He aha te mea te ahunga whakamua? Types, puka, tauira o te ahunga whakamua. Whakatutukitanga me ketanga o te ahunga whakamua

Ko te whakaaro o te whanaketanga whakamua tomo pūtaiao rite te fakaemāmaní (te ao nei) putanga o te whakapono o Karaitiana i Providence. Orama o te Future i roto i te kōrero te Bibilia ko he tukanga tina heke, whakaritea me te tapu o te iwi whanaketanga, arahina e te pai ai te Atua. Heoi, kei te kitea nui mua nga takenga mai o tenei whakaaro. Next, tātari, he aha te mea te ahunga whakamua, he aha te mea tona whakaaro me te uara.

Ko te whakahua tuatahi

I mua i te mea koutou e kia hoatu tenei ahunga whakamua te pūkete hītori poto o te putanga me te horapa o tenei whakaaro. I roto i ngā, i te whakarerenga iho taumauri Kariki, i reira ko te tautohe i runga i te whakapai ake i te hanganga pāpori me te tōrangapū ngā whanake i te hapori i tahito ra, me te hapu ki te polis onamata, t. E. Ko te pa-āhua (Aristotle, "Politics," Platon "Ture"). A iti i muri mai, i roto i te anotau Middle, tamata Bacon ki te tono i te ariā me te ariā o te ahunga whakamua i roto i te mara wä. E ai ki a ia, whakaemi te matauranga ki te wahi o te wā ake me te ake tetere ake. Ko te kupu, e taea ki te kite tata me te pai atu i ona matua i ia whakatupuranga ko.

He aha te mea te ahunga whakamua?

Tenei kupu he pakiaka Latino, me te tikanga "angitu", "e ahu whakamua." Te ahunga whakamua, ko te aronga whanaketanga o huru ahu whakamua. āhuatanga tēnei tukanga e te whakawhitinga i te raro ki teitei, i iti ki atu tino. Ko te ahunga whakamua o te hapori - ao, tītohunga ao-o mua. Tenei tukanga tā te pikitanga o te rōpū tangata i te fīta'á o āhua i tahito ra ki nga wahi tiketike o te ao. hāngai ana tēnei whakawhitinga ko i runga i te whakatutukitanga tōrangapū, ture, morare, me te matatika, pūtaiao, me te hangarau.

wāhanga matua

Whakaahuatia i runga, he aha te mea te ahunga whakamua, me ka ahau tīmata tuatahi korero e pā ana ki tenei ariā. Next, tātari tatou ona wāhanga. I roto i te akoranga o te whakapai ake i te ringa e whai ake whakawhanakehia:

• Material. I roto i tenei take e korero tatou e pā ana ki te utu oti tino mo te iwi katoa, me te whakakorenga o tetahi here hangarau mō tenei.
• Ko te wāhanga pāpori. Tenei e korero tatou e pā ana ki te tukanga o te āwhiwhitanga o te hapori ki te tika me te herekore.
• Pūtaiao. whakaata ana tēnei wāhanga i te tukanga tonu, faahohonuraa me te whakawhānui kē atu mōhiotanga o te ao, tona whanaketanga i roto i rua ha'iha'i me macrospheres; whakaoranga i te rohe o te matauranga o te whaihuanga ōhanga.

wā hou

I roto i tenei wā, ka anga matou ki te kite i te ope whui o te ahunga whakamua i roto i te pūtaiao. Ratou whakaaro i runga i te tukanga whakahuatia e G. Spencer. E ai ki a ia, te ahunga whakamua - e rua i roto i te āhua me te i roto i te hapori - ki te whakarongo ki te parau tumu whanaketanga ao tonu te whakanui ake matatini me te mahi ā-o te whakahaere. Neke atu i te wa, ka anga te ahunga whakamua ki te kia tirohia i roto i te puka o te tuhinga, hītori whānui. kihai i haere te reira i hia, me te toi. Kua reira nga u'i rerekē i te momo o ngā ratonga pāpori. whakahau, i, i roto i te tahuri, arahina ki ngā momo rerekē o te ahunga whakamua. pera-ka karanga "arawhata" i hanga e. I tona tihi ko te tino whakawhanakehia me ritenga hapori o te Te Hau-ā-uru. Next, i ngā wāhanga rerekē i hua atu. okioki tohatoha i runga i te taumata o te whanaketanga. He "westernization" o te ariā. Ka rite ki te hua, i reira e taua momo o te ahunga whakamua rite "amerikotsentrizm" me "Eurocentrism".

