Ngā momo o ngā pūnaha pēke. Central Bank. Whatunga o tahatika arumoni

titau te whanaketanga angitu o te ōhanga motu o te kāwanatanga i roto i te whenua i te pūnaha pēke tōtika. He maha ngā huarahi ki te hanga i te reira. Ko te tuatahi, ka whakatau i te ārahitanga o te whenua tūmanakohia te tikanga o te momo o te pūnaha pēke te ki te whakawhanake. He aha ngā tohu i roto i tenei take, kia utu i te aro o te State?

He aha te mea te pūnaha pēke

I mua i ui i nga whenua i runga i e taea te whakarōpūtia pūnaha pēke (momo, te hanganga o ia tauira), tautuhi i te wā hinonga whakaaro. He aha e nga huarahi noa ki te whākinga o te ariā rangahau e hāngai ana?

Kei te tino maha matau te hapori tohunga Russian i raro i te pūnaha pēke rite te reo o te taunekeneke i waenganui i te kāwanatanga, ngā whare me ngā rōpū, tangata māori, me te ture i roto i nei te whakawhitinga ture ki moni me hua pütea. Ka taea e kōrero Raraunga puta i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā tikanga. Ko te pūnaha pēke - he kautaha fakapa'anga e ko he wāhi o te ōhanga ā-motu.

Kei te nuinga o whakaritea te ngako o te kōrero tohua ki te āhua, pakihi me takitahi i te momo o te pūnaha pēke. Ma te haapii i te mea kia ratou.

Whakarōpū o ngā pūnaha pēke

He maha ngā take mō te whakarōpū o ngā pūnaha pēke. I roto i te mahi Russian kua horapa te ariā, rite ki nei e taea te aroaro nga pūtahi pūtea e hāngai ana i roto i te putanga taketake e whai ake nei:

- tohatoha (ranei taumata kotahi) pūnaha;

- pūnaha tauwhirowhiro;

- mākete (Matarua ranei) pūnaha.

Ka ako matou ratou taipitopito tauwhāiti.

pūnaha taumata

momo korerotia o ngā pūnaha pēke reira ngā te kōwhiringa o te taumata-kotahi pūtahi pūtea.

Ratou pū ko te aroaro o kōrero whakapae i waenga i ngä pütahi nama, te whakatinanatanga o ngā mahi whakahaere whakapaipai i runga i ngā paerewa ao me tikanga. āhuatanga te pūnaha pēke tohu-momo te nuinga hoki whenua ki ōhanga ngoikore, me hoki whenua i roto i nei te mahi tikanga whakahaere o te whakahaere o te pūnaha ōhanga.

pūnaha e rua-taumata

ariā whakaaro, i roto i nei tāutu te momo rerekē o ngā pūnaha pēke, tā hoki te tohatoha o rua-taumata tohanga pūtahi pūtea.

I roto i te whakamutunga, kei te kawea kōrero i waenganui i ngā pūtahi nama i roto i rānei te manureva whakapae poutū ranei. No runga te rua o te huarahi tā taunekeneke i waenganui i CB - matua kautaha fakapa'anga i roto i te āhua - me tahatika awa. I roto i te anga o te huarahi whakapumautia e te kōrero whakapae i waenga i te mana ture rite i roto i te āhuatanga o ngā pūtahi nama. Ko te tūranga o te Central Bank i roto i te pūnaha e rua-taumata tohanga - ki te whakarite i te tere o te hanganga pūrongo pūtea, me te i roto i te whakatinanatanga o te ture macroeconomic.

Ko te tauira Soviet o te whakahaere o te pūnaha pēke

Ngā momo o ngā pūnaha pēke, kua matou kōrero i runga ake, e kore e faatanohia te reira ki te faanahoraa tēnā pūtea e vai i roto i nga wa Soviet - e tika ana ki te meka e te mea he maha o ngā āhuatanga ahurei. He aha te tikanga o tenei? I runga tuhia matou e te pūnaha pēke kotahi-taumata tohanga presupposes te oraraa o te tikanga kōrero kotahi i waenganui i te pūtahi nama takitahi - whakapae. fokotu'u mai e rua te taumata e hono te tukanga o te ngā i waenganui i pūtahi pūtea me te Central Bank te.

A paraparau o te tauira Soviet, e kore e taea e tatou e te mea e te reira tino tohu te āhuatanga o te momo tuatahi tuarua ranei o ngā pūnaha. Ko te meka e pareparenga i te USSR mahi i roto i te centralization korerotia, me te subordination tino ki te State Bank. Ko kahore kōrero whakapae e kore e tango i te wahi i waenganui i a ratou. I roto i te tahuri, ki tetahi paearu wehewehe rua ngā taumata o ngā waenganui i pūtahi pūtea i roto i te Soviet Union, ano kitea uaua. Ko te meka i e te State Bank kua wahi o te pūnaha pēke motu kotahi, a e kore te ona tūranga rite ki taua whakamana e te Central Bank o Russia iti ki te tiaki o te tere me te ture. faaite Ko tōna mahi i roto i te meka whakarato i te whānuitanga ki tonu o ratonga pēke whakaratohia i roto i te kupenga o te ture awhenga o tahatika rohe.

