Pūtaiao Natural - ko ... Tinana Geography. Matū, Physics

Pūtaiao - tetahi o nga wāhi tino nui o te mahi a te tangata i te wā nei o te whanaketanga o te ao ao. I teie mahana, i reira he rau o pekanga rerekē: hangarau, pāpori, fakaetangatá me pūtaiao māori. Eaha ta ratou ako? Me pēhea te ki te whakawhanake i te hītori taiao i roto i te āhuatanga o mua?

pūtaiao Natural - ko tenei ...

He aha te mea pūtaiao? A, no te i whanau ai, a i nei aronga, ko te?

pūtaiao Natural - he ako e tuatapapa i te taiao, me te ari i kitea waho ki te kaupapa rangahau (tangata). Ko te wā "pūtaiao" i roto i te reo Russian ahu te i te kupu "natula", e ko, fenāpasi ki te kupu "natula".

Ka taea te whakaaro te turanga o te pūtaiao māori rite te pāngarau, me te rapunga whakaaro. O enei, e me te nui, haere mai te pūtaiao taiao hou katoa. I te tīmatanga, tamata Naturalists ki te whakahoki i te pātai katoa mo te āhua me ona faaiteraa katoa. Na, ka rite ki te whīwhiwhi o te kaupapa rangahau, te pūtaiao timata ki te wahi i runga ki marau motuhake e pae hopea Stavan atu motuhake.

I roto i te horopaki o ngā wā hou pūtaiao taiao - he matatini o pekanga pūtaiao o te natura, mau i roto i to ratou hononga tata.

Ko te hītori o te pūtaiao māori

Ko äta te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao māori. Heoi, te anaanatae tangata i roto i nga ari o te natura whakakitea iho i roto i te tawhito.

Kua rapunga whakaaro Natural (i roto i te meka, pūtaiao) mātātoa te whakawhanakehia kua i roto i te Kariki tawhito. whakaaro Ancient, mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tahito o rangahau me, i nga wa, pūmanawa, taea ki te hanga i te maha o ngā āhuatanga pūtaiao, me te whakapae nui. Ahakoa Na, i whakaae philosopho tūturu e faaafaroraa te whenua a tawhio noa te ra, i taea e whakamārama i te eclipses solar me kaupeka, tino tika te ine i te tawhā o to tatou paraneta.

I roto i te anotau Middle kua pakanga te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao taiao tino me e kaha ti'aturi i runga i te hahi. i whakatoia tokomaha pūtaiao i te wa mo pera-ka karanga tahi atu mau faaroo. Katoa rangahau pūtaiao me ngā tirohanga, i roto i te meka, ka haere ki raro, ki te tikanga me te tika o te mau papa'iraa mo'a. Heoi, i roto i te tau o te nui arorau Anotau me te ariā whakawhanakehia. Me mahara hoki käore te reira e i tenei wa te pokapū o te rapunga whakaaro tūturu (ako tika o te taiao) fakasiokālafi neke ki te rohe Arab-Muslim.

I roto i Europe, te whanaketanga tere o te pūtaiao taiao tīmata (faahou) anake i roto i te rau tau XVII-XVIII. Ko te wa o nui-tauine whakaeminga o te matauranga pono me raraunga tëtehi (nga hua o te "parae" o mātakitaki me te whakamātau) tenei. hāngai ana hoki 18 rau pūtaiao ratou rangahau i runga i nga hua o maha ngā haerenga matawhenua, kauhoe, ako nga whenua hou kitea. I roto i te rau tau XIX, kotahi ano mai ki te arorau mua me te whakaaro ariā. I taua wa, kaha kua tukatuka aivanaa nga meka kohia katoa, atu i ngā ariā hanga ture.

kia whakauru i te Naturalists tino nui i roto i te hītori o te pūtaiao Thales, Eratotene, Pythagoras, Klavdiya Ptolemeya, Archimedes, Isaaka Nyutona, Galileo Galilei, Rene Dekarta, Blaise Pascal, Nicola Tesla, Mikhail Lomonosov me maha atu pūtaiao rongonui.

Ko te raruraru o te whakarōpūtanga pūtaiao taiao

Ki te pūtaiao tūturu taketake e: Pāngarau (nei hoki te maha ki rite "te kuini o sciences"), te matū, te ahupūngao, te koiora. Ko te raruraru o te whakarōpū o sciences tūturu, i reira kua roa kua āwangawanga e pā ana ki te hinengaro o neke atu i te kotahi pūtaiao tatini me pūkenga.

He pai ki te akakoromaki i tenei matawaenga Friedrich Engels - philosopho Tiamana, me te pūtaiao, te nei pai mohiotia rite te hoa tata Karla Marksa me tona tahi-kaituhi o te mahi rongonui tika "Capital". i taea e ki te tāutu i rua parau tumu matua (huarahi) te typology o pekanga pūtaiao ia: he huarahi whāinga, me te te parau tumu o te whanaketanga.

Ko te tino taipitopito whakarōpū o pūtaiao e patua ana ki te methodologist Soviet Bonifatii Kitirono. E kore i te reira i ngaro tona hāngaitanga i tenei ra.

