Ko te hanganga me te whakamatautau o te poma teitei tuatahi i roto i te USSR

Ko te Soviet Union kua mai 1918 whakahaere rangahau i runga i te ahupūngao karihi e rite te whakamātautau o te poma ngota tuatahi i roto i te USSR. I roto i Leningrad, te mua Institute i 1937, i whakarewahia te cyclotron, te tuatahi i roto i Europe. "I roto i te aha tau i te whakamātautau tuatahi o te poma ngota i roto i te USSR?" - ui koe. Ko te whakahoki, ka mohio koutou rawa hohoro.

I te 1938, Whiringa 25, whakapumautia te whakatau o te Academy o Sciences ko Komihana i runga i te karihi ngota. I roto i tona hanganga ngā Sergei Vavilov, Aperama Alikhanov Aperama Joffe, Ikoa Kurchatov me ētahi atu. I honoa ratou e rua nga tau i muri mai Hehe Gurevich me Vitaly Khlopin. kawea rangahau karihi i te taha o taua wa kua neke atu i te 10'inisititiuti rangahau. A, no te i whakaritea te USSR Academy o Sciences i te taua tau i te kōmihana wai taimaha, e muri ka mohiotia rite te Komihana i runga i ngā kanoirite. I muri te pānui i tēnei tuhinga, ka ako koe me pehea ki te kawe i te whakangungu anō, me te whakamātautau o te poma ngota tuatahi i roto i te USSR.

Construction o te cyclotron i Leningrad, te kitea o te ore konukarihi hou

I roto i 1939, i roto i Mahuru, ka anga reira te hanga o te cyclotron i Leningrad. I roto i te tau 1940, i roto i April, i whakaritea e te reira ki te hanga i te whakato pairati, e pai hua ia tau 15 kg o te wai taimaha. Heoi, no te mea o te pakarutanga i te wa o te whawhai, enei mahere i kore whakatinana. I roto i Mei o te taua tau, Yu Khariton, Ya Zel'dovich, tapaea N. semenov tona ariā i roto i te whanaketanga o te konukarihi te tauhohenga mekameka karihi. I te wa ano, i timata te mahi i runga i te kitea o tokahuke konukarihi hou. ko nga kaupae tuatahi ki te whakarato i te maha o nga tau i muri mai, te hanga me te whakamātautau o te poma ngota ki te Soviet Union enei.

Whakaaturanga o physicists o te poma ngota heke mai

He maha physicists i te mutunga o te 30 o ki te tīmatanga o 40 kē i te whakaaro taratara o pehea e titiro i te reira. Ko te whakaaro ko te ki te arotahi hohoro nui i roto i te wahi kotahi i te nui etahi o (te papatipu tino) o rauemi fissile i raro i te mana o ngā iramoe. kia timata te reira i muri i te hua horonga i te maha o ngā ngota ngā horo. E ko, ka waiho he tauhohenga mekameka, rite ki te hua o nei tohaina te he whakanui nui o te pūngao, me te puta te pahūtanga nui.

Ko te raruraru tūpono i roto i te hanga o te poma ngota

Ko te raruraru tuatahi ko ki te tiki i te rauemi fissile i rawaka rōrahi. I roto i te natura, anake tenei ahua o te taonga e taea te kitea - ko te kanoirite konukarihi ki te tau papatipu 235 (arā, te katoa maha o ngā iramoe me ngā iraoho i roto i te karihi), ranei - konukarihi-235. Ko te ihirangi o tenei kanoirite i roto i te konukarihi taiao - e kore neke atu i 0,71% (konukarihi-238 - 99,2%). Ano, ko te ihirangi o te rauemi ore māori ko i te nuinga 1%. Na reira, ko te tino he wero te kōwhiringa o U-235.

Ka rite ki hohoro reira ka rerekē mārama ki te konukarihi he konuwhiro-239. Reira e kore tata e puta i roto i te āhua (he reira iti iho i te 100 nga wa atu i taua o te konukarihi-235). Ko te kukū manakohia e taea ki te whiwhi i roto i te pūrere karihi, ka irradiated konukarihi-238 ki ngā iramoe. E hoki o fifi nui te hanga o te piere mo tenei whakaaro.