Heoi, ahu tonu etahi kairangahau ki huanga te tauira Soviet o te whakahaere o te nama me te pūtahi pūtea ki te momo taumata-kotahi. He aha te mea te tautohe o tohunga i runga i tenei kaupapa? Ko te take i te State Bank o te USSR, matou heriheri i runga tata momo katoa o ngā ratonga pēke, i roto i te meka, hoko kupu he "taumata kotahi" o te whakapaipai. He kairangahau e whakarōpū i te nama, me te pūnaha pūtea o te USSR me ētahi atu āhua, e kua āhuatanga e tauira whakahaere o te whakahaere ōhanga rite te momo motuhake - centralized.

Ko te pūnaha tauwhirowhiro

He aha ngā āhuatanga tohu i te pūnaha pēke i roto i te whakawhitinga? Ko taea ki te ahu i te kōrero, e he āhuatanga hoki e rua momo taumata-kotahi o pūtahi pūtea, me mo te taumata-rua. I roto i te take tuatahi tatou e nehenehe e kōrero e pā ana ki te aroaro o pareparenga kāwanatanga, e he tohu tere, he wahi nui i roto i te katoa o te pūnaha moni motu, me te i te wa ano e tiaki te motuhake o te Central Bank faaite i roto i ngā o te whakatinanatanga o ngā kaupapa here pūtea e whakatairanga te mākete, te whakamāramatanga o ngā kaupapa matua whanaketanga. I te tahi atu te ringa, i roto i te pūnaha pēke te whenua o kia haere te institution, i, i roto i te tahuri, pūrongo hāngai ki te Central Bank, ka mau tonu i te mana arii i roto i te rohe whakapumautia e te ture.

Ko te pūnaha pēke hou o te Russian Federation

Na, ka titiro matou ki te momo taketake o ngā pūnaha pēke i roto i te anga o ngā ariā e kua riro whānui i roto i ngā pūkenga hou. Korero e pā ana ki hou pūtahi pūtea i roto i Russia, me pehea e taea e ratou te whakarōpūtia?

I te nuinga o te pūnaha pēke Russian tohu - rua-taumata. Reira e kore whakaritea e whakahaere ngā mahi o ngā pūtahi pūtea kore e fakamatala ki te Central Bank e. I roto i tahuri, i te pūnaha pēke Russian tā te mahi o te tau nui o ngā pūtahi nama e kaha taunekeneke ki ia atu i roto i te manureva whakapae. Ko te Central Bank o te Russian Federation te maua e ki waho e rua te tika, me te mahi ture. E whakarato ana i tere o te pēke mā te whakarato ratou ki loans i roto i runga i te auau matua.

Heoi, etahi kairangahau whakapono e te momo o te pūnaha pēke Russian he inaianei - konatunatua tonu. Otiia kihai i roto i te ngā o te huinga o tohu o te kotahi-taumata, me te rua-taumata tohanga tauira, me i te āhuatanga o te aroaro o etahi tohu e te hunga āhuatanga o te pūnaha Soviet centralized o whakahaere o te whare pūtea e hāngai ana. Tohunga tautohe tenei wāhi o te tirohanga te meka e i roto i pareparenga ārahi o Russia - te āhua. Ko ētahi o ēnei he Tiaki Bank, "VTB", "Agricultural Bank". whakatau tenei i te meka e te kāwanatanga, kia rite ki te State Bank o te USSR, mau mau te motu nama me te pūnaha pūtea i raro i te mana. I roto i te tahuri, i roto i te pūnaha pēke Russian he pai-whakapumautia mākete-momo, e parau e i roto i te wāhanga hāngai o ngā mahi arumoni, ka tae e te maha nui o kaitākaro taunekeneke whakapae. Ko āhuatanga o te tauira e rua-taumata tohanga tenei āhuatanga.

Kia mahara e mua ki te Soviet Union - i roto i nga ra o te Russian Empire - i roto i to tatou whenua i reira e ano pūnaha pēke makona whakawhanakehia. I āhuatanga i te reira, kia rite ki kairangahau maha, pāhekoheko tino whai hua o pūtahi pūtea tūmatanui, me te tūmataiti. E ai ki etahi tohunga, kia tono te wheako hītori o aua tau ki te whānuitanga etahi ki Russia hou.

wheako International

Ako i te mau parau tumu i runga e whakahaere tahatika, me te pūnaha pēke Russian, whakaaro nga meka tino faahiahia mo te mahi o te pūtahi pūtea e hāngai ana i roto i nga whenua ke. Ngā whai hua ki te whakarongo ki te wheako o öhanga Western matatau. kawea te whanaketanga o te pūnaha pēke Russian i roto i roto i te anga o te tauira capitalist. Oia mau, Ko te mahinga nui te wheako o whenua Western i roto i tenei tikanga.

