Klod Debyussi: he haurongo poto o te kaitito, te hītori o te ora, auahatanga me te mahi pai

Composer Achille Klod Debyussi, ki houhia ai te romanticism me Modernism me te tekau ma iwa ki te rau tau rua tekau, ko tetahi o nga whika tino nui i roto i te ora waiata o taua wa. I tua atu ki te pehe nehenehe i tuhituhia e ia he rota o pai fakaangá waiata mārō. He E whakakake o France maha tama e tika, a tetahi o ratou - Klod Debyussi. hipoki haurongo Poto o ia i roto i tenei tuhinga.

tamarikitanga

Kaitito whanau i roto i nga wahi o waho ake o Paris i August 1862. Ko tona papa te rangatira o te toa China iti, ia hohoro hokona a ka kaikaute i Paris, i reira tona hapu, a ka whakatutehu.

He ka pau tata katoa tona tamarikitanga Klod Debyussi. ta haurongo poto e ko ia he wā nui o te ngaro o te kaitito i mua nei i roto i te pa. Ko te whawhai Franco-Prussia, a ka mau toku whaea atu te tamaiti atu i te shooting - i roto i te Cannes.

piano

I reira, i te waru tau, timata Claude tango haapiiraa piano, a pai e ratou ia na e, a hoki ana ki Paris, kihai i whakatane ia. Here whakaako ia Antoinette otaota de Fleurville, toscha punake Verlaine me te tauira o te kaitito me te piana Chopin. I muri i te rua tau (kotahi tekau nga tau), kua ako Claude i te Paris Conservatory: piano whakaako ia ia Antoine Marmontel, solfege - Aotber Lavinyak me te tinana - Sezar Frank.

E whitu nga tau i muri mai, riro Debussy te tohu mo te mahi o te Sonata e Schumann, kahore atu, kihai i tohua ia i roto i ona rangahau i te Conservatory. Ko te piha haapiiraa o te au maite, me te puoro pakaru take tūturu, i tae e Klod Debyussi. Poto haurongo me e tino faahiti tenei. kihai i kaiako kura Old Emil Dyuran tukua ara te tino haehaa hawarite mahere ngā, a huaina Debussy au maite nunui kaiako-oro ara rerekē o kōmaka. ka anga ia ako hanganga i muri anake tata kotahi tekau nga tau, i te tau 1880, Ahorangi Ernesta giro.

Debussy ko Russia

Taimi nounou ki te aroaro o tenei, i te mahi o te kaiako te kāinga waiata me te piana, i kitea i roto i te utuafare Russian rawa. haere te whānau ki Itari ko Switzerland, ki a ia ko Klod Debyussi. haurongo poto ki kōrero parau e pā ana ki te kaiwhakaruruhau Nadezhda von Meck, e awhinatia Tchaikovsky me maha atu te iwi auaha. Ko tenei, ka utua e Claude Debussy. E rua raumati i roto i te kaitito rarangi tū tata Moscow - i roto i Plescheevo, te wahi Ua mohio ia i roto i te taipitopito ki te waiata Russian hou a ko te ngakau ki tenei kura o hanganga.

Here whakatuwheratia e ia ko Tchaikovsky, Balakirev ko Borodin. I ngā maongo ia i te waiata o Mussorgsky. Me ki von Meck i Vienna Debussy tuatahi rongo ahau i i mīharo Wagner e "Tristan me Isolde". Kia aroha mai, hohoro i tenei mahi ahuareka, me te āwhina (a pai utua) ki te waiho, no te mea ohorere kitea etahi pēnekitia Debussy tetahi o nga tamahine o von Meck.

ano i roto i Paris

I roto i te oire o te kaitito ka he piana i roto i te taiwhanga waiata, i reira tutaki ia ki te waiata runaruna Madame Vanier, nui ka e whakanuia tona porohita o mohio i roto i te Bohemia Parisian.