Ko te raruraru tuatoru e kohikohi te nui e hiahiatia ana o rauemi fissile i te wahi kotahi kihai i ohie. I roto i te tukanga o ngā waeine subcritical maungārongo, ara rawa nohopuku i roto i a ratou tīmata turuturu wehenga tauhohenga. Te pūngao tukua i roto i tenei take, e kore e tukua te tinana matua o te ngota whai wāhi i roto i te tukanga wehenga. E kore e he wa ki tauhohe, whakamararatia ratou.

Ko te tenenga Maslov me V. V. Shpinel

Maslov ko V. spinel i Kharkov Tinana-Hangarau Institute i 1940 rēhitatia te tono mo te tenenga o paura, e hāngai ana i runga i te whakamahi o te tauhohe mekameka e tīmata te whakangotangota noa o te konukarihi-235, ona papatipu supercritical, kua hanga nei i te maha subcritical wehea taikaha impermeable hoki ngā iramoe me huna e te detonation. feaa nui ai rawatanga anō tiaki rite, engari ahakoa whiwhi tonu tiwhikete mo te tenenga reira. Heoi, tupu tenei anake i roto i te 1946.

kaupapa Pū American

Hoki nga poma tuatahi te whakaaro nga Ameliká ki te whakamahi i te kaupapa repo i roto i nei whakamahi oko pū tūturu. Ki reira tetahi wahi o te rauemi fissile (subcritical), pihi te tahi atu. Otiia hohoro kitea atu e kore te mea e tika ana mo te konuwhiro he kaupapa taua e tika ana ki te meka i te auau o te pūtahitanga he takarepa.

Construction o te cyclotron i Moscow

I te 1941, April 15, ua faaoti SNK ki te tīmata i te hanganga o te cyclotron kaha i roto i Moscow. Heoi, i muri i te Pakanga nui Patriotic, i mutu matou tata katoa te mahi i roto i te mara o te ahupūngao karihi, hangaia ki te kawe 1 whakamātautau poma ngota i roto i te USSR. I te mua anga maha physicists karihi. Etahi i tukuna ki atu rû, rite whakaaro reira, he poi.

Collection o ngā mōhiohio i runga i take karihi

Kohi mōhiohio i runga i te take karihi mai 1939 whai wāhi i roto i te 1 Tari o te NKVD me te Army Whero GRU. I roto i te tau 1940, i roto i Oketopa, e J. riro Cairncross te kupu tuatahi, i korero o mahere ki te whakatū i te pahū karihi. whakatutuki i tēnei take i roto i te Komiti o Ingarangi mo Science, i roto i nei mahi ai ia Cairncross. I roto i 1941, i roto i te raumati, i whakaaetia te kaupapa i te poma, i huaina "elloyz Tube". Ingarangi ka te whawhai i tetahi o nga kau taki ao i roto i te whanaketanga karihi. Ko te nuinga e tika ana ki te awhina o pūtaiao Tiamana nei i rere ki tenei whenua ki te haerenga mai o Hitler ki te mana tenei āhuatanga.

Fuchs, he mema o te KPD, ko tetahi o ratou. haere ana ia i roto i te ngahuru o 1941 i te Soviet Embassy, i mea e he mōhiohio nui e pā ana ki te patu kaha hanga i roto i Ingarangi. S. Cramer ko R. Kuchinsky (operator irirangi Sonia) i whakaritea ki te kōrero ki a ia. Ko te karere reo irirangi tuatahi ka tono tangata ki a Moscow ngā mōhiohio i runga i te tikanga motuhake o te wehenga konukarihi kanoirite, hau tūringiringi, me te te hanga hoki tenei tipu whakaaro i roto i Wales. I muri ngaro ono nihowhiti tona hononga ki Fuchs.

