Korero o Pskov: akoranga o whawhai, me nga mau hopearaa

Te Livonian War (1558-1583) - te hui tino nui mo nga whenua o te raki o Russia, me te nui tino ko te korero o Pskov mō te hītori hōia. Ko te whenua i te whawhai mo te ara tauhokohoko ā-ao, me te whai wāhi ki te Baltic ki te Order Livonian. Russian tuatahi waimarie pai - he ino angitu i runga i te wahi ki te rawhiti o te whenua Livonian mutu i roto i te wikitoria. Otiia i muri i te parariraa o te Ota i roto 1561 tomo matou nga e noho tata whawhai, rawa, hiahia ki te tango i nga mongamonga o te whenua whati. Russia i ki te whawhai ki a Lithuania, Poland me Sweden.

itoito Pskov

I roto i nga ra tuatahi o te Livonian War Pskov ka mau ia wahi kaha i roto i reira: ka mau te reira i te ope Ivana Groznogo i te hotoke 1558, me i te wa ano piri te iwi o Pskov, ahu e Prince Shuisky tenei pakanga. ko Pskov korero ano ki mai, engari i roto i 1559 tahoroa ana nga Tiamana te tata o Whero me Sebezh rebuffed tonu. Na ka whakaekea Lithuanians tata ki te pa, kai kino me te tahu katoa i roto i to ratou ara, i mea patu ratou rawa tika hohoro, engari hoki i te 1569, ka tangohia e te pa o Izborsk.

Amo upoko e Kingi Stefan Batory i 1579-m ka mau Polotsk, a muri mai whakaekea he tau te Pskov me whenua Novgorod. hōia Russian kore tēnei wā e ite i te pai o ngā wā, Batory me kua mohiotia te pai reira, engari no te mea i roto i to ratou karere ui e Poland me Livonia whenua Russian māori tahi ki Pskov, Novgorod ko Smolensk. Noatia, Ivan Grozny ki te mahi taua kihai i haere, a ka i roto i te raumati o 1580 ka puta mai te ope Polish ki te Anga nui. kihai i taea e nga tangata o tenei pa nui te tu atu i te ope kaha, a reira tahuna ratou Posada a ka mau rerenga i roto i te pa o te katoa. kihai ratou ki tukua. i taurite nga ope, i riro te pa, i patua katoa.

Batory haere ki Pskov

I roto i 1581 ka haere te ope kingi o Poland ki Pskov. Ki te whakahaere Batory ki te hopu i tenei pa, pea, i takoha Ivan Grozny ki whakaae ki te taua ao kino, a ki te hoatu i te whenua Russian katoa raki-hauauru. Otiia ka mau te korero o Pskov wahi. Ēnei ngā itoito matau tatou i maha whakaaturanga i rua ngā rōpū e whawhai. Whakaahuatanga o te hui, pērā i te korero o Pskov, kihai i taea e wareware kaituhituhi a te kingi Stanisław Piotrowski, i pupuri nei i te rātaka, whakaahua i roto i te taipitopito i ia ra o te whakapaenga. whakakeke toru tekau wiki nga kaiwawao o te pa i te ope Polish katoa, kaha te nei whakaekenga a te pa kaha, e ngana ana keri ki raro i te taiepa o te piki, ki runga ki te tahi mea tinihanga. Ko te katoa i roto i te noa. Pskov korero e Ivan te 4 tu mau.

