Mahi me ngā momo o te kiko (Biology)

hanga te tinana o maha kaiao ora ake o te kopa. Okotahi He rauropi pūtau me multicellular katoa, etahi, hei tauira, ngā tipu o raro, e ngā pükohu, me hawahawa. I roto i tēnei tuhinga ka titiro tatou ki ngā momo o papanga. Akoranga Koiora te kaupapa, ara tona wāhanga - histology. ahu mai te ingoa o tenei mara kei i te kupu Kariki "papanga" me "te matauranga." He pera maha momo o papanga. akoranga Koiora, me whakato me te kararehe. E ratou rerekētanga nui. Kikokiko, momo kiko rangahau koiora mo te wa roa. i whakaahuatia ratou mo te wa tuatahi, ara te hunga aivanaa tawhito pērā i Aristotle me Avicenna. Kikokiko, tonu momo kiko koiora ki te tūhura ake - i roto i te rautau tekau mā iwa, whakawakia ratou taua pūtaiao pai-mohiotia rite Moldengauer, Mirbel, Hartig me etahi atu. Ki te to ratou whai wāhitanga, ako momo hou o taupori pūtau i kitea ratou mahi.

Ngā momo o papanga - Koiora

Tuatahi o te katoa, kia tuhia te reira e te kopa e te hunga tūturu i roto i ngā tipu e kore e angamaheni o te kararehe,. Na reira, e taea te wehea nga momo o te kiko koiora ki e rua ngā rōpū: tipu me ngā kararehe. Rua te whakakotahi he maha nui o ngā momo. ka puta enei tatou ki te matapaki.

Ngā momo o te kopa kararehe

Hei timata ki, he reira ofi ki a tatou. Mai no tatou ki te rangatiratanga kararehe, ngā mea ïa o kikokiko, e ka e whakaahuatia momo inaianei to tatou tinana. Ka taea te whakarōpū ngā momo kararehe kikokiko ki ngā rōpū whānui e whā: epithelial, uaua, tūhonohono, me te io. Kua wehea te toru tuatahi ki ngā momo maha. Anake māngai te rōpū whakamutunga e kotahi anake te momo. Next, whakaaro nga mea katoa o papanga, hanganga me mahi e te hunga āhuatanga o ratou i roto i te raupapa.

kiko io

Mai te mea te reira kotahi anake momo, tīmata ki a ia. Ko te pūtau o te kikokiko i huaina neurons. Kei roto i ia o ratou o te tinana, he axon me dendrites. Ko te whakamutunga - tukanga reira e i tuku te hihiko hiko te i te pūtau ki pūtau. Ko te axon o te neuron i roto i te kotahi - te reira he tukanga roa, e rave rahi dendrites, he iti atu i te tuatahi ratou. Ko te tinana pūtau ko te matua. I tua atu, i roto i te cytoplasm e kei pera i huaina pūtau Nissl - orotahi retikulluma kiriuwhi, pungaraungao e hua pūngao, me neyrotrubochki e whai wāhi i roto i te kawenga o te hihiko i tetahi pūtau ki tetahi. Runga anō i ratou mahi, kua wehea nga neurons ki te maha momo. Ko te momo tuatahi - tairongo, afferent ranei. whakahaere ratou ponana i te okana tikanga ki te roro. Ko te momo tuarua o te neuron - herekore, whakawhitinga ranei. tātari ratou te mōhiohio riro i te rongo, me te whakaputa i te pini hoki. Taua momo o neurons kitea i roto i te roro, me te ua. Ko te momo whakamutunga - nekeneke afferent ranei. kawe he pini i te neuron herekore ki whēkau ratou. i roto i te kiko io hoki i taonga intercellular. mahi te reira i te mahi tino nui, kia rite whakarato reira he wāhi pūmau i roto i te wāhi o neurons he wāhi i roto i te tango o ngā pūtau i ngā matū e hiahiatia.