Ko te whakamātautau o te poma ngota i roto i te USSR, kua mohiotia nei te rā o e whānui, rite me ētahi atu tutei. Na, he tirohia, Soviet i roto i te United States semenov (Twain) korerotia i roto i te mutunga o 1943 i taea e ki te kawe i te tauhohenga mekameka tuatahi Enrico Fermi i Chicago. Ko te pūtake o tenei mōhiohio ko te ahupūngao Pontecorvo. E ai ki te rārangi Foreign Intelligence i te wa ano ka haere mai te reira i Ingarangi tutakina nga mahi o pūtaiao o te Te Hau-ā-uru e pā ana ki te pūngao karihi, teiti hoki ki 1940-1942 tau. Te mōhiohio i roto i roto i a ratou, whakapumautia e kua nui te ahunga whakamua kua hanga i roto i te hanga o te poma ngota.

mahi Konenkov wahine (whakaahua i raro nei), te toi rongonui, me ētahi atu ki te tūhura. oho ia ofi ki Einstein ko Oppenheimer, mau aivanaa, ka whakaratohia he pānga wā roa i runga i a ratou. L. Zarubin, tetahi noho o te USA, ko e konga o te porohita o te iwi Oppenheimer, a L. Szilard. Ki te awhina o enei wahine, i taea ki te whakatinana i māngai i roto i Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, me te te taiwhanga Chicago te USSR - te nui pokapū rangahau karihi i roto i Amerika. Hoki ngā mōhiohio i runga i te poma ngota i roto i te Hau Amui no Marite haere te maramarama Soviet i roto i 1944 Rosenbergs, D. Greenglass, Pontecorvo, C. te whakaaro T. Hall, Fuchs.

I roto i te 1944, i te timatanga o Pepuere, ko Peria, Commissar o nga tangata o te NKVD, tiamana he hui o nga rangatira maramarama. I whakaritea e te reira ki te fakafekau'aki te kohinga o ngā mōhiohio mo raruraru karihi, e haere mai i roto i te Army Whero GRU me NKVD. I hanga "C" Division mo tenei. I roto i te 1945, 27 o Hepetema, i whakaritea ai. P. Sudoplatov Komihana GB, ahu tenei tari.

tukua mo Fuchs i Hānuere 1945, te whakaahuatanga o te hoahoa poma ngota. i rite Intelligence tua atu i ëtahi rite rauemi mo te wehenga o te konukarihi kanoirite i te tikanga hiko, te raraunga i runga i te reactors tuatahi, tohutohu mo te hanga o te konuwhiro me konukarihi poma, raraunga i runga i te rahi o te papatipu tino o te konuwhiro me te konukarihi i roto i te hoahoa arotahi taikaha o te konuwhiro-240, raupapa me te wā o ngā mahi mo te whakaminenga, me te hanga o te poma. hoki mo Information te tikanga o te mau mai i te pānga poma initiator, hanga o ngā tipu motuhake mo te wehenga o kanoirite. me ngā tāurunga rātaka kua riro, i roto ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te pahūtanga whakamātautau tuatahi o te poma i roto i te Hau Amui no Marite i roto i Hōngongoi 1945.

ngā mōhiohio hou i runga i enei awa ki te whakatere me te whakahaere i te mahi whakatakotoria ki te aroaro o kaipūtaiao Soviet. tohunga Western whakapono e i roto i te USSR taea anake te whakawhanakehia te poma i roto i te tau 1954-1955. Otira i he ratou. Ko te whakamātautau tuatahi o te poma ngota i roto i te USSR tupu i roto i 1949, i roto i August.

wāhanga New o te hanganga o te poma ngota

I roto i 1942, i roto i April, M. Pervukhin, Commissar a tangata o te ahumahi matū, i Kāti i runga i whakahau a Stalin ki rauemi e pā ana ki te mahi i runga i te poma ngota, kawea atu ki waho. Ki te aromatawai i faaitehia i roto i te pūrongo mōhiohio Pervukhin patua ana ki te hanga i tētahi rōpū o tohunga. Kei roto te reira i, i runga i te kupu tohutohu o Joffe, kaipūtaiao taitamariki Kikoin, Kurchatov ko Alikhanov.

