Inbreeding - he aha te mea te reira? Inbreeding: tauira

Whakatutukinga o iranga taupori me ona turanga ariā nui o ngā tukanga māori puta i roto i te kāinga, tukua iwi ki te whakamahi i tenei matauranga mo ratou ake hiahia. Hei tauira, he ari rawa noa pērā i inbreeding me outbreeding. More waia ki fenāpasi katoa ki enei ngā - tahanga. He aha e enei tukanga i te wāhi pūtaiao o te tirohanga, me te aha e taea e te tangata te whakatutuki mā te whakamahi i ratou, whakamārama tatou i roto i tenei tuhinga.

Inbreeding - he aha te mea te reira?

Hei timata ki te tautuhi i te ariā. Na, inbreeding, te reo pūtaiao korero ira, ko reira te kukū o ōrite i te uri ngā irarā arā, o tetahi tohuira, e ko te rauropi ngā.

Ki te neke atu i te kupu ohie ki te whakahoki kupu i te pātai "inbreeding - e ko," Ka taea e tatou te mea e he reira whakawhiti whai take o ngā puka e pā ana tata o ngā tipu, kararehe, te tangata mo te whakaaro o te haaputuputuraa i roto i te tohuira o etahi ngā irarā o te ira e mau ana i te huaira hiahiatia. I roto i te meka, i reira e rave rahi taurite o te tukanga. Na, ka tae mai te reira ki te taupori tangata, he mau faaipoiporaa hāngai ana tata te huaina tahanga. Ki te kōrero koe e pā ana ki te tipu, ka tetahi korero o inbreeding. Inbreeding - ariā mō te kararehe. Heoi, hoki kia te whakamahi tenei wā i roto i te tupuranga hua.

heterosis

He he he mea pēnei i te tohu tino o te inbreeding. Tenei puta ka:

• Ko te ahei o te whaiaro te kikiritanga-te kararehe;
• tipu he whaiaro-pollinated.

I roto i enei wā, kohikohi i roto i nga whakatupuranga ngā irarā iraruarite ki te āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana he nui māmā, i roto i te meka waho i te huinga o ngā pūira o takitahi rerekē. Kei te whānui whakamahia tenei taonga i roto i te te tipu tupuranga. Takitahi i te whakatupuranga tuatahi i te whaiaro ruinga hae-maha hua taua hua, i roto i nei nui haere te tukua e 60%! mohiotia tenei te rite heterosis, a ko te tikanga tino whakamahia mō te whakaputa taua hua o te tipu takenga, pēnei i:

• miro;
• pepa;
• pī;
• pīni;
• citrus;
• witi;
• parei, me etahi.

Nga tikanga inbreeding, kawea atu i te tangata kia utu proyavlyaemosti kino whakawhiti ira i roto i to ratou āhua iraruakē i roto i nga whakatupuranga heke mai. mahi tenei e kōwhiringa tāwhaiwhai. Ki te ora te tipu i roto i ngā āhuatanga tūturu, he kōwhiringa taua o te natura tino e wahi, he mea māori. Ko te aha i roto i te āhua i roto i ngā tipu whaiaro-pollinating ki te tata e taea te whakatau deformities, distortions me tino mate ira.

Ko te hītori o te ariā o te whanaketanga

Ki te ruku koe ki te hītori, te ariā o te irawaru, i reira he he koroheke rawa, mai i te wa o te Pharao ia. Ko te u'i rerekē ka kite a rerekē tenei āhuatanga. Hei tauira, whakaaro te irawaru Romans i tahito i te hara e wehingia ana. Otiia i roto i nga wahi e rite ana Ihipa, Europe, te mua ia Columbus Amerika, me piri katoa o peikani, ko tenei tukanga tino he wāhanga noa o te ora. Teina marenatia noa tuahine, a ka pōwhiritia reira rite taea reira ki te whakaora "utu nui" toto o te whare i roto i te take o te mau utuafare kingi, me te kingi. Heoi, i riria te Bibilia taua tahanga, whakaaro irawaru i te hara e wehingia ana, na kua mutu te ao Karaitiana katoa ki te wā taua tukanga.

Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te tipu, kararehe, te tahi mea e inbreeding e, heterosis aha ako iwi anake i muri empirically. Ko reira mārama e ia kihai i wātea te matauranga o iranga taupori. i arahina iwi maramarama anake, nga whakamātautau whakamātautau. Heoi, ko reira nui ki te kua i rite: hoki whiwhi i te āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana me te whakatika ratou i roto i te uri kia hybridize i waenganui ratou tata ki te puka ira ngā faaite e waho.

Ko te taua pā ki ngā tipu. Kei te mohiotia te reira i e i roto i XIV rautau Ottoman tulip tupu tae ritenga pai whiwhi e inbreeding. I roto i te kararehe tino maha i raro ki nga kuri inbreeding, mai i ratou i te huanga matua o te hopu, me ia, i roto i te tahuri, - ngā te whakangahau matua.

Inbreeding i roto i nga kuri, i homai te kaha, hardiest me kaiako te hua o kuri hopu. Ko reira pono he maha nui o takitahi, puta i ngaro i irakētanga.

Ko te tohu me te inbreeding

ako ariā o te ariā kua hoatu e pūtaiao maha, ko te mahi tino faufaa o te pakeha Wright me mua Kislovsky. Tahi, engari takitahi o tetahi ki tetahi, i taea e ki te hanga i tētahi tātai ki te tātai i te tau whakarea o inbreeding whakatupuranga ratou. Ko reira e whai ake:

_{F x = Σ F (1/2)} n + ni- ¹ * (1 + F _he) * 100, i reira

• F _x - inbreeding whakarea, ka whakaatuhia hei ōrau;
• F _he - inbreeding i te tupuna noa;
• n, n _i - NIT.

Ki te matau koutou te maha whakatupuranga o nga momo, me te whai kōrero e pā ana ki te kua tatau te whakarea inbreeding mo nga tupuna, he mea ka taea ki te tātai i te auau mō tetahi rauropi. Anake kia tuhia te reira e kua hanga anake enei tātaitanga i te whakaaro ariā. E whakaatu ana Practice e he hauarea tenei tikanga, mai i waihotia reira te irarā ngoikore e mau ana irakētanga kino. A kia ratou e rua tai'ata e me heterozygotes i tukanga auau.

Na reira, he rerekē i te hunga tatau takahi i nga hua o te mahi. Tātai Wright-Kislovsky whakamahia anake ka tuhi dissertations, pepa wā, dissertations, titau te wahi he nui rawa nui o ngā raraunga mō ngā whakatupuranga maha systematization me utu rite.

Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te tohu o te inbreeding, kua whakaritea ai e matou i runga. Ko te mahi tupuranga kuri ki te rawea, ona tau Rōmana, e whakaatu, i roto i nei i te tipuna noa ki te tohu tika whakatupuranga.

whakarōpū

Katia (tata) inbreeding - he aha te mea te reira? Ko tēnei ko te kotahi o tukanga rerekētanga, ka e kia kōrero i raro nei. tawhiti ano inbreeding āhua, me te tawhiti. Hei mahino te rerekētanga matua me ritenga i waenganui i ngā momo rerekē, titiro i ia o ratou.

inbreeding tata

Ko te puka uaua tino me mōrearea o te tukanga tenei. Kei te whiti ia te toto tata ahu whanaunga. Ki te iritihia ki tangata whanaunga -degree, he reira, hei tauira, he whaea, me te tama, te papa, me te tamahine, teina, me te tuahine.

I roto i te whakawhiti taua puta tata utu ngā irarā rite. Ka rite ki te hua, hohoro te tohu e hiahiatia ana puta i roto i te whakatupuranga uri tuatahi. Heoi, ko te ati ko te meka e taea te takitahi hua kawe huna ira mutant ngoikore, a i reira ka kia nui, ko te nui i te maha o te uri. I roto i ngā take pēnei i, puta whakaeminga tere o ngā tohu kino me deformities, i reira te mea he kahukahu, rauropi pākoko.

whakaaro āhua

whiti kararehe inbreeding taua te whanaunga atu tawhiti. Iritihia ki whanaunga tangata-tohu e, mo te tauira, whanaunga, irāmutu, me te matua keke, a na i runga i.