Rārangi o Sciences Natural

Ka taea te wehea te matatini katoa o pekanga pūtaiao ki ngā rōpū matua e toru:

• tangata (pāpori ranei) sciences;
• engineering;
• taiao.

Exploring te āhua o te mua. aroaro te rārangi oti o nga tikanga tūturu kei te raro nei:

• tātai arorangi;
• geography tinana;
• koiora;
• rongoā;
• tātai;
• pūtaiao oneone;
• ahupūngao;
• sciences māori;
• matū;
• huaota;
• kararehe;
• hinengaro.

Ko pāngarau, te pūtaiao i reira he kore whakaaro i runga i nei kia rōpū o pekanga pūtaiao kia tukinotia reira. Ētahi whakaaro reira he pūtaiao taiao, ētahi atu - tika. pā ētahi tikanga pāngarau i roto i te piha haapiiraa o pera-ka karanga ōkawa (waitara ranei) ihi.

matū

Matū - ko te mara nui o te pūtaiao māori, te ahanoa matua o ako o te taonga, ona āhuatanga, me te hanganga. whakaaro tenei pūtaiao ngā tūturu o te tinana i runga i te taumata ngota, me te rāpoi. Ka tiro ano hoki te honohono matū me tauhohe puta i te pāhekoheko o te rerekē rauemi matūriki hanganga.

Hoki te wā tuatahi i te ariā e kua hanga tinana tūturu katoa ake o iti (e kore e kitea ki te tangata) ngā āhuatanga, panaia te philosopho Kariki Democritus. Kei te riro te reira e ia taonga Kei roto matūriki kaitahi, tika rite kupu ngā o ngā pukapuka.

mātauranga matū Modern - he pūtaiao matatini, e ngā maha ngā pekanga tatini. Tenei matū, mataora, geochemistry, ara wāhi matū pararopi, me te waro.

ahupūngao

Physics - tetahi o nga pūtaiao matamua i roto i te ao. Whakatūwhera ona ture ko te pūtake, ko te turanga mo te katoa raupapa pūnaha pūtaiao māori.

te wā "ahupūngao" kua whakamahia hoki te wa tuatahi Aristotle. I aua ra i te reira tata ōrite rapunga whakaaro. tīmata te ahupūngao pūtaiao motuhake ki te tahuri anake i roto i te rau tau XVI.

I teie mahana, i raro i te ahupūngao mahino te pūtaiao e Akoranga mea, tona hanganga me te kaupapa, me te te ture whānui o te natura. I roto i tona hanganga tāutuhia he maha o ngā wāhanga matua. Ko tenei rehe puāwaitanga, thermodynamics, ahupūngao aronui, ngä, me etahi ētahi atu.

physiography

Ko te rereketanga o sciences tūturu me fakaetangatá ka mau te aho maia i runga i te "tinana" o te geography kotahi uouangataha, wehewehe tona ako motuhake. Ko te kupu, ko te geography tinana (i roto i te rerekē ki te ōhanga me te pāpori) i roto i te uma o te pūtaiao māori.

Akoranga tēnei pūtaiao anga matawhenua o te whenua kia rite ki te katoa, me pera me etahi wāhanga me ngā pūnaha māori ngā i roto i tona hanganga. ngā geography tinana Modern o te raupapa o rangahau ahumahi. I roto ia ratou:

• akoranga whenua;
• geomorphology;
• climatology;
• maatauranga wai;
• Oceanography;
• pūtaiao oneone, me ētahi atu.

Pūtaiao me reia: kotahitanga me te kanorau

Humanities, sciences taiao - me te mea he tawhiti motu ratou, rite mea ai reira?

O te akoranga, he rerekē i roto i te kaupapa o te tūhuratanga enei pekanga. Ko te pūtaiao ako āhua tūturu, fakaetangata - arotahi ratou whakarongo ki runga ki te tangata, me te hapori. e kore e taea e Humanities whakataetae ki te taiao rite, e kore e taea e ki pāngarau whakamatau ratou ariā, me te whakaū i te whakapae ratou.

I te tahi atu te ringa, e tata ana enei kaupapa, tu'ati ki ia atu. Tautautefito i te horopaki o te rau tau XXI. Ko te kupu, pāngarau kua riro roa pakiaka i roto i te tuhinga, me te waiata, te ahupūngao me te matū - i roto i te toi, hinengaro - i roto i te geography pāpori me te ohaoha, me te pera i runga i. I tua atu, kua roa i te reira mārama e kua meinga maha ngā āhuatanga nui noa i te komititanga o te maha pekanga pūtaiao e, i mawhiti tuatahi, i tino tetahi mea i roto i te noa.

I roto i te mutunga ...

pūtaiao Natural - he peka o te pūtaiao e tuatapapa i te ari tūturu, ngā tukanga me ngā tītohunga. Enei pekanga i reira e pera maha: te reira matū me te ahupūngao, pāngarau, te koiora, geography, me te tātai arorangi.

sciences Natural, ahakoa te rerekētanga maha i roto i te kaupapa me te tikanga o te rangahau, i te tata hono ki nga tikanga ā, me humanities. Rawa whakakitea kaha tenei hononga e i roto i te rau tau XXI, ina ūngutungutu nga pūtaiao katoa me intertwine.