I roto i te 1942, i runga i Noema 27 tukuna he tikanga "I konukarihi keri" T-pire. whakaratohia te reira mo te whakatū o te whare motuhake, me te te timatanga o te mahi i runga i te tukatuka me te tangohanga o ngā rauemi mata, haurapa arowhenua. mahara tenei katoa e ki te whakatinana i te tikanga, no te i taea te whakamatautau o te poma ngota tuatahi i roto i te USSR. tohua 1943rd tau i te taha o te meka i puta NKTSM ki te tangohanga me te tukatuka o konukarihi ore i roto i Tajikistan i runga i Tabarshskom toku. Ko te mahere 4 taranata ia tau o tai konukarihi.

i mawehe atu taua pūtaiao mua i taua wa i te mua. I roto i te taua 1943, 11 Pepuere, i whakaritea ai e te tau Laboratory 2 Academy o Sciences. whakaritea Ko tōna rangatira ko Kurchatov. i mahara ia ki te ruruku i te mahi i runga i te hanga o te poma ngota.

maramarama Soviet i roto i 1944 ko ki te tiki i te whaiaronga, i roto faufaa mōhiohio e pā ana ki te aroaro o reactors konukarihi-graphite me te whakatau i nga tawhā o te piere. Heoi, kihai i te tika ki te tiki ara he konukarihi iti whakamātau pūrere karihi ano tīariari i roto i to tatou whenua. I roto i te 1944, 28 o Hepetema, i hanga te kāwanatanga Soviet reira whakahauanga mō NKTSM tango konukarihi me te konukarihi tai i roto i te tahua kāwanatanga. I roto i te taiwhanga № 2 rokiroki i faataahia ratou mahi.

kawea mahi i roto i roto i Bulgaria

He rōpū nui o tohunga, whakaōrite e V. Kravchenko, upoko o te 4 Tari Special o te NKVD, i 1944, i roto i Noema, ka haere ki te ako hua tūhura i roto i te whakaoranga o Bulgaria. I roto i te taua tau, i runga i Hakihea 8 faaoti GKO ki kōrero i te tukatuka me te tangohanga o te konukarihi ore i SCMC 9 o Office o State GMP NKVD. I roto i te tau 1945, i roto i Maehe, whakaritea te matenga o te maina me tari metallurgical o te Tari 9 i Egorov. Na, i roto i te January, whakaritea e te nii-9 mo te ako o putunga konukarihi, whakaoti i te raruraru o te konuwhiro me konukarihi whakarewa, tukatuka o ngā rauemi mata. Bulgaria i te wa korerotia e pā ana ki te wiki me te hawhe toni o konukarihi ore.

Construction tipu tūringiringi

Mai 1945, i roto i Maehe, i muri i te taenga o US takere NKGB mōhiohio aronuinga poma, e hāngai ana i runga i te parau tumu o te implosion (arā kōpeketanga o te rauemi fissile i te pahūtanga o explosives tikanga), ka whakarewahia mahi i runga i te kaupapa, i i te painga nui i runga i te pū. I roto i te April 1945, i tuhituhi B. Mahaney he tuhipoka Peria. ka mea te reira i e i roto i 1947 tūmanakohia te ki te tīmata ake ki te whakaputa i konukarihi-235 tūringiringi tipu, kei i te tau 2. mahinga Laboratory o te tipu ko ki kia e pā ana ki te 25 kg o konukarihi ia tau. kia Ko kua nui kua hoki e rua poma. Hoki te US mau ka mau te reira 65 kg o konukarihi-235.