Ahakoa ka faaoti Batory ki te tango i Pechora pa, i taka te nganatanga. i patua nga kaiwawao. Na ka haere ia ki runga ki ohipa, rite te whawhai hurihia ki te kopa, a ko ngenge te ope. January 1582 ko te wa o te hainatanga o te rangaawatea mo rima tau, i roto i nei kihai Bathory whakaaro tuatahi, ka hoki ana te pa Russian horo. Pskov Defense 4 ka i taea ki te whakaora i te whakaeke i to ratou whenua Māori, i roto i te meka Ivan - kua tiaki me te rohe Russian mua. I te timatanga o te rautau tekau mā whitu ko te rua o nga korero o Pskov. i rerekē tenei wa te hoariri, me te kaiwhakaora me kaiwawao o te whenua Russian - te taua pa, faaamu toa. Kua whakaako te whakapae tuatahi tangata. Na i taea ki te tiaki i kore anake, engari ano ki te patu i ratou. o te wawaotanga ke te wā roa, me te uaua mutu i roto i te wikitoria mō te iwi Russian tamau, me te maia. I roto i te 1611, horo te pa o Staraya Russa, Ladoga, Novgorod, Gdov, Porkhov me nga Swedes i Swedish Kingi Gustavus Adolphus faaoti e te korero hautoa o Pskov i te mua. Heoi, miscalculated ia.

Swedes

tamata te Swedes ki te tango i Pskov i te timatanga o 1615, i mea patu, a i roto i te raumati huihui te ope nui i raro i te mana o General Horn me ano karapotia te pa. ka haere mai te kingi ki te kite pehea te Pskov taka. Ko e hei kaiwawao o te pa whakakake o ia kua haere atu Ivan Grozny. Defence o Pskov, te wahi te hoariri, ko tenei wa nui kaha atu i nga amo, me nga Knights Livonian, puritia nga mea katoa kia rite ki whakaaro piri mahi i roto i, i te nuinga o whai hua whakaeke. riro hōia Swedish Snetogorsky ohu whakapono , a noho ana i reira. Mooni te ra ano i hanga nga noho o Pskov te wahoo ka whiua kino nui, ara e kore General Horn i ora. I wehi o te kore taua te kingi, a faaoti e he nui nui tona ope. mutu ia ana ope ki nga takutai o te awa nui, a ka tono ngā.

A marama torutoru i muri ka haere mai nga hōia mōna, ka hoki Gustavus Adolphus Snetogorsk ki te ohu whakapono. I tino karapotia te pa, kua āraia nga ara katoa - pā oti. Patupatua a te hoariri faaoti i te raki - i te kuwaha ki Ilyinskikh Varlaamovskoy pourewa. taiepa hanga, hoatu pu, me te āta whakangaro i te taiepa. whakakeke Pskov. e hanga ana tonu Wall putanga, a puta tata rā patua, te nuinga o ki parekura ki te hoariri.
Ko ngenge o taua resistance Gustavus Adolphus ka tonu ngā whiriwhiringa te rongo ki a Russia. hiahia e ia ngā rangimarie pai, engari ka whakatangihia Pskov i tona puni te paura katoa. i ahau ki te hoki whakamuri i Pskov, a hoki nga pa Russian o Russia - Ladoga, Novgorod, Porkhov, Staraya Russa, Gdov me te whenua maha atu nohoia e te whakaeke. Ko te korero tuatahi o Pskov - i te hōia Stefan Batory - ko nui taimaha, engari ako te pa he rota.

Ko te take o te Livonian War

Ko te Order Livonian whakaturia i roto i te mutunga o te tekau ma rua rau, me ka mau tata te rohe katoa o te hou Baltic - Courland, Livonia ko Estonia. Heoi, i te rau tau tekau ma ono, kei te tata maroke ake ona kaha. Tuatahi, turakina te kaha o te Order o te totohe ā-hanga e piki krepnuvshim kaupapa ripeneta: e kore i taea e rangatira mētara kitea he whakaaro i roto i te hononga ki te Archbishop o Riga, te pa kihai i mohio ki tetahi o ratou, inoino piki hë. Paruparu Livonia whakamahi katoa o ona hoa tata, ara Russia. Ko te meka Ko e te aroaro o te taeraa mai o te Ota i roto i enei whenua rangatira Russian i roto i te mana tonu i o rohe Paratiki, na inaianei whakaaro Moscow Tsar ratou tika ki Livonia tika.

