Pereoo-pōhi: whakaahuatanga. Transportation o mēra. Russian Post - tukatuka me te tuku o te mēra

Mail - te huanga tino nui o te kōrero, whakakotahi iwi o whenua me nga iwi katoa. tukua karere karere nui i roto i nga ra o nga Parao. Mai reira, kua tonu ake te tikanga o te tuku o te reta. Te tuku reta me pūhera Mail waka mau whakatinana mai i te timatanga o te hanganga o te rārangi rerewhenua tuatahi.

mōhiohio hītori

Te tuku karere i runga i karere hoiho mahi mai i nga wa onamata. I roto i te rau tau XV ki te popularization o rōrahi reta poutāpeta nui haere tino, rite te hua i reira ko te pereoo poutāpeta tuatahi. He rau tau i muri mai, i whakakapi i te tiketike-tech kaiako roto rawa ki te absorbers ru, rama, me te tahi atu huru o te hangarau te ahunga whakamua, he kaata taiwhanga me sleds.

Ko te orotahi tata o te pereoo poutāpeta e "Wilkes i" - hariata hoiho-unu rere i runga i huapae. ka anga ratou ki te kia whakamahia i te tīmatanga o te rau tau XIX, a ko te tino noa, rawa i roto i te UK, a ētahi atu whenua Pākehā.

Mai i hoiho ki te mamaoa te pamu

I roto i 1825, te kaipūkaha Ingarihi me ihi Dzhordzh Stefenson hanga te tereina whakamātau tuatahi i waenganui i nga pa o Darlington me Stockton-i runga i-Tees runga i cruised "hariata mamaoa" o tona hoahoa ake. He raina rerewhenua tuarua i waenganui i Manchester, a Liverpool hoatu ki mahi i roto i te 1830. tīmata tēnei aho ki te rere i te locomotive ki te kawe pāhihi me te mea motokā i roto i nei, i roto i era atu mea, whakaora karere.

te kitenga e te Ingarangi e tenei aratau o waka ka āwhina i ki te tere ake te tuku o te mēra. I te tīmatanga, i utaina hariata poutāpeta ki runga i te tūāpapa motuhake. Heoi, e hiahiatia ana te tukanga / unloading uta he rota o te wā. 06.01.1838, i runga i te raina London-Birmingham peia te motokā mēra ake whakatapua tuatahi. Mai i Mahuru tenei tau, ka timata pukapuka me pūhera ki kōmaka te ara, he reira taea ki tino whakaiti i te wa i waenganui i te tuku i te karere me tona taenga.

wheako ao

Hoatu e whakakorekore waka ko anake paku ti'aturi i runga i te ähua pähekeheke o te rangi, nohopuku nui me piri ki te hōtaka tino, ia āta ka te tikanga matua o te tuku karere. I muri i motokā mēra o Ingarangi ka anga ki te kia whakamahia i roto i te maha whenua matatau:

• Belgium (1841);
• Germany (1848);
• France (1848);
• Russia (1861);
• USA (1864).

kingitanga Russian

1837 ka te tau o te whanautanga o te waka tereina tūmatanui i roto i Russia. I te 27-kiromita totoro o te "St Petersburg - Tsarskoye selo - Pavlovsk" nui haere locomotives cruised āheinga ki te kawe ake ki te 300 pāhihi. Homai te wheako Ingarangi, kua kirimanatia te tari poutāpeta ki Tsarskoselskaya w / reta transportation d. E utaina pikaunga ki te mea motokā, pūhera me kua tukua nga pukapuka i te karere.

Ko te kōtui i āta hangaia Railways pereoo tuatahi e tukua ki te haere ki te hapai i reta, ka anga ia mahi i roto i te tau 1861. I mua ki taua, he tikanga o te tuku "Bitty": te hariata o utanga i roto i te pēre me te torutoru waka pāhihi ului, hariata kawe tüäpapa utanga, kaikawe, me ētahi atu

I te tau 1869 ka hanga e te reira i te wāhitau whakahaere transportation rerewē. Na roto i tenei wa, karere me pūhera kawea e 35 w / d rārangi, tae atu ki waho. Na roto i te mutunga o 1903 i roto i Russia whakahaeretia tata 600 waka poutāpeta.

USSR

Whenua o te Sovietí whakatere tīmatanga o te hanganga o ngā rārangi rerewhenua hou. He nga engines nui-tere o te whakatupuranga hou: diesel me locomotives hiko. I nga raina te puutahitanga o pochtampy prizheleznodorozhnye nui i whakapumautia. ka pereoo poutāpeta te turanga, te waka tino pono o te tuku o reta.

Mai 1962 ka anga ki te rere tereina pou-tueke, tae atu ki runga ki te 12 ī-mēra, me ki runga ki te 8 waka mea. Tetahi o te hanganga o te wāhanga e taea te ngāwari tō tangohanga me te tāpiri ki te tahi atu hanganga. Muri, ki te rerewē o te whenua oho 23 o enei tereina me te maha o kaata poutāpeta i tata 900 wae. I te reta ki te kia tukinotia i roto i te akoranga o te tāruarua, hoko he pane motuhake - "PV".

Russia

I roto i te tau XXI te tonu kawea rau i roto i te tuku "Mail o Russia" reta i tereina. Heoi, tino i peka te rōrahi o Tuhinga. Ki te i roto i te whakamutunga o nga tau o te Soviet Union mahi 1319 waka mēra, noho te 1079 ki te 2007 wae i te rarangi. I teie mahana, i reira e rua rite iti.