E kau 'i roto i te rangahau German pūtaiao

Mei 5, 1945 i roto i te pakanga mō te Berlin kitea i taonga no ki te Institute o te Kamupene Physics o Kaiser Wilhelm. He kōmihana motuhake, ahu e A. Zavenyagin i tonoa ki Tiamana i runga i Mei 9. Ko tōna mahi i ki te kitea te pūtaiao e mahi i reira i runga i te poma ngota, ki te kohikohi rauemi i runga i te raruraru konukarihi. Fakataha ki o ratou hapu i roto i te USSR i tangohia i roto i te rōpū nui o pūtaiao Tiamana. ngā ratou Nobel laureates N. Riehl ko H. Hertz, he ahorangi o Gaibu, M. von Ardenne, P. Thiessen, G. Pose, M. Vollmer, R. Deppel me ētahi atu.

roa Creation o te poma ngota te

ko reira tika ki te hanga i te pūrere karihi mō te whakaputa te konuwhiro-239. Ahakoa hoki te pairati ka mau e pā ana ki 36 toni o konukarihi whakarewa, graphite me 500 t 9 t o konukarihi hāorarua. E August 1943 i faatiti'aifarohia te raruraru graphite. whakapumautia tona tuku i roto i Mei 1944 i te Moscow kawehiko Plant. Heoi, ko te mutunga o 1945 te nui e tika ana o te konukarihi i te whenua.

hiahia Stalin ki te taenga atu ano i taea he whakamātautau o te poma ngota tuatahi i roto i te USSR. Tau i ki nei kua kawea reira i roto i, i reira te tuatahi he 1948-th (tae noa ki te puna). Heoi, i tenei wa e kore i reira rauemi noa mo tona production. whakaritea te rā kati hou i tanguru 8, 1945 i te ture kāwanatanga. I oho te poma ngota ki Maehe 1, 1949.

Te atamira whakamutunga, kua rite te whakamatautau o te poma ngota tuatahi i roto i te USSR

Ko te hui, i rapu hoki na te roa, i muri mai anō-whakaritea. ka mau te whakamātautau tuatahi o te poma ngota i roto i te Soviet Union wahi i roto i te tau 1949, i rite whakaritea, heoi e kore i roto i Maehe, a i roto i August.

I roto i te 1948, i runga i Hune 19, i whakarewahia te pūrere ahumahi tuatahi ( "A"). i hanga "B" tipu mo te wehe o te konuwhiro wahie karihi hua. poraka konukarihi irradiated, rewa, ka wehea e te matū tikanga konukarihi i te konuwhiro. Kei te ka atu pure te otinga i ngā hua wehenga i roto i te tikanga ki te whakaiti i tona mahi radiation. I te "B" i roto i te Aperira 1949, tīmata matou ki te whakaputa i ngā wāhanga o te poma-māka te konuwhiro, te whakamahi i nii-9 hangarau. Ko te piere rangahau tuatahi te whakamahi i te wai taimaha, i whakarewahia i te wa ano. Ki te maha ngā aituā i haere te whanaketanga production. A, no te te whakakorenga o ratou hopearaa kua rite take o ngā kaimahi overexposure. Heoi, i taua wa e kore matou i whakarongo ki taua trifles. Ko te mea tino nui i ki te kawe i te whakamātautau tuatahi o te poma ngota i roto i te USSR (tona rā - 1949, August 29).

I roto i te Hōngongoi, ko te tiaki wae kete rite. Ki te tipu mō te e mau ana i roto i inenga tinana, mahue he rōpū o physicists, i arahina Fleury. arahina rōpū Theory Zeldovich, i tonoa mai hoki tukatuka hua ine, me te tātai i te tūponotanga o te whaturama me te kakama uara oti.

Ko te kupu, whakaputaina te whakamātautau tuatahi o te poma ngota i roto i te USSR i roto i te tau 1949. 5 Ko te Komihana whāngai i roto i August i ako i te konuwhiro ka tonoa ki a KB-11, te tereina motuhake. tata i reira i tenei wa oti te mahi e tika ana. I tū huihui Mana o te tiaki i KB-11 i runga i te po o te 10 Akuhata 11. I reira te wāwāhitanga i te pūrere, ā, e Kikī ona wahi ki te kia tonoa ki te tanú. Ka rite ki kua whakahuatia, ka mau te whakamātautau tuatahi o te poma ngota i roto i te Soviet Union wahi i runga i 29 August. poma Soviet i te kupu whakapumautia hoki 2 tau, me te 8 marama.