e kore e taea te piriponotanga te uara hokohoko o whenua takutai, a ka iti te Order Livonian nga whanaunga i waenganui i Russia ko Western Europe, e kore e haere i roto i ona kaihokohoko rohe me kaipakihi. Whakapakari i o Russia, me te inaianei, kihai i hinaaro tetahi kotahi whenua. Ano, kihai i rangatira Pākehā me taonga i Europe Order Livonian i Russia mahue. Hoki tenei, a ki te Livonians Russian tukinotia runga i. Mātakitaki paruparu noho tata recalcitrant, timata Moscow Tsar ki wehi e kia pai puta te Livonians wahi noho tata atu kaikiri. hanga Ivan III ritenga te pa o Narva koutou Ivangorod. A ara ake whakawhanakehia kerēme ki te uru ki te Moana Baltic Ivan 4. Ko te korero o Pskov, ko atu i te hoariri ki te whakamatau ia tsar Russian he, ka whakakitea e ia pehea enei kerēme i te wā.

Ko te timatanga o te Livonian War

ko tino o te angitu o te pūkahukahu te kingi, engari toia te Livonian War i, pērā i te kotahi o mua, ki nga Swedes, ka ko tino nohopuku, me te pai o te putanga. Tenei wa Ivan Grozny mahara Livonians kirimana tawhito e titau ratou ki te utu takoha ki te āhua Russian, e kore nei e whakauru i te wa rawa te roa. Livonians whiriwhiringa, rite te roa rite i taea e ratou, roa, engari ka timata te kingi hohoro ngaro te manawanui me te whawhati atu whanaunga o te pai-mau taata-tupu, i roto i te 1558 e rua tekau ma rima nga tau te Livonian War, te tīmatanga angitu. haere hōia Russian tata te katoa o Livonia, anake nga taumaihi kaha me nga pa kaha. Livonia anake whakarato i taea resistance tika - Moscow kua ko feunga kaha.

hinga te āhua o te Order motu, te tuuraa harangotengote hoa tino kaha. Estonia - Sweden, Livonia - Lithuania, te motu o Saaremaa - gertsogts Danish Magnus, he kore Kurland he holdings hahi pangia secularization. ka Kaiwhakaako Kettler te Duke me tohe he tama hoki Polish. Ko reira maori anake e kua ui nga rangatira hou i Ivana Groznogo rohe kore-nohoia. Ahakoa atu mārama, e kore e kore te tikanga e te kingi o tetahi mea. Ko reira ka i runga i te Livonian War reira nga kaiuru hou. Otiia, kua riro Moscow. tahoroa ana hōia o te kingi Lithuania ki te Vilnius. i pai hoki te whakaaro ki o te rangimarie Lithuanians me ki hoatu Polotsk. Ko Zemsky Sobor kihai i roto i Moscow i te ao whakaae. haere te whawhai i runga i mo tetahi atu tau kotahi tekau. Ka rite ki te roa rite kore i te torona Polish-Lithuanian puta tetahi o nga rangatira tino pūmanawa.

Stefan Batory

Russia tika kua tino ngoikore e tau o te whawhai. I tua atu, i te whenua, me te oprichnina mongamonga. I roto i te tonga o te Tatars Crimean hoha, tono te Täingäwai katoa, Astrakhan ko Kazan Khanate. I roto i te 1571, Khan Devlet Giray i whakarite mnogovoyskovoe ohorere whakaekenga, puta ia i te tahunga o te katoa o Moscow, anake te Kremlin. I roto i te tau e whai ake nei ki te faahiti i te angitu e kore i tupu i te reira - te whakaritenga Russian raro i te ārahitanga o Mihaila Vorotynskogo patua nga Tatars i te taitamariki. Ko te wa ki te ngāue papau timata a Stefan Batory tenei - State Center o te whenua, ko te tino rawakore, me ngā rauemi, me te iwi. rati nui hoki akina Livonian i taea ki te kohikohi. tutaki patunga i aro tika. I roto i te 1578 patua hōia Russian i i Verdun.