Hoki ia, i tito ia ona masterpieces tuatahi. Here, te mutunga, haamata te pono "waiata" Klod Debyussi. Biography, he whakarāpopototanga o e kei te whakaahuatanga o enei whanaunga me te hua - te patere fakaofoofa "i runga i te ngautuara," me "Mandolin", ka mea te taumata tuatahi.

Tohu mātauranga

I te wa ano tonu akomanga Conservatory. I reira tamata Claude ki te kitea te whakaaetanga me te angitu i roto i hoa. A i roto i te 1883 i whakawhiwhia ia mo te cantata "Gladiator" te tuarua Prix de Roma. Na ka tuhituhi ia tetahi atu cantata - "Puhura Tama", a ka riro te tau e whai ake nei i te Prix Grand de Roma, me awhina ia i roto i tenei (ohorere, me te mo) te kaitito Sharl Guno.

Taua utu i ki te mahi i runga i te pūtake whakahauanga, ko Debussy ki te roa kinotia ia o rua nga marama atu i utu tūmatanui ki Roma, i reira i te rua tau te roa o te ora ki te atu toa i te Villa Medici me te hanga i reira waiata e e pai te konservatortsam mātauranga.

Roma

Ko te ora i arahina Klod Debyussi, he haurongo poto mō ngā tamariki whakauaua tahi, na ko reira whakahē, me te rangirua. Ua hinaaro ia ki kia i nga rarangi o te Academy o conservatives, a whakakeke. i whakawhiwhia paraihe, engari ki te whakatutuki i reira kahore hiahia, no te mea whai koe ki te tatau ki nga whakaritenga mātauranga.

Na hei utu o te tuhi waiata ataahua ko te tahi mea tuku iho. A na e hiahia ana koe i tou ake, taketake me kahore tetahi atu rite reo waiata, me te kāhua! Mai i konei me ketanga. kihai i ahorangi mātauranga farii i a kihai noa hoatu ake tetahi hou.

Impressionism

Ka rite ki tūmanakohia, kihai i te wā Roma o te auahatanga rawa nui hoona ko. kihai i tata ki te kaitito waiata Italian, kihai i rite ia Roma ... Heoi, i reira te mea he ararewa hiriwa. Here ako Debussy whiti o te Pre-Raphaelites ka anga ki te tuhituhi i te rotarota, "He wahine-ipo" mo te reo, me te upaupa. tuhituhi ia rotarota mō Gabriel Rossetti. Kei roto i tenei mahi, whakakitea te reira i Debussy āhuatanga o tona huru waiata.

I muri i te marama torutoru i roto i Paris upoko e te ode Tira pūoru Heine "Zyuleyma", me te tau i muri mai i te huinga mo te pŭpŭ himene (vocalize) me Orchestra "Spring" - he peita e Botticelli. Tenei ko te huinga me te mea spodvigla pükenga te wā tuatahi i roto i te pā ki te waiata o te kupu "Impressionism". i hahani ki a ratou te kupu. Debussy, rawa, kihai i rite ki te wā, me i nga ara e ngana ana ki te faaatea ano i ia i roto i te pā ana ki tona mahi.

Mō kāhua

I taua wa Impressionism ka mau rawa āhua i te kaipeita, engari e kore e te ara whakaritea te waiata. Ahakoa te kāhua kore kua ano i te aroaro i roto i te mahi i runga ake-whakahuatia o te kaitito. tika te hopukanga atu ahorangi mātauranga Just taringa te au, ka wehi hoki Debussy.

Otiia e pā ana ki te taua "Zyuleyme" Debussy korero ia ara ki korokë me hanihani, e fakamanatu ia o tenei waiata e kore he tahi mea e kore Meyerbeer, Verdi. Ko te rua mahi whakamutunga he ia kahore korokë kihai i meinga, me ka pai te "Spring" ki te mahi i te Conservatory, e mahi ana i te taua "wahine, e aroha nei," muranga ake Debussy ka whawhati atu whanaunga ki te Academy.

