Hiraka Manufacturing: Mua, o Nāianei

Tautohetohe e pā ana ki kua ina kua tīmata te tukanga whakaputa hiraka, tonu ki tenei ra. Heoi, ka kite whaipara i Haina kua, i roto i te meka, i taea e hoatu he mutunga ki tenei mea - kiko whatiwhatinga, kitea i roto i te 1958 i roto i Shandong Province, i roto i te rāwhiti China, he matamua taonga hiraka Whatahoro o te ao. Na i huaina hiraka ko "Kingi o kikokiko" a hanga ana e ia i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā momo, ko te tino faufaa, me te utu - he rauemi māori, He mea paihere ki te hītori me te tikanga o te Empire Tiretiera.

Poutohu o te wahine a te Hiha

Hiraka production i roto i Haina kua neke atu i te 6000 tau. Ko te hītori o tenei papanga nehenehe hipoki ki te pakiwaitara. E ai ki te tetahi o ratou, e noho ana i te wahine o te Yellow Emperor Huang Di i raro i te rakau maperi, me te inu tea ka tona kapu iho te pōro ma - raukatauri. Ko te wahine i aroha ki fakakaukau te ngā ari, a ka kite he mea porotaka o te miro ma fluffy puta pakari. Hau i te miro i runga i te koromatua, ua ite te wahine a te Hiha e taea te whakamahi taua muka ki te waihanga i tētahi papanga. Ka rite ki timata ia ki te tupu to'e whakahau āta.

I muri mai, i whakaaro China i whenu tahito, i muri nei i te hanga o te hiraka i Haina i tahito i roto i te tau o te Shang whare i roto i te rau tau XVI BC. e. tae te reira i te taumata teitei.

I raro i te mamae o te mate: te ngaro o te hanga o kairaranga Hainamana

rangatira Hainamana puritia tona toi i roto i te ngaro hoki neke atu i te kotahi mano tau. Kua puritia e te ngaro o te hiraka production i roto i te ao tahito rawa tino - i roto i te aamu o te taata nei, ko reira tetahi o te tino tiakina "ngaro pakihi." Ko te aukati i runga i te kaweake o silkworm torongū, cocoons, mahi maperi purapura i raro i tautea o te mate.

Ahakoa i roto i aua ra i tatou i te tika ki te taka i roto i kaone hiraka anake fetaulaki'anga me ki mohio te ahurea o te sericulture me filature hohoro horahia puta noa i Haina, me kakahu hokona e ngā māngai o te piha haapiiraa waenganui, me te rawakore.

papanga Fine me kakahu i mohiotia hoki kounga pai, me te mahi pai. Ko kahore tape'a ê, e kore i taea e kore utu mutu te mua o te hiraka ki ētahi atu whenua.

Ko te Great Silk Road

Kua waiho ngā hua hiraka he wahi nui o te hokohoko ke o te Hainamana Empire. kawea kakahu Ngā tino i ki Europe roto i te Silk Road. Taonga kawea i roto i te maunga, me koraha, nga kamera, muera, a kihai i taea e kore tutukitanga mutu te tira kaha taimaha - i korero nui utanga he pai nui.

haere te Great Silk Road roto Ahia ko Europe, te hono i te ora me āhua o ngā iwi. ka anga te reira i roto i te Yellow Valley awa, haere i roto i te wahi ki te hauauru o te Wall nui o Haina ki te Issyk-kul Lake. Next, te marau ara i roto i te raki me te tonga: arahina te ara tonga ki Ferghana, Samarkand, Iraq, Iran, Hiria me te moana nui, a ka wehe te raki ki ngā wāhanga e rua - ka haere tetahi ki Central Asia, me te tuarua i runga i nga taha o raro o te Darya awa Syr i te Te Hau-ā-uru katatānga me, apaoterau te raki-rawhiti o te moana Black ki Europe. Ko te roa tapeke o te Great Silk Road i neke atu i te 7000 kiromita.

