History o Estonia: he tirohanga whānui

History o Estonia ahua tīmata ki te kainga matamua i runga i tona rohe e kua puta 10,000 tau ki muri. i kitea tata Pulli Tools o te kohatu Age tata Pärnu hou. iwi Finno-Ugric i te rawhiti (i te Urals pea) ka haere mai tenetere i muri mai (pea i roto i te 3500 BC. E.), Mixed ki te taupori rohe me noho i roto i te reira-ra Estonia, Finland me Hungary. pai ratou te whenua hou, a kua paopao ratou te ora hikihiki kua āhuatanga e te nuinga o te tahi atu iwi Pākehā i runga i te rautau ono i muri.

Ko te hītori wawe o Estonia (poto)

I roto i te tenetere 9, me te 10 i mohio AD Estonians nga Vikings, e au ra hiahia ake i roto i ngā ara tauhokohoko ki Kiev ko Constantinople, atu i te raupatu o te whenua. ka haere mai te riri tūturu tuatahi i te whakaeke Karaitiana i te uru. Fakahoko nga piiraa Pope mo te faitau ki te tauiwi raki, hoia Danish me hoia Tiamana whakaekea Estonia, i 1208 i riro i te pa Otepää. hoatu noho Local ake ātete e mura, a tangohia ana a reira nui atu i te 30 nga tau, i mua i i hinga ai e te rohe katoa. E te rau tau waenganui-13, wehea Estonia i waenganui o te Danish ko Tiamana i roto i te raki ki te tonga o te Order Teutonic. rapu Crusaders ki te rawhiti, i te toitoti Aleksandrom Nevskim o Novgorod i runga i te roto tio Peipsi.

noho nga wikitoria i roto i nga pa hou, whakawhiti te nuinga o te kaha o nga episekopo. Na roto i te mutunga o te rau tau 13 i runga i te Tallinn ko Tartu cathedrals whakatika, me te Cistercian ko Dominican whakahau fakalotu hanga monasteries, ki te kauwhau ki te iwi o te rohe, me te ki te iriiri a ia. I taua wā, tonu Estonians ki tutu.

timata te whakatikanga ake tino nui i runga i te po o St. George (April 23) i roto i te 1343 whakahaeretia tana tīmatanga e Denmark Te Tai Tokerau Estonia. hītori o te whenua tohua e pahua tutu Padise ohu Cistercian me te kohuru o ana kuraina. Na ka whakatakotoria e ratou whakapaea ki Tallinn me i Haapsalu Episcopal Castle, me ka karanga hoki te tauturu i te Swedes. mau tonoa Sweden ngā naval, engari i haere mai te reira i te mutunga rawa ka i takoha ki te tahuri hoki. Ahakoa te faaotiraa o Estonians, mongamonga te whakatikanga ake i roto i 1345. Te Danes, Heoi, faaoti i nui ratou, ka hokona Estonia ki te Order Livonian.

puta te toa mahi me te kaihokohoko koka'anga tuatahi i roto i te rau tau 14., a he maha nga pa pērā i Tallinn, Tartu, Viljandi ko Pärnu, tupu ei melo o te Hanseatic League. ST. Hoani i roto i Tartu me ona whakairo terracotta ko te taonga o te taunakitanga me te hononga hokohoko Western.

tonu Estonians ki te mahi tikanga ke i marena, tangihanga me te āhua koropiko, tae noa ki te rau tau 15, enei tikanga riro tu'ati ki Katorika, a ka ratou ingoa Karaitiana. I roto i te rau tau 15 i tangohia nga peasants o ratou tika, me te ka te timatanga o te 16 mua.

ripeneta

Ko te ripeneta, i ahu i roto i Germany, tae Estonia i te 1520s, me nga poro Lutheran o te ngaru tuatahi. E te rau tau waenganui-16, i whakarite anōtia e te hahi, ka whakanohoia nga monasteries me hahi i raro i te Tuhinga o te Ekalesia Lutheran. I roto i te Tallinn, katia nga mana te ohu Dominican (tiaki ona wahi kua horoa faahiahia); i tutakina Tartu Dominican me monasteries Cistercian.