Huarahi ki te whakamāramatanga o te tūranga o pareparenga

I roto i te nui tino o ngā i roto i te pēke hou i roto i nga whenua Western - he ö o huarahi ki te māramatanga o te tūranga o pareparenga i roto i te ōhanga motu. Ko te meka ko e i roto i nga whenua Western te nama matarohia me pūtahi pūtea - e kore e anake nga kaitākaro i roto i te wāhanga mākete e hāngai ana. Kei te whakaritea te reira ki te whakapakari i te tūranga, me te hiranga mo te ōhanga motu o ngā whakahaere pēke-kore. kia mahi ēnei hanganga ki etahi whānuitanga tata ki taua i te mea huru o te tahatika puāwaitanga: hei tauira, ki te whakarato ratonga ki te farii i utu, ki te whakahaere i te whakatinanatanga o ngā mahi moni. I te wa ano, i te mahi o taua hanganga kore e rapua e te aroaro o te Central Bank o te raihana, me te kore e waiho i roto i te take pērā i tōtika whakamatautau hoki tautukunga ki ture pūtea mahi e te mana hi'opo'araa mō pareparenga.

O te akoranga, e kua mātātoa te whai wāhi taua whakahaere i roto i ngā mahi, me te i roto i Russia. Ēnei ngā matua pūnaha hiko-utu, me te whakahaere moroiti-nama. Oia mau, e kore e taea te tatau ratou i roto i nga pareparenga, engari i te wa ano, ka taea e ratou te whakarato ratonga e he angamaheni rite te wa mo te puāwaitanga pūtahi pūtea. E ai ki etahi kairangahau, te pū o EPS mahi, pūtahi microfinance me ētahi atu whare pēke-kore i roto i Russia e rapu ana i te iriti ture no ki fehoanaki nga tikanga e whakahaere te mahi o ngā hanganga o tenei momo, me te tahatika puāwaitanga. He aha te mea te tautohe o te tohunga e mau i tenei tirohanga? Na, whakapono ana te kairangahau i tohua te ture "I te pūnaha hiko-utu" rite te wa ngā te whakakotahitanga o ngā paerewa ture. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā o te tāutu i te kiritaki o te mahi. I roto i nga tau tuatahi o te mahi i roto i Russia EPS mo te whakamahi tonu i te ratonga e-utu i roto i te Russian Federation kihai i hiahia te tangata ki te manatoko i tō tuakiri, ka te whakatamarikitanga o te ture i roto i te pātai, ka whakatika te hiahia taua.

I roto i te tahuri, i roto i te wahi Te Hau-ā-uru o te pūnaha pēke, rite tuhia e etahi kaitätari, kua kitea i roto i te horopaki rerekē. ka, i roto i te runga ki tetahi o nga ariā tino rongonui e noho motuhake EPS me ētahi atu kaitākaro e kore e e no ki te kāwai o te nama matarohia me pūtahi pūtea, e kore e pā ana hāngai ki te pēke motuhake. Ko te aha ngā paearu e taea e te pūtake mo te wehenga o te wāhanga e rua?

Ko te kupu, kia rite ki nga kairangahau, nga pareparenga me te pūnaha pēke ki te mahi i te whānui e whai ake nei o mahi:

- ratonga nehua mō takitahi me hinonga ture ki taurangi tonu o te tiaki o te whakapaipai;

- whakahaere mō ngā pakihi o ngā mahi moni ki nga huru katoa o hiranga ture;

- whakarato o "roa" loans (mokete, taurewa mō ngā kaipakihi).

I roto i tahuri, i te hanganga pēke-kore me, i runga i tetahi o nga ariā tino rongonui e arotahi ana ki te i te Ngohe whai ake:

- whakarato i nohopuku me te pono whakawhitinga moni, te fariiraa i utu mō ngā ratonga tūmataiti, me te tūmatanui;

- whakarato o hanganga hangarau mō te utu o tīkiti mō ngā momo o te waka;

- whakarato o taurewa "poto" (te nuinga te hunga e Whakaröpütia rite moroiti-whiwhinga);

- ngä te mahi whai hua o ngā toa ipurangi.