Ko te whakamātautau o te poma ngota tuatahi

I roto i te USSR i 1949, August 29, i reira kua he whakamātautau warhead karihi i te pae whakamātautau Semipalatinsk. I runga i te Rig i taputapu. Ko te mana o te pahūtanga i 22 kilotons. Ko te hoahoa e whakamahia ana te tiaki faahiti te "Fat te tangata" i te US, a ka whakawhanakehia whakakī hiko e pūtaiao Soviet. Ko te hanganga multilayer ko te tiaki ngota. I kawea te reira na roto i te te kōpeke porohita poipoi convergent detonation i whakawhiti te konuwhiro ki te āhua tino.

Ētahi āhuatanga o te poma ngota tuatahi

5 kg o te konuwhiro i whakanohoia i roto i te pokapū o te tiaki. kitea te taonga i roto i te puka o rua tuakoi, e karapotia ana e takotoranga o te konukarihi-238. mahi ia rite te haamăta'ui ki te matua, bloating i roto i te tauhohenga mekameka i roto i te tikanga ki te whai wa ki te tauhohe rite nui o te konuwhiro. I tua atu, kua whakamahia te reira rite te whakaata, me te he kaiwhakaōrite iramoe. Kaunoa karapotia e te anga i hanga o te konumohe. mahi ia mō te kōpeketanga ōrite o te ngaru ru o te tiaki karihi.

wae Tāuta e kei rauemi fissile, hoki i whakamana i haumaru tonu i mua i te tono i te tiaki. Hoki tenei ngā reira i roto i koeko plug rua kati o te taikaha. A i roto i nga kuhunga roto, ki waho, he rua e kua katia e rakau. karihi wāwāhi e pā ana ki te 1 kg o te konuwhiro i tika ki te mana taikaha. kihai i te toe 4 kg whai wā ki te tauhohe me te he maumau te rehu, ka kawea te whakamātautau poma ngota tuatahi i roto i roto i te Soviet Union, te rā o e e mohiotia nei koe. He maha ngā whakaaro hou mō te whakapai ake i te utu ka whakatika i roto i te whakatinanatanga o tenei hōtaka. mo ratou, i roto i ngā, te whakapai ake i te take whakamahi o te rauemi, me te whakaiti taimaha, me te rahi. Ina whakaritea ki nga tauira hou tuatahi riro iti, atu kaha, me te ake huatau.

Na, puta te whakamātautau tuatahi o te poma ngota i roto i te USSR i 1949, 29 August. Ko te timatanga o atu whanaketanga i roto i tenei rohe, e kua tonu ki tenei ra. Ko te whakamātautau o te poma ngota i roto i te USSR (1949) ko te hui nui i roto i te aamu o to tatou whenua, hoatu ara ki tona mana rite te mana karihi.

I roto i te 1953, i te pae whakamātautau Semipalatinsk kotahi, te tuatahi i roto i te aamu o te whakamātautau Russian o te poma hauwai. Power moni kua reira ki 400 kt. Whakatauritea te whakamātautau tuatahi i roto i te USSR ngota poma me te hauwai poma: mana o 22 kilotons me 400 kilotons. Heoi, ko anake te timatanga tenei.

Mahuru 14, 1954 i ngā Totsky hanga nga mahi hōia tuatahi, i roto i nei whakamahia te poma ngota i. E huaina ratou "mahi" Snowball "." whakamātautau poma Atomic i roto i 1954 i roto i te Soviet Union, kia rite ki Declassified i 1993, i kawea i roto i tae atu ki te whāinga, ki te kitea i roto i pehea radiation pānga te tangata. Ko te whai wāhi i roto i tenei whakamātau i hoatu he ohaurunga kore e e whāki ratou mōhiohio e pā ana ki te irradiation mō te 25 tau.