Wagner ko Mussorgsky

Torutoru iwi na hiahia i runga i ngā whanaketanga hou, rite Klod Debyussi. haurongo Poto o auahatanga i roto i te whānui, taupoki e taea kore, Heoi, ko te huringa waiata "E rima ngā whiti o Baudelaire," he tika o te kupu kotahi. Ehara i te mea he he fa'ifa'itaki o Wagner, engari ko nui te mana o te rangatira i runga i Debussy, a taea rongo koe i te reira. He nui ki reira me te mau haamana'oraa o Russia, i ngā i te haamoriraa o te waiata e Mussorgsky.

I muri mai i tona tauira, whakatau Debussy ki te kitea te tautoko i roto i te pakiwaitara, e kore e tika koutou ake. I te 1889 i tū Fair Paris Ao o, a te wahi i utuhia ana whakarongo te kaitito ki te waiata tāwāhi o Java me annamitskogo tā me'alea. I hiki te mana'o, engari e kore e kua te hanganga o te kāhua o tona kaitito ano awhinatia, ka mau te reira e toru atu nga tau.

Salon Chausson

I te mutunga o nga 80s haamata te reira ki te hanga "impressionistic" Achille Claude Debussy haurongo. rā matua o te ora o te kaitito e kore e pera maha, kia kore ratou e mahara, ko tenei tetahi - te atu pera no te mea te reira nui. tutaki Debussy kaitito runaruna Ernest Chausson me hoa tata ki tokomaha o nga manuhiri o tona Salon toi.

He nga rongonui rongonui, iwi tino ngā pērā i kaitito Albéniz, Faure, du Parc, Phewa reira ko Polina Viardo, a ki haere mai te reira i te kaituhi Ivan Turgenev, te whakatangihanga a reira vaiolini Ezhen Hehe me piana Alfred Cortot-Denis, unuhia ana Klod Mone. Ko reira a ko reira ka e hoa Stéphane Mallarmé me Klod Debyussi. Haurongo o te kaitito taonga e tūtakitanga hou, teití, auhoaraa me te mahi tahi. Na ano e te ka hoki te ora ka Edgar Allan Poe te kaituhi tino o Claude Debussy.

Erik Satie

Heoi, i roto i tenei wā o te wā e kore e pāngia katoa o enei iwi kia nui te hanganga taranata o te kaitito o, rite te hui i roto i Impressionist i 1891, ki te taporom mau "wharekai i roto i te kapua." ko tona ingoa Eric Satie. Hangatanga, i te rongonga o Debussy i tenei wharekai, whakaaro ki a ia he rerekē hou, e kore tetahi rite, a tino kore kafeshantannymi. Maheni ki a ia, Debussy ka mauruuru te haere noa ki i ora ai ia, ka korero e pā ana ki te ora o te tangata motuhake. I roto i ana whakaritenga e pā ana ki te waiata e kore e i te faahararaa e, ko te reira bitingly atamai, me te kore i tohungia te mana.

i maia tino mate waiata, me te piana mahi o Satie, ahakoa kahore i tuhituhia rawa ngaio. Ko te hononga o te tangata e rua roa hoki tata he rau hauwhā, me te kore, kua kua ohie, ko reira he auhoaraa, te mauahara, ki tonu i te tautohetohe, engari taonga mahara tonu. faataa ia Debussy Me katoa ki te pehea e o te mana auaha nui o Wagner ko Mussorgsky, rite ehara i te mea te hinaaro tūturu French. whakakitea e ia Debussy he taputapu ataata e kua fiefia roa nga kaitoi Cézanne, Monet, Toulouse-Lautrec, ka takoto ko ia anake ki te kitea te ara ki te neke ratou ki te waiata.

