I roto i te mea tau me te hunga kitea te irahiko? Ahupūngao, I TE te irahiko: te ingoa, te hītori o ngā āhuatanga me ngā meka ngā

tonu tonu Tohea e pā ana ki te hunga kitea te irahiko, ki tenei ra. I roto i te tūranga o te pionie o matūriki pūmotu, anake Dzhozefa Tomsona, etahi tumu kōrero pūtaiao kite Hendrik Lorentz ko Pieter Zeeman, etahi - Emilya Viherta, me etahi atu - Filippa Lenarda. Na ko wai te mea - te pūtaiao e kitea te irahiko?

Atom - na wehewehe

Ko te wā "ngota" i roto i te ora ia rā i whakaurua e te mau philosopho. Leucippus whakaaro Ancient tetahi i roto i te V rau BC. e. fokotu'u ahau e hanga katoa i roto i te ao kei te ake o matūriki iti. Tona ākonga - huaina Democritus ratou ngota. E ai ki te philosopho, te ngota - "poraka hanga" o te ao, wehewehe, me te mure ore. Mai i to ratou āhua waho, me te hanganga āhuatanga ririki o matū ngota e rerengia ana te wai - whakarewa maheni - ki niho ngā momo, hoatu te tinana pakeke.

Ko te pūtaiao tino Russian M. V. Lomonosov, te kaiwhakarewa o te ariā ngota-rāpoi whakapono e te hanganga o matū corpuscles ohie (muingota) i hanga e te momo ngota kotahi, uaua - rerekē.

Ua haapii Whārangi Dzhon Dalton (te tangata) i roto i te 1803, i hāngai i runga i ngā raraunga whakamātautau, me te tango i te taimaha wae paerewa o te ngota hauwai kitea ngā papatipu ngota o te tahi mau huānga. ko ariā Atomic Ingarihi o faufaa nui mo te whanaketanga atu o te matū me te ahupūngao.

Wai kitea te irahiko?

Na roto i te timatanga o te rau tau XX i putu ai he maha o raraunga whakamātautau whakamatautau te matatini o te hanganga o ngā ngota. taea ngā tenei te awenga whakaahua-hiko (Hertz, A. Stoletov, 1887), te whakatuwheratanga o te pitoiho (J. Plucker, W. Crookes, 1870) ko X-ray (X-ray B., 1895) hihi, ira (A. tēnei wā, 1896).

Scientists mahi ki hihi pitoiho, wehea kia rua nga ropu: tūmanakohia tetahi te āhua poipoi o te tītohunga, te tahi atu - corpuscular. hua sino tutuki ahorangi o te Ecole normale Supérieure (Lille, France) Zhan Batist Perrin. I roto i te 1895, kua whakakitea e ia i roto i tamataraa e te hihi pitoiho ko te awa o matūriki tōraro i ako. Pea Perrin - ahupūngao, kitea te irahiko?

I runga i te paepae o whakatutukitanga nui

ua faaite ahupūngao me te mathematician George Honetona Stoney (Royal Irish University o Dublin) i roto i te tau 1874 te whakaaro o te natura motuhake o te hiko. He aha te tau me i nei te irahiko i kitea? I roto i te mahi whakamātau i runga i te electrolyzed D. Stoney uara mōkito tautuhia o te tiaki hiko (ahakoa te hua whiwhi (10 ^-20 Cl) ko 16 nga wa iti iho i te tūturu). Elementary tiaki wae 1891 hiko i roto i te Irish Scientist huaina "irahiko" (i te Kariki "amipere").

He tau i muri mai, kua whakatakoto Gendrik Lorens (Leiden University, te Hōrana) nga haapiiraa matua o tona ariā irahiko, rite ki nei te pūtake o te hanganga o tetahi taonga he utu hiko motuhake. e kore e ēnei pūtaiao whakaaro te pionie o te matūriki, engari kua riro ratou tūhuratanga ariā, me te mahi i te turanga totoka mo te whakatuwheratanga o Thomson heke mai.

ngākaunui niwha

I runga i te pātai o ahakoa, ka me e kitea te irahiko, hoatu mātauranga he whakahoki mārama, me te ta'e - Dzhozef Dzhon Tomson i 1897. Na he aha te mea te kaiaka o te ahupūngao English?

Ko te papa o te peresideni o te Royal Society heke mai ko te toa hoko, a Hare ki tamarikitanga i roto i tana tama te aroha o te kupu tāngia me te hiahia mō te matauranga hou. I puta ia i Owens College (1903 - Manchester University) me te Whare Wānanga o Cambridge i 1880, he taitamariki mathematician Dzhozef Tomson haere ki te mahi i te Cavendish Laboratory. rangahau whakamātau tino matenui te kaipūtaiao taitamariki. tuhia hoa tona fakatapui tuutuu ore, me te weriweri faahiahia mō te mahi ā-.