Ka rite ki te hua, ka taea e koe āta, hanga he kōwhiringa tupato, ki te whakatutuki i homozygosity mō kōwhiringa e hiahiatia ana. Ko te roa tenei tukanga, engari whakaiti reira te irarā iraruarite kino. Ka rite ki te hua, ka taea e tetahi whiwhi tata katoa amo whakatupuranga pai, kaha, hauora, me te faaoroma'i.

O te akoranga, ka tonu kia kitea nga irarā ngoikore o te ira mutant, pea, e kore e kotahi, engari i runga i te wā tino mate atu, haere ki te heterozygote.

Tiro tawhiti

Tenei kararehe inbreeding tā kore he whakawhitinga rite takitahi e pā ana tata. Na, ki te mea te kaupapa i runga i te iwi, kia waiho ai, hei tauira, tuarua whanaunga me tuahine.

He tukanga rite homai he hua rawa ngoikore, maha ngā kitea. I tua atu, rangahau whakaaro e runga i te wā i reira he whakatupuranga o takitahi ki ngā huanga koi kino. Animals atu mamae, mua roa ngoikore, ira mutant me deformities take.

Ko reira kitea e whiwhi i te uri pai, taea ki te whakawhiti ratou pūāhua ki te whakatupuranga i muri, a kia haere tonu ki te hanga i te mekameka atu - Ko te mea te whāinga o inbreeding (te whakaaro hoki e te whakamahia reira).

tauira crossbreeding

Inbreeding i roto i te kararehe whakamahia mo te wa roa. Na e ko te tauira o ngā māngai o kararehe he kitea pehea te mahi i te reira. Korero e pā ana ki taua inbreeding, tauira ngā te whai ake:

• taupori hoiho thoroughbred;
• rārangi ma o kuri purebred;
• taeoliia tika ahu momo, me te pera i runga i.

I roto i te parau tumu, e taea ki te whakamahi i te crossover ki momo katoa o te kararehe. Just hoki te nuinga ko reira he whakamātau parakore. Ko inbreeding, tauira o nei kua hoatu matou i runga - ko te mahi faufaa nui mahi o tenei.

no Rawa kaiaka nui ki te tutu'a kuri mātanga e mohio nga mai me here, o te whakawhiti me te whiwhi i te uri pono ataahua, me te hauora. Ko iranga - ko te tino-feliliuaki te pūtaiao, na blunders puta. Ka taea e ira ngoikore faaite ratou, a e kia kāore mō te hoko i te takitahi, mo te whakaaro ki te katoa o te ora te manakohia,.

Inbreeding i roto i cynology

Ka rite ki te mea kua tuhia e matou, kuri mohio ki nga mea ngaro o te tītohunga nui atu i tetahi atu ngaio. Inbreeding i roto i kuri - he condition nui mo te tupuranga o ngā rārangi purebred. whakamatauria tutu'a kuri mātanga e ko te pānga nui te ahua ngawari o te whakawhiti taua.

Tikanga mō te kuri inbreeding angitu:

• kaiwhakarewa tohuira kounga;
• mātau, me te huarahi tātai ki te tukanga;
• kōwhiringa kōwhiringa āhua.

Ko te mea matua mō tetahi kaitiaki - ki te ārai i te timatanga o te inbreeding korekore. Ko te āhua o te rārangi tenei ina timata takitahi ki te tukua atu tetahi ki tetahi ira mutant e meinga deformities. Ka rite ki te hua, he ngoikore, mamae, me te maha patua takitahi katoa.

outbreeding

Inbreeding i roto i te tipu tupuranga he tino nui, no te mea maha hua samoopylyaemy, pera he tiketike tona pai. Otira ka tae mai te reira ki kararehe, te tino whakamahia ano outbreeding - te pānga ritenga i runga i te hanganga. whiti e te mau taata te tikanga auauhia ki te utu i te raina thoroughbred pai. I roto i tenei ara hoiho muia, kau, poaka, kuri, me te tahi atu mōkai. Outbreeding - he tikanga ohie, me te pono o te tupuranga, rite i whakatupuranga ki whakatupuranga e kainga te uri o hua.