I roto i te Livonian War tahuri wāhi. He tau i muri mai, whakaorangia Stefan Batory Polotsk, a ka te Luke nui ki Velizh. tamata Ivan Grozny ki pēhi i runga i Batory ko tāna, te tuku embassies ki te Austria Emperor me te Pope. Otiia kihai i hiahia i roto i tono o te Russian Tsar te kingi Polish, a i roto i 1581-m, whakapaea ana e ia Pskov. Ko reira uaua, engari turia te korero o Pskov. tamata Stefan Batory ki te karo ara te pōtitanga o e te Diet te kingi, engari e kore e taea ki te noho i runga i te torona o tetahi rangatira rangatira ranei e kore Germany ranei Moscow. I whiriwhiria e ia ki te whakaatu i tona mana kawana Transylvanian katoa. A, i muri i te mutunga o te pakanga rangaawatea anō. Heoi, ka anga reira ki kingi Russian, me korero o Pskov i roto i te Livonian War, faaite te Te Hau-ā-uru pēhea te tamau, me te tohunga e taea e te mata o te whakaeke Russian.

Ko te āhuatanga i te timatanga o te whawhai

I te wa taua ki reira nga pakanga me Sweden, te wahi e kore i taea e te Russian whakahaere ki te tango i runga i te pa o kakai, me whai wāhi ki te Moana Baltic. Kei te putap Livonia i te whakamanamana o te kingi Russian me kihai i muri rawa roa. Ia kau ki raro, no ki Stefan Batory, e kore e karanga toku teina i roto i nga whiriwhiringa, me te hoa - no te mea o te takenga kore ko o te kingi. whakaaro tonu Livonia Ivan Grozny te fiefdom. Na whakapakeke te iwi noa pōtitia e te hinaaro o te iwi i roto i whawhai, kaupapa kï patu hōia Tiamana, me te Hungarian runga i tohungia e ia kahore utu, i ia he rota o pu - nui, me te pai.

A, o te akoranga, ko reira te tumanako o te kaha i te ruarua patu rarangi whakahaere o ngā hōia Russian. ko rangatira Stefan Batory te mohio. Ko kahore wairangi, a Ivan Grozny. whakakitea Defense Pskov - pehea. Polotsk hoki te tiaki neke atu i te toru wiki, engari kihai i mahue, ahakoa tae te korero i te taha o te iwi katoa, taitamariki me te koroheke - hoatu i nga ahi, i awhina hoia. Kohuru i roto i Polotsk i muri i tango i te Stefan Batory i whakapehapeha, rite i muri, ka tangohia e te kingi Polish pa i muri pa - Usvyat, Velizh, Great Luke.

whakaritenga Batory

i takoha Ivan Grozny ki te whiriwhiri, te wahi e patua ana e ia a Poland Livonia - anake nga pa e wha. Heoi, Stefan Batory ui kore anake te katoa o Livonia, engari Sebezh. Haunga, he rota o te moni - wha mano koura ki te taupoki ana ratou utu o te whawhai.

I roto i te pukapuka, i maia ia ki te he te kingi Russian, karanga ana Moscow Parao me wuruhi. Whakamātau ki te houhanga rongo tenei e kore e riro angitu atu. I roto i te 1581, ka mau hōia Polish te motu, a whakapaea ana Pskov. Na konei katoa nga angitu me te whakapehapeha katoa o gentry me mo, no te mea ka timata te reira korero o Pskov. tae Livonian War te taumata hou.

Pskov pa

i City i taua wa he pa tika pūmau: tata anō i kaha taiepa, hoatu ratou tini pu, i hanga te ope kaha ki nga kawana wheako. Defence o Pskov ahu e Ivan Shumsky - rongonui mo tona toa Prince. ngā fakangalongata'a, e whakaahuatia enei i roto i te kōrero taipitopito - "Te Tale o te Tuhinga o Pskov". i hanga ngā kaiwawao o te pa ki te whakapakari i te taiepa kaha roto, o waho, i keria nga amo rua, a whakanohoia ana pū i runga i te paenga.