epithelial

Ko nga momo o te kopa nei pūtau tata pātata ki ia atu enei. Ka taea e whai ratou āhua rerekē, engari he tata tonu. He rite nga momo rerekē katoa o papanga o tenei rōpū, me te e te taonga intercellular i roto ia ratou e kore te mea nui. Kei te nuinga māngai te reira i roto i te puka o te wai, i roto i ētahi wā e kore ai e te reira. Tenei momo o te kopa tinana, e whakarato tiaki, a hoki mahi secretory mahi. Tenei rōpū ngā maha ngā momo. Ko te flat, porotakaroa, pūtoru, pa, ciliated me te epithelium glandular. Mai i te ingoa o ia tetahi e taea matau i te mea puka e ratou tito o ngā pūtau. He rerekē ngā momo rerekē o te kopa epithelial me ona wāhi i roto i te tinana. Ko te kupu, ko te rārangi papatahi te kōhao o te wahi kūnatu runga - te mangai, me te pū kai. epithelium hanga tīwae i roto i te kopu, me te paru. Pūtoru taea te kitea i roto i te tubules tākihi. Pa ki rārangi te kōhao nasal, i runga taua mea i reira he Villi motuhake, whakarato i te tirohanga o kakara. pūtau epithelium ciliated, he mārama i tona taitara rite, riro ngä makawe cytoplasmic. Tenei ahua o te kikokiko ngohi te nga Airways e te hunga i raro i te kōhao nasal. Ko te makawe iti, e kua ia pūtau mahi he mahi purenga - e ahua tātari ratou hau e haere i roto i te tinana kohanga ki enei epithelium whakaaro. Nga momo whakamutunga o tenei kiko rōpū - epithelium glandular. Ana pūtau mahi mahi secretory. E kitea ratou i roto i te repe, ka rite ki te pai kia rite i roto i te kōhao o etahi whekau pērā i te puku. Pūtau o tenei momo o te epithelium hanga hormones, tae turi, wai pekitīlia, waiu, sebum, me te maha atu matū.

kiko uaua

Kei te wehea tēnei rōpū ki toru momo. Ko te uaua ko te maeneene, striated me te ngakau. Ko te katoa uaua kiko rite ki te hunga e kua tito o ngā pūtau roa - te muka, he maha rawa nui o pungaraungao i roto i ratou, kia rite ki te hiahia ratou he rota o te pūngao mō te kaupapa. Maheni kiko uaua rārangi te kōhao o te whekau. Tuhinga o uaua e kore e taea e tatou e te whakahaere ratou, rite e innervated ratou e te pūnaha io autonomic. E āhuatanga Pūtau striated te kopa uaua i roto i taua i roto i ratou ake ngā pungaraungao atu i roto i te tuatahi. Tenei he no te mea e hiahia ana ratou ake te pūngao. E taea e ki te peka ke noa ake tere atu i te maheni uaua Striated. Kei a ia ko uaua kōhiwi. E innervated ratou e te pūnaha io somatic, kia e taea hinengaro tatou whakahaere ia ratou. kiko uaua ngakau fakatahai etahi āhuatanga o te rua tuatahi. Ko te ahei o rite mātātoa me tere peka rite striated reira, engari kua innervated e te pūnaha io autonomic, me te maheni.

momo Hononga o papanga me ratou mahi

Kei te āhuatanga e te maha nui o taonga intercellular nga papanga katoa o tenei rōpū. I roto i ētahi wā, puta ai i roto i te āhua wai, etahi - i roto i te wai, a ētahi wā - i roto i te puka o te papatipu amorphous. Tenei rōpū ngā whitu momo. Ko reira te muka mātotoru me te wewete, wheua, ngohe, reticular, adipose, toto. I roto i te rerekētanga tuatahi o te muka te nuinga. Kei huri noa nga whekau. Ko tōna mahi he ki te hoatu ki a ratou te ngäwari me te tiaki. kaha te kiko papatipu amorphous wewete kaiota runga i te muka. Te reira i tino whakakiia nga wahi pakaru i waenganui i nga whekau, i mātotoru puka kaiota te ahua anake o anga huri noa te whakamutunga. Reira nui hoki te wāhi tiaki. Wheua, me te wheua ngohe kiko hanga i te kōhiwi. mahi ia i roto i te tinana o te mahi tautoko me te wahi paruru. Ko te pūtau me te taonga intercellular mua roa wheua matū pararopi, te nuinga pūhui konupūmā me phosphates. utu Raraunga o matū i waenganui i te kōhiwi, me te toto whakahaere hormones pērā i calcitonin me paratireotropin. Origin tautoko wheua noa mahi i roto i te faafariuraa o te ūkuikui me te konupūmā katote i roto i te pūhui organic, kei te rongoa i roto i te kōhiwi. He tuarua, hei kōrero, ki te hē o enei katote i roto i te toto whakaoho whiwhi ratou i te kopa kōhiwi.

