. Sun Simiao - tākuta Chinese Tian whare, i tuhituhi te mahi 30-rōrahi. "Ko te kingi o raau taero" - te ingoa o te poto nei i hanga, kua he wāhi nui ki te whanaketanga o ngā take hauora. tuhu ia ki te faufaa o te kai tōtika, me te ranunga matau o ngā hua. Ko te tenenga o te paura - he hoki reira ki tona nama.
Ka rite ki i roto i nga wa onamata atu i tukinotia
Medicine o te ao tawhito, i roto i te noa'tu o te poto katoa o tākuta rongonui, kua kua tino whakamataku. Heoi, whakawa hoki koe. Tenei ko te torutoru meka ngā pā ana ki te tikanga o te maimoatanga:
1. Tikanga whakamataku me te whakarihariha mate mātātoa mahi i roto i te Papurona onamata: e te mate mahue te tangata, i whangai ia, ka whakainumia ana paru onge, tuwha ki runga ki a ia, a hoatu ana Holy. Tenei "maimoatanga" maha arahi ki te mate hou (e kore he maere nei).
2. I roto i Ihipa, ka Kingi Hammurabi i rawa he mahi kino rongoa, rite tetahi o ture a te kingi kaiwhakaora i korero te mate, ki te mate tona manawanui i runga i te tepu whakahaere. Na reira karakia whakamahia ake me mau pure e kua whakaahuatia i runga i nga papa paru 40.
3. mahue nga tohunga Ihipiana te manawanui ki moe i roto i te temepara, i mahara te atua ki te puta i te moemoea ki a ia i roto i, me te kauwhau i te tikanga o te maimoatanga, me te te hara hoki i whiua e ia mate.
4. No iti faahiahia, me te pokanga Ancient Greece. Tenei tū matou te whakaaturanga katoa o te ngā mahi, i roto i nei tuhituhi te tākuta atua te kakahu o te rongoa Asclepius. I te tahi taime i roto i te akoranga o te mahi, kua mate tūroro - te nuinga i te roa o nga tirades bombastic atu i te kore o te kaha ki te Maunga tākuta.
5. whänuitia ana horahia e "haurangi" mate tukinotia dope, pai me te taru kawa.
6. I roto i Ihipa, me Mehopotamia maha tāne rua i roto i te angaanga (ētahi wā noa atu) i roto i te tikanga ki te atawhai i te manawanui o te migraine meinga e te wairua kino.
tukinotia 7. kohi te ki taero, hanga o te marama pokiha me nakahi kai, ka rūmaki i roto i te mua.
8. raau theriac whakaaro (inu 70 wāhanga) me te kohatu taumauri.
Anotau Middle: te heke o te rongoā
Ko te taonga tino nui o rongoā i roto i te anotau Middle ko te whakataki o te raihana herea mo rongoa: te ture ka tango tuatahi te kingi o Sicily, Roger II, a muri tangohia ake Ingarangi, i hanga i roto i te rau tau Guild 15 o tākuta me barbers (nei maha i e totó ko tūroro) ko France ki te College o St. Como. timata matou ki te puta mārama me te ahua o te ako o ngā mate hopuhopu, me ngā mahi tiaki hauora. Gi De Sholyak, tākuta Pan o te rau tau 14, kua kaha whakatairangatia ana te ārai o "Herekiu" ki te hamani iwi, whakaarohia ia tikanga hou i roto i pā ana ki piere (te pamu i te taimaha, te whakamahi o tapo'io kotaha, suturing nga taha o nga patunga tuwhera).
I roto i nga nga anotau Middle matekai tamau maheni, kai rawakore, iwi akina ki te kai kai pahuatia, ko te "fifi o te tinana parakore" i roto i te doghouse. whai pānga ēnei āhuatanga e rua ki te whanaketanga o te mate TB: kirika, whiu me te koroputaputa, mate kohi me te repera. whakapono unbreakable i roto i te ngā āhuatanga whakaora o te "hallows" me cantrip (ai faifakamo'ui matauranga nāianei tino whakakahore) whakapataritari whanaketanga ara nui o mate i whai ai ki te hamani haerenga fakalotú, me te a'oraa. He maha ngā wā ki runga ake i te auau whanau, me te ora ngā toru tekau tau uaua nui te auau te tahuti nei.