whawhai Livonian

I roto i te rau tau 16, te riri nui ki Livonia (Northern Latvia i teie nei a Southern Estonia) māngai te rawhiti. karangatia Ivan Grozny ia te kingi tuatahi i roto i 1547, whaia he kaupapa here o roha ki te hauauru. hōia Russian arahina e kai kino kaieke Tatar whakaekea i 1558 i roto i te rohe Tartu. i tutu rawa whawhai, nga whakaeke i mahue i roto i tona mate wake me te whakangaromanga. Hoki Russia piri Poland, Denmark ko Sweden, ka whakahaere i puta noa i te rau tau 17 ngā mahi wā. e kore e te tirohanga whānui poto o te hītori o Estonia tukua ki te faataa mai i runga i tenei wā, engari ka rite ki te hua o Sweden puta wikitoria.

whakaritea War he pikaunga taimaha i runga i te taupori rohe. Hoki e rua whakatupuranga (mai 1552 i runga i 1629.), i patua tetahi hawhe o te taupori tuawhenua, e pā ana ki i papahoro toru-wahi o pāmu katoa, mate pērā i whiu, rahunga hua, matekai, me te muri nui haere te maha o patunga. I tua atu ki Tallinn, pa ia me te pokapū kaha o te whenua kua pahuatia ranei huna, tae atu i te pa o Viljandi, he mema o tetahi o nga wahi tino kaha i roto i Northern Europe. Kua tino ngaro ētahi pa.

wā parakuihi

I muri i te whawhai, te hītori o Estonia tohua te wā o te rongo mau, me te te pai i raro i te ture o Sweden. Cities, i roto i hokohoko, tupu, ka tupu, te tautururaa i te ōhanga ki te ora i nga mamae o te whawhai. I raro i te mana o Sweden mo te wa tuatahi i roto i te aamu o fā'ūtaha i raro i te rangatira kotahi. E te rau tau waenganui-17, Heoi, ka anga nga mea ki te tupuheke. Ko te pakarutanga o te whiu, a muri te matekai nui (1695-97) kī nga oraraa o 80 mano iwi -. Tata 20% o te taupori. I maoro fehangahangai Sweden he riri i te Polish Union, Denmark ko Russia, e whai ana ki te toe whenua ngaro i roto i te Livonian War. timata te whakaekenga i te 1700, i muri i etahi angitu, i roto i te Vol. H. te hinga o te hōia Russian i Narva, ka anga nga Swedes ki whakamuri. I te 1708 i ngaro Tartu, ka tonoa nga morehu katoa ki Russia. I roto i te 1710 e auraro Tallinn, ka patua Sweden i.

mātauranga

ka anga te reira i te hītori o Estonia rite te wahi o Russia. Kahore kaimahi pai ki te kahore he pai. War me te whiu i roto i 1710 kī te oraraa o o mano tekau o te iwi. Pita whakakahoretia ahau nga whakahounga Swedish a ngaro tetahi tūmanako o haere noa mō serfs mawhiti. Attitude ki a ratou e kore e huri noa i te wā Māmá i te mutunga o te rau tau 18. whāiti Catherine II nga haamaitairaa o te whiriwhiri me te pupuri whakahounga Manatü-manapori. Otiia i roto i te 1816, i te mutunga wewete kaimahi i serfdom. riro hoki ratou i te ingoa o atu haere noa o kaupapa, me te iti te whai wāhi ki te whakahaere-whaiaro. E te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau 19, ka anga te taupori tuawhenua ki te hoko i te pāmu, me te whiwhi moni i hua pērā i te rīwai me te muka.

ti'ai te motu

Ko te mutunga o te rau tau 19 te timatanga o te ti'ai te motu. Aia e te whiriwhiri hou, ka haere te whenua ki te kāwanatanga. Ko te nūpepa tuatahi puta Perno Postimees Estonian reo i roto i 1857. I whakaputaina te reira i Yohannom Voldemarom Jannseni, tetahi o te tuatahi ki te whakamahi i te wā "Estonians" me kore maarahvas (taupori tuawhenua). Tētahi atu whakaaro mana ko Carl Robert Jakobson, nei whawhai hoki tika tōrangapū rite hoki Estonians. whakaturia ano e ia te nūpepa tōrangapū motu tuatahi Sakala.