Kei roto i te toto he rota o te taonga intercellular wai, huaina te mea he wē. Ko tōna pūtau kaua svoebrazny. E wehea ratou ki momo e toru: platelets, pūtau toto whero, me te ma ngā pūtau toto. Ko te tuatahi he kawenga mō te upoo- toto. I roto i tenei tukanga, i hanga reira he thrombus iti e ārai atu mate toto. He kawenga mō te waka o te hāora, puta noa i te tinana, me te whakarato ratou ki nga kopa katoa me okana pūtau toto whero. kia waiho ratou aglyutinogeny e reira e rua ngā momo - A me te kia B. aglyutininov te wē toto ihirangi o te ārepa peta ranei. Ko ratou anti-aglyutinogenam. Hoki enei matū, ka takoto te rōpū toto. E kore te te rōpū tuatahi i roto i nga pūtau toto whero kitea aglyutinogenov me wē e rua momo aglyutininy tonu. Ko te rōpū tuarua he aglyutinogenom aglyutininom A me te peta. Tuatoru - B, me te Arepa. I roto i te wē, ko te tuawha kahore aglyutininov, engari te pūtau toto whero e aglyutinogeny rua A me B. Ki te kitea te te i roto i te Arepa peta ranei, i reira ko te tauhohenga agglutination pera-ka karanga, hua i roto i ngā pūtau toto whero mate me te puka clots. kia puta tenei ki te huhu toto nonconforming rōpū. Hoatu e whakamahia huhu erythrocytes anake (whakakorea wē i roto i tetahi o nga wāhanga tukatuka toto), te tangata e taea te transfused tona toto anake ki te rōpū tuatahi ko te rōpū ki te tuarua - tuatahi toto me te rōpū tuarua, i te tuatoru - nga rōpū tuatahi me tuatoru, te tuawha - o tetahi rōpū.

Ano i runga i nga pūtau toto whero kia te antigens D, e whakatau i te take rH, ki te reira, te muri he pai, ki te mea kahore he - e kore. He kawenga mō te wātea i te mate lymphocytes. E wehea ratou ki e rua ngā rōpū matua: lymphocytes B me lymphocytes T. hua tuatahi i roto i te hinu wheua wheua, te tuarua - i roto i te thymus (he repe kei muri te whaturei). E whakarōpūtia T-lymphocytes ki T-whāpoapoa, T-hoa mahi me T-suppressors. kiko tūhonohono Reticular titoa o te maha nui o wahopūtau kopu, me te kakau ngā pūtau. O enei, i whai ahua ai ngā pūtau toto. Tenei papanga Ko te pūtake o te wheua wheua, me te tahi atu whekau hematopoietic. He hoki te kiko adipose, te pūtau o e roto i lipids. mahi te reira i te tārua, a ētahi wā waiariki mātao mahi tiaki.

Kia pehea te Ko nga otaota?

Enei rauropi, rite kararehe, e tito o māpele o ngā pūtau, me te taonga intercellular. Ngā momo o te tipu kikokiko whakaahua tatou i muri. Kua wehewehea katoa o ratou ki te maha ngā rōpū nui. Ko te mātauranga, paninga, conductive, mīhini, me te taketake tenei. momo maha o te tipu te kopa, mai no reira ki te torutoru ki ia rōpū.

mātauranga

Ko ētahi o ēnei apical, lateral, me marutanga intercalary. Ratou mahi matua - ki te whakarite i te tupu o te tipu. ngā ratou o ngā pūtau iti e kaha e wehewehe, a ka rerekëtanga ki ki te hanga i ahua o te kiko tetahi. Ko apical i nga tohutohu o te kakau me te pakiaka, te lateral - roto te kakau, i raro i te hipoki, te whakaurutanga - i roto i te interstices turanga, marutanga - i te pae o te whara.

hipoki

E āhuatanga ratou e taiepa pūtau matotoru titoa o cellulose. tākaro rātou i te tūranga tiaki. E toru ngā momo: te kiriwaho, Cork, Cork. Ko te tuatahi e hipokina wahi katoa o te tipu. kia whai ia i te paninga parikoriko paruru, rite ko ona makawe, stomata, kōputaputa cuticle. he rerekē i roto i kore i te mea Cork, mo te tahi atu āhuatanga katoa, he reira rite ki te kiriwaho. Puru - coverslips he kopa mate e hanga te kiri rakau.

conductive

haere mai enei papanga i roto i te rua ngā momo: te kōtai me kōkai. Ratou mahi - waka o matū rewa i roto i te wai i te pakiaka ki ētahi atu whēkau me te hurihia. i hanga kōtai te o kuhunga i hanga e te pūtau mate ki anga mārō whai whare pungawerewere hake. kawe ratou nga whakarunga inu. korere tatari - - kōkai pūtau ora, e kore e nei whai karihi. kiriuhi Cross i kōputaputa nui. Ki te momo o te tipu te kopa matū rewa i roto i te wai, e kawea ki raro.

aunoa

Ratou mai ano i roto i te rua ngā momo: te collenchyma me sclerenchyma. Ratou mahi matua - ki te whakarite i te kaha o nga whekau katoa. Collenchyma māngai e pūtau ki anga a Papatuanuku ora e piri pātata ki tahi i te tahi. Kei te tito Sclerenchyma o ngā pūtau mate elongated ki anga pakeke.

matua

He mārama i to ratou ingoa rite, ko ratou te pūtake o okana tipu katoa. He whakawhenumi me te whakakapinga ratou. Ko te tuatahi i roto i te wahi matomato o te rau me te kakau. Enei pūtau Ko nga chloroplasts, e he kawenga mō te ahotakakame. Ko te kopa rokiroki kohikohi mea organic i roto i nuinga o te wā i tēnei māngaro.