Ritenga ture

Te faataa ra te Dictionary nui o te kupu ōrite (Latin oro rite aequivalens) pehea te tahi mea ōrite, ōrite ranei ko te ōrite ki tetahi, e ngāwari e taea te whakakapi i te reira. I roto i te matū, te ture o ritenga (whakamahia mai i te mutunga o te rau tau 18, e whakaako ai i roto i te kura, te tono Whārangi ka ōmataora i whenua rerekē i roto i te ariā me te i roto i te mahi) pü e tauhohe matū katoa i roto i te rahi ki o ratou ritenga. Whakatūwhera te ture ko te kēmihi Tiamana I. Richter, nei mahi kua roa kua mohiotia. I roto i tona mahi e toru-rōrahi whakaputaina i roto i te wā i 1792 ki te 1794 tau, e tika ana "Ngaahi Tefito'i Mo'oni o stoichiometry, he tikanga mō te ine i te āhuatanga matū ranei", whakaaturia Academic e te matū tauhohe ōwehenga ohie. whakaurua hoki ratou he wā pērā i "stoichiometry". Na te reira i te wāhanga katoa o matū, e whakaahua ana i te ōwehenga o te matū hohe tomo ki ngā matū.

Richter tuatahi i roto i ana mahi kawea whārite tauhohenga ine. tohu ratou he urunga herenga kei roto ngā mōhiohio kounga, me te ine e pā ana ki te tukanga e puta ana i roto i te pāhekoheko o ngā matū rerekē i huaina tauhohenga. Ahakoa i roto i te pūtaiao alchemical ki rawea, whakamahia ohie huānga kairangahau rerekē tohu muri tātai matatini (arā, o te maha huānga) he matū kitea. Ko I. V. Rihter (i raro i te mana o tona kaiako me te philosopho Emanuera Kant, e kī e roto i etahi wāhi o te pūtaiao māori pūtaiao rite nui pono rite kei reira pāngarau) whakamahia i roto i te tuhinga o tātai matū me te wā "stoichiometry", whakaahuatia te tauhohe o te whārite ine a ka whakatuwheratia te taurite ture. Te tātai, faaite taea te tuhituhi ai: E2 • M1 = E1 • m2. Hea M1 me m2 - matū taimaha ko "1" me te "2", unreacted, ko A1 ko A2 - ko reira ratou ritenga matū.

Hei mahino ritenga ture, he tika te reira ki te whakapūtā taua ōrite - ko te tau tūturu tikanga he taonga e taea te tāpiri i te māraa ļa hauwai i roto i te tauhohenga waikawa-alkali irahiko ranei rite ki te hua o tauhohe pitihāoratanga ranei. papatipu ōrite - he papatipu o te kotahi ōrite. Kei te whakapono te reira e tauhohe kotahi ōrite taonga (ranei whakakingitia ia) ki 1 karamu o te hauwai hāora ranei ki 8 karamu 35.5 karamu o māota ranei. I roto i te mahi, te nui o te taonga ōrite pinepine he rahi iti rawa, na te nuinga o te wā whakahuatia ai i roto i kiore. I roto i te kotahi kamiriona kei te nui tonu o matūriki (ngota, katote rāpoi ranei) he rite ki te maha Avagadro: NA = 6,02214179 (30) * 1023. Taumaha o tetahi kamiriona o te taonga, whakahuatia i roto i te karamu, he numera rite ki tona taimaha i roto i ngā wae papatipu ngota.

I runga ritenga o te ture, ka taea e tatou kī e te ine ero waikawa-turanga e rerengia ana i roto i te whārite o te tauhohenga: KOH + HCl → KCl + H2O, hua i te pāhekoheko o te 1 kamiriona o te konurehu waihā ki te 1 kamiriona o te waikawa pūhaumāota te whiwhi 1 kamiriona o te tote i huaina pāhare pāporo pūhaumāota, a 1 kamiriona o te wai. Ko, ōrite te taimaha o te konurehu waihā ōrite E KOH = 39 + 16 + 1 = 56 g waikawa pūmāota - E HCl = 1 + 35 = 36 g, pāhare pāporo pūhaumāota - E KCl = 39 + 35 = 74 g, te wai - E H2O = • 2 1 + 16 = 18 i roto i te tikanga e tino e haamou i 56 g o te konurehu waihā tika ki 36 go o te waikawa pūmāota. Ko te hua ka kia 74 g o te pāhare pāporo pūhaumāota me te 18 go o te wai. Otiia mai te ture e nga matū taimaha, unreacted hautanga ki o ratou ritenga, ka mohio ki te nui o te kaiwhakahohe taea te tatau te nui e tomo ki roto ki te tauhohenga tuarua te kaiwhakahohe ki te tātai i tukua hua ranei.

Hei tauira, ka rite ki te hinaaro konurehu pūhaumāota, ki te mea i mohiotia he i tino whāpāharehia te waikawa pūmāota i 100 g o te konurehu waihā? Mā te whakamahi i te ture o ritenga, e taea te tuhituhi: 56 • mKCl = 74 • 100. Katahi mKCl = (74 • 100) / 56 = 132 He o te waikawa pūhaumāota ki haamou i te waihā konurehu hiahiatia 100 64 100 Ki te ki te waihā pa g pāhare pāporo haamou i te waikawa pungatara: 2KOH + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2H2O, e rapu utu i te nui rawa rerekē o te waikawa tenei. Ka rite ki tohua e te whakarea stoichiometric o tenei tauhohe, 2 kiore o te konurehu waihā huru 1 kamiriona o waikawa pungatara me te hua ko te 1 kamiriona o pāhare pāporo pūkawa ngāwha me 2 kamiriona o te wai. E mohio ana he aha te taimaha o matū unreacted hautanga pauna ōrite, ka taea e tetahi te tuhituhi: 2 • 56 • 98 • mH2SO4 = 100, ka 100 ki te haamou i te waihā konurehu hiahiatia mH2SO4 = 88 go o te waikawa pungatara. ngā tenei 155 g o te pāhare pāporo ngāwhā. Ko te nui o te wai wahi i te neutralization o 100 g o pāhare pāporo waikawa pūmāota pungatara ranei waihā, ka hei te taua, me te rite ki te 32 g.

Ture Ka hoatu ritenga matū (tātari, pararopi, organic, me ētahi atu) mo rauemi te ako me te tahi atu ngā i runga i te tātaitanga o te toenga o te tauhohe matū. I tua atu, kei te whakamahia te reira (mo te faaineineraa o pauna rauemi) i roto i te hoahoa me te mahi o te taiwhanga, pairati tāuta ahumahi ranei mo te kōtuitui o ngā matū matū. Ratou whakamahi tonu nga tohunga o matū, hauora, koiora, taiwhanga parukore-tahumaero, mai te mea te reira i te pūtake o te tātai i ai te tātai o ngā hua whakamātautau maha.