Heoi, e kore e taea e tetahi te korero e pā ana ki te heke o te mēra rerewhenua. I roto i ngā wāhi maha, w / d waka - te pono tino (maha te anake) ara o te kōrero. I te 2005, i te tipu St Petersburg "Vagonmash" hangaia he mēra hou 61-531 te whakakē i te motokā. I roto i te whakarato i te reira i te taiao māhorahora hoki ngā kaimahi, he TV, ngaruiti, whāhauhau, waea. Whai hua pūnaha whakaīngoatia ahi ka whakaora faufaa utanga.

Ka taea e Modern pūnaha kōmaka aunoa hapai i te wehenga atu o te katoa kaimahi e rua, hei utu o ono. Ka rite ki te hua o te wāhi rokiroki nui haere, nui haere uta kaha o te waka ki te 22 taranata. Ko te aratau matua o te transportation ka hei ipu mati, utaina ki ngā.

Mai 2009, te tuku o "Mail o Russia" kawea atu, tae atu ki ngā waka hou Torzhok whakato. Tauira 61-906 Kei te hangaia mo te tuku mēra i roto i te oko. Whakatakotoranga:

• tere tukua: 160 km / h.
• Capacity: 22 taranata.
• Tau o ngā kaimahi: 4.
• Tau o tatau mo te utanga 4.

rite rawa te motokā i te whāhauhau, whakawera, ventilation.

kunenga

i tia ore nga tauira tuatahi o te kaiako mēra. Poto me te kuiti, ngā ratou iti wāhi mō kaimahi me te reta. Āta ake hoahoa. I roto i Ingarangi, mea whakaaro he pūrere e taea ai koe ki te hohoro, i runga i te rere ki uta i peke o pūhera me pukapuka. Neke atu i te wā rawa i te whare, te wahi e taea tukatuka kaimahi, me te kōmaka karere, wehenga hoki okiokinga me kai. Ētahi tauira i wehenga whakamarie mo te kaiārahi runga.

Mea faahiahia i reira ko he whanaketanga i roto i te US waka mēra i Whangärei ki i runga i te "Wild Te Hau-ā-uru." Nā ki te whakaeke auau i kaipahua, ratou āta ka kaha, tae noa tahuri reira ki te pa i runga i nga wira. Tahi kawea te pereoo mēra i roto i kaimahi patu. I Armoured te hiwi, kei runga i te paenga o loopholes mō te pupuhi i runga i rama konupora tuwhera nga whenua rauhanga te rohe mo te maha o ngā kiromita.

Modern motokā mēra - he matatini, tukinotia nei ki te wehenga o tetahi momo. āhei te reira i te fariiraa, te rokiroki, kōmaka me te waka i te tereina o ipu me peke o pūhera, reta, pūhera, waea, me te tahi atu momo o ngā karere.

momo o te waka

i hangaia whakaaro Various o waka mēra mō tenetere hawhe:

• karere;
• mēra me te whare putunga;
• kōmaka poutāpeta;
• waka mana pūkoro;
• te iwi whānui;
• wahia.

opuaraa

I roto i te whenua taepū, heke te tohanga poutāpeta i te w / d o transportation te. Te tere ähua ia rererangi me te nekeneke - ara waka. Heoi, e tika ana ki te kaha kawenga tiketike, me te kaha ki te hapai i te wehenga atu i runga i te haere, ko te nāianei tonu tenei momo o te tuku.

Ko tētahi o nga whenua tuatahi i reira nga kaata poutāpeta kore whakamahia, ko te United States. Tae noa nga 40s kawea rerewē e pā ana ki 300 tana o pūhera, reta, pūhera. He i neke atu i te 9,000 ara. I mua, i kawe i te reira reta kawea w / ī moni matua te kamupene o ka hipoki ai i te parekura i te transportation o te iwi. Na roto i te 1950, ka rite ki te hua o ngā whakarerekētanga i roto i te tau kaupapa here te US pōhi Ratonga o o ngā rārangi i heke ki te 794-x. A i roto i te 1962, 262 anake noho ara i waenganui i nga pa nui.

I roto i te 1967, kua whakakorea te Ratonga pōhi te waka o consignments i te tereina. Whakakāhoretanga o kirimana pai arahina ki raruraru pūtea katia w d kamupene / i, he maha ara pāhihi. wā whakamutunga i te tereina mēra i roto i te Hau Amui no Marite peia i New York - Washington 30.06.1977 tau.

I roto i te UK, te nuinga o te mēra nui kawea e tereina. I roto i te 90 i reira ko te hokotanga Royal Mail o kamupene kāwanatanga, kua puta ke tauira waka. I roto i te 2003, ua faaoti te kamupene ki te whakatārewa tuku o tereina mēra, engari kua te wahi i muri o te ara kua faaho'ihia mai. Ano, i reira he kamupene tūmataiti e whakahaere o te mākete.

I runga i te nui tereina wāhi mēra Āhia ko te ara rongonui ki te whakaora mēra. Hei tauira, i roto i 2016, i te ara Beijing - Moscow i tua ki te motokā mea o nohopuku ara pāhihi ao whakarewahia tereina auau, arā, anake o waka poutāpeta. hiahia Haina ki te whakapiki ake i te transportation o reta me ngā pūhera i te "New Silk Road" ki te toronga o ngā ara ki nga pa nui i roto i Europe.