Mai puta hiraka production i Korea, ka i roto i Japan, India, a, te mutunga, i roto i nga whenua Pākehā, me te Patireia o Roma. Hoki tenetere, ko te Silk Road he whakaaro tino o te hokohoko ao i roto i te mahi. ara hokohoko o te Silk Road hanga hoki mano o nga tau. "Kotahi whitiki, kotahi ara" - he hou, me te i te kau te whakaaro: i roto i te rau tau XXI revives kaupapa here o Haina ki te whakaora i te Silk Road me haumi i roto i rori, tiketike-tere tereina me tauranga, e whakarite te tōtika o te hanga turanga i roto i te rohe-rohe whānui.

I runga i te Silk Road taea te kitea i roto i te whare taonga hiraka nui rawa o te ao i roto i Hangzhou. Oku i ai e he maha nui o ngā hua ahurei me kongakonga dynasties onamata whare pungawerewere me ngā tau.

Āhuatanga hiraka production

Ahakoa te hanga o te hiraka i Haina i tahito i tino whakarōpūtia, kia rite ki te kōrero, whakahaere nga kuraina Roma ki te huna cocoons silkworm i te whakapaipai o te Byzantine Empire, Constantinople. kua mai tū te reira i te mau to'ei Imperial Palace (ruma mo tupuranga rö o te silkworm) me whakapumautia winders. he Products utu tino mīharo - me he tika ki te whīwhiwhi me te tukanga maha-wā o te whakaputa kakawaea me ka te papanga oti tenei.

titau tupuranga o to'e me hiraka hanga he rota o whakarongo, o te mahi pakeke, me te aroturuki tupato.

Ko te wāhanga matua o te hanga

Ki te whakaahua tatou te hanga o te hiraka poto, ka whai i te tukanga e whai ake nei. Butterfly silkworm i roto i to ratou ra, e pumau i 4 ki te 6 ra, takoto e pā ana ki 500 hua. Torongū rau maperi whangai, to ratou he hiahia nui, faarahi ratou taimaha tere. karapotia Faahaereraa anuhe torongū ratou ki te taonga hua nei e ratou repe motuhake. I te tīmatanga ko te silky kikokore e rua, solidifying i te rangi. Hohoro a tawhio aroturuki i hanga whatunga kakawaea mātotoru. Te whakatū i tētahi anga o te kōwenewene, neke te moka ki tona pokapū, me te āta hanga i te kōwenewene - pōro fluffy ma.

I muri 8-9 ra, pau te torongū me cocoons toua i roto i te wai wera ki te whiwhi i te whenu. kia ratou te roa i 400 ki te 1000 mita me te matotoru o 10-12 microns. He maha ngā whenu miro o te silkworm - raw reira. Next, kua tahuri te miro hua ki papanga. He tino te whīwhiwhi o whiwhi kikokiko: he kakahu wahine e pā ana ki 630 cocoons.

Ko te whanaketanga atu o te hangarau Hainamana

i te miro hua ki te kia maru ia i runga i te tākai. Shelkokrutilnye tuatahi whakaaro te wira tae noa i roto i te Ming whare. I roto i te rau tau XVIII i Jiangsu rangatira hua mihini, i roto i nei e aia nga wira ki raro, ko te kupu te whakanui ake hua.

Na ka ka hanga te mīhini mo te hanga o te krupnouzornoy papanga maha-tae, i ko te whanaketanga anō o te hangarau. ko hī hiraka Hainamana nui atu mahi hoki Pākehā - te mīhini tuatahi, rīpene hiraka tkavshy, puta i roto i Germany anake i roto i te rau tau XVI. Ko te hiahia hoki papanga hiraka tupu e rua roto Haina me huri noa te ao. Tonu ki te whakapai ake i hiraka production mechanization - he whakakapititia ki te whakatutukitanga o pueru engineering te hītori o tenei papanga.

Filature me raranga: Mua, o Nāianei

I roto i te wā o te ahumahi o te rau tau XIX reira ko he heke i roto i te ahumahi hiraka Pākehā. Ko te tuarua "kingitanga hiraka" i muri i China ka Japan. hiraka Japanese Cheap, rawa whakawhetai ki te whakatuwheratanga o te Suez, ko tetahi o ngā āhuatanga maha whakaiti te tapeke utu o taua mea. I tua atu, kua tae mai te putanga o te muka waihanga ki te nuinga i roto i te hanga o ngā hua pērā i tokena me parachutes.

haukotia pakanga e rua ao te supply o rauemi mata i Japan, a ko te ahumahi hiraka Pākehā i te standstill. Otiia i roto i te tīmatanga o 50-doma o XX rautau i Japan, i whakahokia hiraka production, ake te kounga o te rauemi raw. Japan, me ki Haina noho tetahi o kaihanga ārahi o te ao o te hiraka raw, a ngā anake te tāwāhi nui ki te tau 1970.