whakatikanga ake

Ko te mutunga o te rau tau 19. Ko reira he wā o te ahumahi me te putanga o wheketere nui me te whatunga whānui o rerewē i hono Russia ki Estonia. meinga riri tikanga mahi uaua, ka arahina te rōpū mahi hou-i hanga whakaaturanga me aro. korerotia Events i roto i Estonia te mea kei te tupu i roto i Russia, a wahia te whakatikanga ake patu i roto i roto i Hānuere 1905. eke renarena noa te hinga o taua tau, ka 20 mano. haere Workers i patu. mahi hōia o te kingi kurua, patu, me te maru 200 iwi. Hoki te pehanga o te whakatikanga ake o te Russian tae mano o hoia. 600 Estonians me rau tonoa ki Siberia i mahi i. i katia uniana Trade me nūpepa ahu whakamua, me ngā rōpū, me te kau taki tōrangapū kua rere te whenua.

Atu mahere tuwhena ki noho Estonia, kihai i mano o peasants Russian no o te Ao Tuatahi i whakatinanatia. utua te whenua he utu nui mo to ratou whai wāhi i roto i te whawhai. Kua karangatia e 100 mano tangata., o nei 10 mano. Mate. haere tokomaha Estonians ki te whawhai no te mea o te wikitoria mo Germany, i korero Russia ki te whakarato tufaa te whenua o. O te akoranga, ko reira he hoax. Otiia e 1917 e kore ko tenei take e faatiti'aifarohia te kingi. i takoha Nicholas II ki abdicate, a ka mau nga mua mana. kahakina Russia te hepohepo, a Estonia, ka mau te kaupapa February 24, 1918 whakaaturia tona motuhake.

War o Independence

i fehangahangai Estonia ki tuma i Russia me nga reactionaries Baltic-German. whawhati whawhai i roto i, i whakanuia tere te Army Whero, i January 1919 ka mau te hawhe te whenua. pakeke mau Estonia, a ki te awhina o manuao o Ingarangi, me te Finnish, patua hōia Danish me Swedish tona hoariri tawhito. I roto i te Hakihea, whakaae Russia ki te rangaawatea, a 2 Pepuere 1920 i hainatia te Tiriti rangimarie Tartu, kia rite ki nei kihai nga wa katoa e ia nga kerēme i runga i te rohe o te whenua. puta Tuatahi i runga i te mahere ao tino motuhake Estonia.

āhuatanga te hītori o te kāwanatanga i roto i tenei wā e te whanaketanga tere o te ōhanga. Whenua ki te whakamahi i ō rātou rauemi māori, me te ki te kukume haumi i ki waho. ka Tartu University te University o Estonians a ka reo Estonian te reo o te kōrero te ao, te hanga whai wāhitanga hou i roto i te ao ngaio, me te mātauranga. He ko he ahumahi whakaputa nui - i waenganui i 1918 me 1940. Kua whakaputaina 25 mano. Taitara.

Heoi, e kore i pera rosy te ao tōrangapū. I rahua te wehi o ngā mahi whakaputa ke Communist, pērā i, arahina ki te kaiārahi o te Matau nganatanga i 1924, te Etat tukipoto d'. I roto i te tau 1934 i te rangatira o te kāwanatanga tauwhirowhiro, Konstantin Pats ki te rangatira i roto i te tino o te Estonian Army Johan Laidoner takahi te Ture, a ka mau te mana i runga i te take o te parururaa i manapori i ngā rōpū extremist.

te whakaekenga Soviet

hiritia whakarau o State i ka hainatia Nasí Germany me te Soviet Union he kawenata huna i roto i te 1939, i roto i te meka, haere ki runga ki ki Stalin. whakaritea ngā mema o te Pāti Communist he whakatikanga ake mea hanga noa, me te o te iwi e hiahiatia ana ki te ngā Estonia i te Soviet Union. Peresideni Pats, General Laidoner me tahi atu feia faatere hopukina i ka tonoa ki puni mahi Soviet. whakaturia te kāwanatanga karetao i runga, ko August 6, 1940 , te Hupirimi Soviet o te USSR homai te "tono" o Estonia i hono i te USSR.

Whakahekenga me te Pakanga II o te Ao moti te whenua. Kua karangatia e tekau o nga mano, ka tono tangata ki te mahi, me te mate i roto i puni mahi i roto i te raki o Russia. Mano o nga wahine me ngā tamariki ngā ratou whakarau.