Afternoon o te Faun

I roto i te 1893, anake i ki te tīmata i te tuhinga roa i runga i te opera o te Maeterlinck "Pelleas et Melisandre." A ka ko reira kua taea maia ki te kupu "Impressionism" ki te tāpiri i te ingoa - Debyussi Klod. Haurongo - Kōrero o te ora, auahatanga, tahuri te hui i runga i te ara ki te toi me te nui ake, engari he reira ona wahi wāhanga, ka ko te matua tonu etahi tetahi. Hoki Debussy Ko, o te akoranga, auahatanga. He tau i muri mai, i roto i te 1894-m, i faauruhia ia e eclogue o Mallarmé, a ka titoa e ia he "kāri pakihi" o Impressionism - "Te Afternoon o te Faun", ōrite i roto i te marama omuaraa Tira pūoru.

Kua ui te mahi i runga i te opera iwa tau o tona ora. I roto i te whakarara, i tuhituhi Debussy hua iti mōmona, engari e kore e te tohu iti: ropi e orchestral "te moana" ki te tauine pono Tira pūoru, te wahi i korero i te mea timatanga ki tahi i te tahi (te mutunga - "Ko nga hau kōrero me te moana"). ka tino titiro rite te Monet katoa kaitito waiata - pepe paraparau - "tae" - he ahua, te tauira e rua i roto i te takawhīwhiwhi.

"Images", "taparahi" me "Games"

Orchestral pikitia hararei i oti rawa ki nga whenua e toru - France, Spain me Ingarangi i tuhituhia, ka whakamana hoki whitu nga tau, timata mai i 1905. Spanish Rawa pai "Iberia" - he kanapa, me te harakoa wahi mutunga, me te nocturne rerekē "Flavours o te po" i roto i te waenganui.

I roto i te 1911, ka whakatangi te ohorere ki e faaroo te waiata o Debussy, e e kua waia ki, a aroha te kēmu-feliliuaki rorerore o hawarite taurangi i roto i ana mahi i muri mai. Harmony ohorere kawea te wairua o onamata, hei kakano kua nui, me te tino economical. Ko te waiata, hangaia te mea ngaro o "Te Fakapoongi o St. Sebastian" Kapariera d'Annutsio. Na, i roto i te 1913, riro ia he tikanga mo te kotahi-ohipa ori "Games" e S. P. Dyagileva mo e Debussy maia, a ka mau nui akakoromaki i te mahi.

piano

hanga Suite mō Piano Debussy i tenetere indescribably tokomaha, tata katoa noa paku te patu i teie nei konohete piana ki tenei waiata. Tenei kia wha ana "Bergamasque Suite" tito e i roto i 1890, me te toru-wahi, ka whakatangi te tuatahi i roto i 1901, e taea te takina peehia o te kāhua Rococo.

Mai i 1903 ki te 1910-th tuhituhi Debussy rua pukatuhi piana "mūsika" me "Tā". I roto i te 1915, oti ia te huringa o te tekau ma rua "Etudes", whakatapua ki Frederic Chopin. Friendship ki Igor Stravinsky "rongo" i roto i te huinga mo te rua te kinura "I roto i te pango me te ma," i i oti i roto i 1915, a i roto i te tahi mau mahi waiata o tenei wā.

waiata waiata me te ruma

timata noa ake neoclassical ana mahi waiata o te wā whakamutunga o te ora. Irava o kaitito French ka o te Renaissance te pūtake o "waiata o France" e Debussy oti te tuhi i roto i 1904, "E haere aroha", i hoatu te kaituhi e ono tau o tona ora, tu'ite i ratou anake i roto i te 1910, ko te "toru patere" i runga i rotarota o Villon hohoro Tuhia.

I tua atu ki te waiata waiata, e kore Debussy i waiho me te ruma momo: tuhituhi e ia he rota o iti, engari rawa kanapa, me kua riro rongonui mahi katoa mo te hero me te piana, Viola, putorino, me te hapa - te tokotoru, wairingi me te piana. kihai ia i whai wa ki te whakaoti i te huringa o ono sonatas ruma. mate Klod Debyussi i 1918, i roto i Paris, i te mate pukupuku. Engari ka mahara tonu te ao.