Kei te āta rethought China tona tūranga rite rangatira ao i roto i te hanga o te hiraka me te ki tāwāhi o te miro raw, whakakite ana whai te hītori o te hiraka ngaahi tefito'i mo'oni ona ake boomerang. I teie mahana hua e pā ana ki 125 mano toni o hiraka i roto i te ao. Fatata e rua-hautoru o te hanga e tukua ki Haina. Ētahi atu ngä nui - India, Japan, Korea, Thailand, Vietnam, Uzbekistan me Brazil. Ko te Hononga o Amerika, ko te haria nui o ngā hua hiraka.

Ko te āhuatanga o te papanga tūturu

kia pīataata, me te ngohengohe Tefito hanga o te hiraka tūturu, me te tae - kākahu. wahi Best ki te hoko hiraka i Haina - i Suzhou, Hangzhou me Shanghai te ao te anaanatae kaipakihi whakarite haerenga hiraka ki tenei whenua.

Hoko hua i hanga o te hiraka tūturu, kia whakaaro:

• hua hiraka rapu ringa-horoi;
• stains i runga i ngā hua hiraka Me ki ahua mangu hohoro ki te wai matao ki te hopiwē ngawari;
• i muri i horoi Me horoia tino me hua whakamaroke ngawari;
• kia kakahu rino hanga o te hiraka i te pāmahana iti (te tohua reira rawa i runga i nga rino);
• hua parakore ranei he tā tae he pai ki te hoatu ki te horoi maroke;
• Kia mau ki te hua i roto i te take pai (kore kirihou), me te atu i te rā tika.

Tautukunga ki enei tohutohu ohie e te āwhina tūturu tiaki kanapa tūemi kakahu rerehua me ngā tūemi takoha e te natura.

Reiaku: āhuatanga me ngā rerekētanga

I te mutunga o te rau tau XIX, tuatahi puta hiraka tāwhaiwhai, kua tona hanga kua whakaritea i te muka cellulose. . huaina te papanga te viscose.

momo Artificial me waihanga o papanga hiraka whai te umeraa ahurei, he maheni, me te roa ratou. Me pēhea te ki te wehewehe tūturu i te kiko horihori? Tino maha e taea e te mākete hoko he rūpahu i te utu nui.

Anei ētahi tohutohu i runga i te mea ki te titiro hoki i te kōwhiri i te papanga:

• rauemi māori ngohengohe ki te pa, me te mahana, pērā horihori, mātao me iti ngohengohe;
• papanga tūturu iti manusinusi, manusinusi horihori kaha;
• ata whiti kiko tūturu me ārohirohi, horihori - whai i te umeraa koi;
• mutunga taretare o te kakawaea tāwhaiwhai rite te paraihe ki te fluff te muka, a taiao - i roto i te paihere o te takitahi paku-muka;
• reiaku kakawaea mākū wawahi atu ngāwari atu i maroke;
• tikanga o tahu kakawaea kore e taea te tono tonu, engari ko te reira i te pono tino: kua sintered miro Natural ki te puia pūrerehu, horihori me te kakara o tahu makawe me te weranga horihori iho ki te pito, hanga i te haunga o ō tahu;
• e kore e tukutuku Artificial holomui, pērā tūturu;
• reiaku tata memeha i te ra, me te kiko tūturu i runga i te wā, ngaro te tae, me te memeha.

Ka taea te huaina hiraka he hua ahurei kua tae mai e ki tatou i nga wa onamata, i waho ngaro te ataahua me te hāngaitanga. whare Fashion huri noa te ao, - Dolce & Gabbana, Valentino me ētahi atu hanga he kohinga e hāngai ana i runga i te hiraka tūturu, ahuareka nga connoisseurs mātanga o te ataahua tafa'aki hou pono o te kounga o te rauemi - homai o te āhua ki te tangata-ariki.