A, no te rere ope Soviet te aroraa o te hoariri, ka oha Estonians nga Tiamana rite Liberators. tomo 55 mano. tangata nga wae whaiaro korero-a ope o te Wehrmacht. Heoi, kihai i Germany i te whakaaro ki te whakarato i te tufaa Estonian me kite reira rohe rite i whakahoki o te Soviet Union. Kua hinga tūmanako i muri i te mahia o collaborators. (I Estonians matawaka, o nei 5 mano.) Koperea 75 mano. Tangata i. rere mano ki Finland, me te hunga e noho, i tuhia ki te ope German (e pā ana ki 40 mano. tangata).

I te timatanga o 1944, tupitahia hōia Soviet Tallinn, Narva, Tartu me era atu pa. Ko Oti whakangaromanga o Narva te mahi o te utu "o te hunga Estonian."

whati hōia Tiamana i roto i te Mahuru 1944 mataku te tīmatanga o te Army Whero, tokomaha Estonians, rawa, rere, a pā ana ki 70 mano. Patua i te Te Hau-ā-uru. Na roto i te mutunga o te whawhai katoa Estonians 10 ora ki waho. I roto i te whānui, kua ngaro te whenua neke atu i 280 mano iwi: .. te kore heke, 30 mano i patua i roto i te whawhai, me te era i mahi i, ka tono tangata ki puni patua ranei i roto i kemi.

te wā Soviet

I muri i te whawhai, i apitiria tonu te kāwanatanga i te Soviet Union. hītori Estonian kino e te wā o te tāmitanga, i mano whakamamaetia tonoa ki puni herehere ranei. i mahi i 19,000 Estonians. kurua takoha Farmers ki collectivisation me mano o manene ringihia ki te whenua mai i ngā rohe rerekē o te USSR. I waenganui i 1939 me 1989. ōrau taketake Estonian heke i 97 ki te 62%.

I roto i te whakautu ki te tāmitanga o te kaupapa pakanga i whakaritea i roto i te 1944. 14 mano. "Tuakana Forest" patu ratou, ka haere raro, mahi i roto i ngā rōpū iti puta noa i te whenua. Kia aroha mai, kihai i ratou mahi i angitu, me te ātete patu i tata whakakorea e 1956.

Otiia ka riro he kaha dissident kaupapa, me i te huritau 50 o te hainatanga o te kawenata Stalin-Hitler i roto i te Tallinn whakahaerehia he hui nui. Neke atu i te nga marama i muri torutoru, tupu nga whakahe, ka ui Estonians te faaho'iraa mai o te tufaa. Kua waiho taiopenga waiata he tikanga kaha o te pakanga. Ko te nui tino o ratou ka mau wahi i roto i te tau 1988, ka huihui 250 mano. Estonians i te Song Festival Grounds i Tallinn. ngā te reira i te rota o te aro ao ki te āhuatanga i roto i te Baltic States.

I roto i te Whiringa 1989, whakaaturia te Kaunihera Supreme Estonian nga ngā o 1940 te mahi o te fakaaoao hōia a whakapuakina ratou ture. I roto i te 1990, tū pōtitanga free i roto i te whenua. Ahakoa whakamātau a Russia ki te ārai i tenei, ka whai Estonia tona motuhake i roto i te 1991.

Modern Estonia: hītori te whenua o (poto)

I roto i 1992, te pōtitanga whānui tuatahi i raro i te Ture hou, me te whai wāhitanga o ngā rōpū tōrangapū hou. Union o Pro Patria riro i te taha kuiti. Ko tōna rangatira, kōrero-tau 32-tau Mart Laar ka Pirimia. Ko te hītori hōu o Estonia rite te āhua motuhake. tīmata Laar ki te whakawhiti āhua i runga i te huapae o te ōhanga mākete free, i tapa te ia te Estonian Kroon ka timata a'oraa i runga i te withdrawal oti o ngā hōia Russian. ka hemo te whenua ki te tauturu, no te mahue nga hoia whakamutunga te käwanatanga i roto i 1994, mahue te whenua pahuatia i te raki o te manawa whenua poke huri noa airbases me ururua karihi i te turanga moana.

piri Estonia te EU i te 1 Haratua 2004, ka tangohia te ūropi i roto i 2011.