Ko nga parau tumu matua e whakaata te wehewehe i waenganui i te tūranga o tuku iho pēke pūtahi pūtea me ngā pūtahi pēke-kore i roto i te whenua Western enei. He pēhea te whānuitanga taua he hotokore ki te mahi o nga kōrero pūtea Russian te ariā? E ai ki etahi tohunga, te kī o te mau parau tumu i runga ake-whakahuatia he rawa e tika ana mō te Russian Federation. Ko te mea tino nui - e whakaratohia te iriti ture no te taumata e hiahiatia ana o te tautoko o ngā mahi o ngā kaitākaro mākete i ngā o te ratonga e hāngai ana.

pareparenga Arumoni me te haumi

I roto i te maha whenua Western mahi te wehewehe o pareparenga (me ko tetahi pūtake taea mō te whakarōpū i te pūnaha e hāngai ana tenei) ki te hunga e kawe i roto i nama, me ngā mahi pūtea, me te hunga e mahi matua i roto i te mahi haumi (e pā ana ki te hoko, me te hoko o hea, peeke, me ētahi atu . d.). Hei tauira, i roto i te Hononga o Amerika, ko mau momo rerekē e rua o ngā rōpū. Waihoki ko te take i roto i Tapone. I roto i Russia, i reira ko tetahi mahi i roto i nei e taea e te kotahi waitohu kia hanga e wae te kawenga mō te pēke, me te mo ngā mahi haumi e rua. Hei tauira, i roto i te hanganga "VTB" pupuri hanganga ko "VTB 24" me "VTB Capital". Ko te tuatahi mo ki pēke, te tuarua - tika te mahi haumi taua.

Ko te tūranga o te Central Bank

Āhuatanga o te pūnaha pēke motu te nuinga whakaritea e te mahi motuhake o te Central Bank, tona tūranga i roto i te ōhanga kāwanatanga. He aha e nga huarahi ki tona māramatanga o te ōhanga capitalist whakawhanakehia?

He āhua i ai te Central Bank ko te regulator kapu o te pūnaha pūtea motu. I roto i te hunga - Ahitereiria, Ireland, Italy. I roto i te tahi mau whenua, tuwhaina e te Central Bank te mahi i tohua ki ētahi atu whakahaere - kua whakawhanakehia te mahi taua i roto i te United States, Germany, France. I roto i te tauira tino ngā o whakahaere o te pūnaha pēke motu - American.

Ko te kupu, i roto i te hanganga o te whare pūtea e hāngai ana i roto i te United States i reira e mau momo wha o pūtahi:

- motu pūtahi moni ;

- pareparenga kāwanatanga i roto i te hanganga o te Reserve Pūnaha Federal;

- e kore e pareparenga ngā i roto i te whangai, engari nō ki te Federal whakatakoto Insurance Corporation;

- hanganga nama kore e e taunekeneke ki te whakahaere rongonui.

Whangai i roto i tenei take mahi hei tairitenga o CBA e mahi tukunga mahi, me te pupuritia e tere. Heoi, i roto i te United States e taea hoki te mahi pütahitanga nama kore e i pā ana ki nga mahi o te Reserve Pūnaha Federal.

Tuhinga o whanaketanga o te pūnaha pēke Russian

Heoi ako matou i te ariā me ngā momo o ngā pūnaha pēke. Ko tēhea o nga ariā o te whanaketanga o te whare pūtea e hāngai ana te pai ngā waka ki Russia? Ko te whakahoki ki tenei pātai titau te tātaritanga matatini o te ōhanga, pāpori, me i maha tikanga ano nga āhuatanga hītori, me te ahurea e tohu i te pū o te Russian Federation rite te kāwanatanga. E ai ki kairangahau maha, nga raruraru o te pūnaha pēke o Russia, e reira e teie nei, i roto i ngā, e tomu'a ngä päpätanga huamoni āhua nui i runga i loans, he fakafalala āhua nui o Russian pūtahi pūtea i loans ke, rite te wa ko te meka e maha paerewa uru hoatu ki mahi pēke i roto i Russia kahore tango ki pūkete pau motu o kōrero kāwanatanga, pakihi me te tangata i roto i tenei rohe.

I roto i tenei whakaaro, he tokomaha tohunga whakaaro reira pai ki te titiro i te wheako e kore anake o whenua te uru e pā ana ki te whanaketanga o te whare pūtea e hāngai ana, engari ano hoki te tauira hītori o te mahi o ngā rōpū nama i roto i Russia. Ano,, rite tuhia i runga matou, kua vai ratou mo te wā roa, me te i āhuatanga, kia rite ki te tahi mau kairangahau, he nui rawa o te aravihiraa. Ko te kupu, ngāue reira i roto i te momo kōrero o mua Russian o pūnaha pēke me o ratou āhuatanga kia kore pūtake iti nui o tohungatanga i roto i ngā o te whakapai ake i te tauira o te kāwanatanga whakahaere whakapaipai motu o nāianei.