I roto i te 1884, i te tau o 28 tau, whakaritea Thomson i kaiwhakahaere o te taiwhanga, angitu Ariki K. Rayleigh. I raro i te ārahitanga o te Thomson Laboratory runga te 35 tau i muri mai kua tupu te reira ki tetahi o nga pokapū nui o ahupūngao ao. No reira timata ratou haere Rutherford, Bohr, P. Langevin.

Web ki taipitopito

Mahi i runga i te ako o hihi pitoiho Thomson timata ki te tirohia i te ngā o tona matua. Hoki ngā maha i hanga reira taputapu motuhake mō drawings whaiaro kaiwhakahaere taiwhanga. I muri i te fariiraa i te haamauraa o ngā wheako kounga, kihai i Thomson noa whakaaro ki te mutu i reira. kite te whāinga matua o reira i roto i pū faaotiraa ine o te āhua o te hihi, me o ratou matūriki.

ngongo New hangaia mo nga ngā e whai ake nei i roto i tona hanganga, e kore anake te pitoiho mua, me te tere electrodes (i roto i te puka o paraharaha me mowhiti) ki te ngaohiko deflection. corpuscles Whāngai whakahaua i te mata pani ki te kahu angiangi o rauemi matūriki te amipere ki runga ki pānga. E tūmanakohia rerenga ki te whakahaere i te mahi ngā o mara hiko, me te autō.

wae ngota

Kaikitetuatahi kia uaua. Ahakoa uaua ki te paruru i to ratou mau ti'aturiraa, e te hunga poka ke ana te pai-whakapumautia ngā ariā mō ngā mano o nga tau. Belief roto koe, i roto i to koutou rōpū, me te Thomson i te tangata e kitea te irahiko.

hoatu te wheako hua auheke. ko papatipu matūriki i roto i rua mano. wa iti ake i taua o ngā katote hauwai. Ko te ōwehenga o te tiaki ki corpuscles e kore e whakawhirinaki ki runga ki auau rere papatipu, te āhuatanga o te rauemi pitoiho, te āhua o te reo haurehu waihā i roto i nei puta te rere. Ko te mutunga i te aroaro ki te turanga katoa: corpuscle - mea korakora Universal i te hanganga o te ngota. Time i muri i te wā, ata me āta tirohia Thomson nga hua o ngā me tātaitanga. A, no te mahue feaa te, he kauhau i runga i te āhua o hihi pitoiho o te Royal Society. I roto i te puna o 1897, mutu reira ki te waiho hei ngota wehewehe. I roto i te 1906, i whakawhiwhia Dzhozef Tomson te Nobel i Physics.

Unknown Iogann Vihert

Ingoa o te kaiako Koningsborskogo Geophysics, a ka te University o Göttingen, kairangahau seismography ao Johann Emilya Viherta, pai mohiotia i roto i ngā porowhita ngaio tohunga pūtaiao me geographers. Ko ko ia pūtaiao maheni, me te tinana. Ko reira anake te tangata nei te pūtaiao e pā ana, me Thomson, te I TE te irahiko fa'i. A, ki te he tatou ki te kia tino pau, pepa whakaahua ngā me ngā tātaitanga i whakaputaina Wiechert i Hānuere 1897 - wha marama i mua o te pūrongo o te pakeha. Wai kitea te irahiko - kua mua i whakaritea, engari tonu te meka.

Hoki tohutoro: i tetahi o ana mahi, e kore Thomson i te whakamahi i te wā "irahiko". whakamahia e ia te ingoa "corpuscles".

Wai whakatuwheratia te iraoho, iramoe me te irahiko?

I muri kimi ie te parahi matūriki timatanga tuatahi i runga i te hanganga taea o te ngota. Ko tētahi o nga tauira tuatahi i whakaarohia e Thomson. Ngota, kia rite ki a ia, rite te wahi o te purini ki karepe: he tinana pai whakatupato whakauruurutia ki matūriki kino.

I roto i te 1911, Ernest Rutherford (Aotearoa, United Kingdom) fokotu'u e te tauira planetary o te ngota e te hanganga. E rua tau i muri mai, hoatu mua e ia te whakapae o te oraraa i roto i te karihi o te ngota pai whakatupato matūriki me, ka riro te reira experimentally, ka karanga iraoho. tohu ano e ia te oraraa o te korakora kūpapa i roto i te karihi ki te papatipu iraoho (kitea te iramoe i roto i 1932 i te pūtaiao Ingarangi Hoani. Chadwick). I roto i te 1918, hoatu Dzhozef Tomson taiwhanga mana o Ernest Rutherford.

Takekore ki te mea e te kitea o te irahiko kua whakaaetia te titiro hou i te āhuatanga hiko, autō, me te optical o te rauemi. He uaua ki te pe si◊aki te tūranga o Thompson me ana muimuí i te whanaketanga o te ahupūngao ngota, me te karihi.