timata Dawn Mahuru 7 hurricane ahi o rua tekau pu. tino hiahiatia ana Batory te pakaru i roto i te taiepa ki te whakaeke. Ko e mo'oni, ko hohoro te patototanga te taiepa ki raro i roto i nga wahi maha, me i te ara i whakatuwheratia te pa. Kai-noho i te tina, kua kite rite he tina i Pskov. Otiia mutu te korero o Pskov Batory. Hei whawhai rere te pere e whakapaea noho katoa o te pa, e kore te ope anake. Katoa e ahei te whitiki, hohoro ki te wahi i ki nga wahi tino mōrearea. Mai i nga taiepa o te amo atu i whakamakuku te ahi taimaha, engari peia whakawhirinaki i roto i te wikitoria ratou i mua he mo'oni i runga i te tinana mate. I roto i te pa ano e wahia ratou.

merekara Russian

Pskov kua rua pourewa karaunatia kara kingi Polish, a kua hinga Russian raro i te pēhanga o mano tini hoariri. Prince Shuisky, horoi i roto i tona toto, me te manene, waiho i te hoiho mate a puritia tona tauira whati rarangi Russian. I roto i tenei wa uaua o te minita Pskov puta i roto i te matotoru o te whawhai ki te whakapakoko o tatou Lady me nga pukahu o te tapu, i runga i marama te whenua ki Russian Vsevolod-Kapariera. e kitea He pono, whawhai ki runga, a rere ana ki te whawhai ki te kaha whakahoutia. Svinuzskaya pourewa, ki tonu i te hoariri, ohorere tupu ki te rangi - whakatangihia reira tianara Russian. I roto i te waikeri ki maha paparanga o tinana o hoariri, e i roto i te pourewa. miharo hōia hoariri, ki tonu i te wehi, me te ketekete. O te akoranga, kihai i te Russian mataku me te patua tahi. mongamonga ope Polish i a patua mooni i runga i te oma.

Pskov noho ki te whai wāhi rite i roto i te whawhai - nekehia te, kawea wai i patua ki te neke i runga i maka e te pu hoariri ratou taiepa i kohia herehere. Ko te korero itoito o Pskov upootia tahuri te whārangi tuatahi o tona hītori. I tua atu, i roto i nga ara e ngana ana ki te hinga Pskov Batory: he kauhanga, pupuhi otaota karaka whero-wera, whakaturia ahi ki te pa, reta monitory kaiwhakawa Russian fafau painga i roto i te hui o te mate tata, me te whakamataku i te kaha i taua. E te ara, i ahau ki tonoa te pukapuka ki te awhina o pere, kihai i haere hoki te iwi o Pskov ki te whiriwhiri. Te whakahoki, ka tonoa ratou i roto i te ara ano. He te Russian reo i tuhituhia reira kore e hoatu Pskov, e kore e huri, ka whawhai matou. A ki kähaki i Pskov whakaaro i ona maina. Ko te hunga e maia ki te wahi i te taiepa, huna i muri i nga papa, ka uku koropupu ana.

ao

Kei te hanga tonu Ivan Grozny ao, a ko reira he rota o take. i tumanako Batory mo te wikitoria ngāwari, engari e kore e tonu Pskov tangohia ake. Wha me te hawhe mano hoia Pskov ki rima tekau mano hunga whiriwhiri o te Polish tu te whakapaenga, a riro e toru tekau wiki mooni fakaongosia te Tuhinga hoariri. mahi ārai i runga i plugging rua i roto i te pakitara, i keri waikeri noho pūmau, ka kawea i roto i.

Posada tata te pa i mua tahuna te iwi o Pskov me te posadov taupori katoa tangohia whakawhirinaki i roto i te pa. hōia hoariri mahue kahore kōrero, no te mea i hanga te noho o te pa marau auau, pahuatia peasants pāhia i Polish, whawhai toro i ana tera, me te kai tīpakohia tukua ki Pskov. kihai i Batory ite e i ngaro ia. Otiia i roto i te 1581 ka haere ia ki tonu te whiriwhiri ki te tsar Russian ka hanga he rangaawatea.