Ko te mana o te karakia i runga i te rongoā
I roto i Haina me Inia, rawa kore e te whakapono i roto i nga atua pokanoa ki te whanaketanga o ngā take hauora: te ahunga whakamua e hāngai ana i runga i ngā kitenga o te tangata tūturu, te pānga o ngā tipu i runga i tona huru, nga tikanga rongonui o kaha wheako analytic. I roto i Europe, i runga i te anga ke, karakia, tapahia te wehi o te riri o te Atua te tupu nganatanga katoa o pūtaiao me rata ki te whakaora i te iwi i te ite ore.
whakatoi Religious, kanga, me kaupapa ki titorehanga i te tauine ammonite: tetahi pūtaiao e tamata ki te korero i roto i te manakohia o take, me te ki te i pai ai te Atua mo te whakaora, i whakamamaetia me ngā momo o executions (ko reira whānui autos horapa) - ki te whakawehi iwi noa. whakaaro te ako o te anatomy tangata i te hara whakamate hoki i riro i te whiu i.
Hoki, ko te drawback nui te tikanga-kura o te maimoatanga me te whakaako i roto i ngā kura onge hauora: me manakohia rāpopoto katoa noa'tu i runga i te whakapono, i ētahi wā e kore ia i te whenua mārō, me te whakakāhoretanga pūmau o te wheako riro me ngoikore ki te tono i te arorau o te pānga mahi i runga i "kahore" ki he tokomaha o nga whakatutukitanga o poto hurihuri.
Hea whakangungua tākuta i roto i nga wa onamata?
Kua puta nga kura hauora tuatahi i roto i China anake i roto i te rau tau AD 6, i mua i tenei toi te whakaora i tukua iho anake i te kaiako ki te akonga-waha. kura taumata-kāwanatanga whakatuwheratia tuatahi i roto i 1027, ko tona kaiako ārahi Wang Wei me.
I roto i India, noho te tikanga o te tuku ā-waha i te kaiako ki te ākonga tae noa ki te rau tau 18, i rawa tino nga paearu kōwhiringa: i te taote ki te whakaatu ki a ia i te tauira o te āhua noho hauora me te taumata tiketike o te maramarama, e matau maitai te koiora me te matū, tano arahina i roto i ngā tipu hei rongoā, me te kia muimui tikanga faaineineraa rongoā. Mâ me tidiness i roto i te wahi tuatahi.
I roto i Ihipa tahito, doctoring tohunga whakangungua i roto i te mau hiero, i maha whakamahia whiu kāpara mō ngā ākonga maharakore. I roto i te whakarara ki te rongoa i haere Tuhiwhakairo ako me te kōrero, no ia tākuta tauira ki te kaihe ngā me te hahi, i riro he utu i roto i te heke mai mo te maimoatanga o te manawanui.
whakangungu rongoā Mass i runga i te tauine nui timata i roto i te Kariki tawhito me te wehea ki e rua nga peka:
1. kura hauora Croton. Ko tōna whakaaro matua ko te tuhituhinga e whai ake nei: Hauora - tenei toenga o te pato'iraa, me te mate ki te kia tukinotia tino te ritenga atu (kawa - reka, matao - mahana). Ko tētahi o nga ākonga o tenei kura ko Akmeon, kitea te ao te awa taringa me nga raru whatu.
2. te kura o Hiniru. i rite ki nga akonaki o Ayurveda Ko tōna mōhiotanga taketake: hanga te tinana tinana te ake o te maha huānga, he tāne e tika ana ki te mate. tonu te kura ki te whakapai ake i te wā whakahaere o te tākuta Ihipiana, na i hanga te parau haapiiraa o ngā tohu, me te tātaritanga. Evrifon, he tauira o tenei kura, ko te nāianei o Hipokeletisí.
Fakapapaú o tākuta
Hoki te wā tuatahi i tuhituhia te oati i runga i te pepa i roto i te rau tau BC 3 e Hipokeletisí, me te aroaro o taua mo te wa roa tuku waha i whakatupuranga ki whakatupuranga. Kei te whakapono te reira e mea ona tuatahi Asclepius.
Modern Fakapapau Hippocratic kua matara atu i te taketake: toutou ke ana kupu i runga i te wa me te iwi rānei, te wa whakamutunga reira nui mio'i i 1848, ka faaite te Geneva i te putanga hou o te kupu. Kua Tata hawhe o te kuputuhi kua tapahia:
- te kupu whakaari e kore ki te mahi i mâtutuhia me ngā tukanga castration;
- i raro i kore huru e kore mahi i euthanasia;
- ki te kupu whakaari e kore e takoto ki te manawanui;
- I raro i kia maturuturu kahore tūkunga tura ratou, te oreraa e mahi ture;
- ki te wahi o to ratou moni mo te ora e hoatu ki te kaiako kura ranei, whakaakona take toketā fakafaito'o.
O enei tūemi whakaatu reira pehea hou rongoa kua heke te pae morare, me te matatika hoki te tākuta rite te tangata tino wairua, ka mahue nga mahi taketake anake - āwhina i te rawakore.
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