Contemporary

I roto i tenei wā, kua he wāhi tino hira kua whakaritea ki te tangata. fakamamafa'i Weber te ia o kumi o huru ao i roto i te whakahaere o te momo o ngā tukanga pāpori. Durkheim Arā atu tauira o te ahunga whakamua. korero ia e pā ana ki te ngā pāwhaitua pāpori i roto i "te mana organic". I hāngai te reira i runga i kïnakitanga me te whai wāhi whaihua o ngā mema katoa o te hapori.

Ko te ariā puāwaitanga

19-20 tenetere tuku ki rite "te whakamanamana o te whakaaro." Ahakoa te whakapono whānui ko e taea ki te whakarato i te whakapai haere tonu whai o ora, tahi e te wairua o te mariu whaiāipo ahunga pūtaiao, me te hangarau, ko te. I roto i te whānui, i roto i te hapori i reira he ariā matarohia. Ko te whakaaro rorotu o te whakaoranga āta o te tangata i te wehi, me te ite ore i te ara ki te ake parakore me teitei taumata o te ao. Ko te ariā puāwaitanga i runga i te ariā o te wā tina heke rārangi. He he pai te ahunga whakamua āhuatanga e te rerekētanga i waenganui i te hakari, me te heke mai ranei te mua, me te hakari.

Whāinga me Whāinga

I riro te reira e tonu ka haere i runga i te kaupapa whakaahuatia, e kore anake i roto i te hakari, engari i roto i te heke mai, ahakoa te rerekētanga matapōkere. i horahia whānuitia i roto i te tini i te whakakitenga i taua ahunga whakamua, ko te tino taea ki te whakaora i ngā wāhanga katoa, i roto i ia o te hanganga matua o te hapori. Ka rite ki te hua, i katoa ki te tae te pai tonu.

Ko te paearu matua

I roto ia ratou e maha tutaki:

• whakapai ake Religious (J. Buse, Augustine).
• Ko te hua i roto i te matauranga pūtaiao (Comte, D. Vico, ZH. A. Kondorse).
• Ōritetanga me te tika (Marx, T. Campanella, T. Moore).
• Roha o haere noa takitahi ngā ki te whanaketanga morare (Durkheim, Kant).
• Noho tāone, ahumahi, whakapai ake hangarau (KA Saint-Haimona).
• Faatîtîraa i runga i ope tūturu (Herbert Spencer).

whakahē te ahunga whakamua

timata nga ngaahi veiveiua tuatahi e pā ana ki te tika o te ariā ki te korero i muri i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao. Whakahē te ahunga whakamua ngā i roto i te putanga o ngā whakaaro e pā ana ki te pānga kino taha i roto i te whanaketanga o te hapori. Ko tētahi o te faaino tuatahi i hanga e F. Tennis. whakapono ia e whanaketanga pāpori i tuku iho ki hou, ahumahi, e kore anake i kore e whakapai ake, engari te mauähara o te tikanga ora o te iwi. Kura Tuatahi, tonu, whatunga pāpori whaiaro o te pāhekoheko tuku iho o te iwi i whakakapi e autaki, ta'efakaetangata, Tuarua, hoapā pono mauhaa tūturu i roto i te ao hou. Tenei, kia rite ki te tēnehi, ko te raruraru matua o te ahunga whakamua.

whakapuru fakaanga

I muri kua Pakanga II o te Ao hei reira kitea mo tokomaha e te whanaketanga i roto i te kotahi ao he pānga kino i roto i tetahi atu. Ahumahi, noho tāone, pūtaiao, me te hangarau tahi e te poke taiao. E, i roto i te tahuri, whakapataritari he raruraru kaiao. He he he ariā hou. Ko te whakawhirinaki e Me tangata tonu te ahunga whakamua ōhanga, i whakakapi e te whakaaro kē o "rohe ki te tupu".

outlook

Ko te kairangahau tātai e i te huarahi o whenua rerekē kohi ki ngā paerewa Western, ka taea e te ao pahū kikī kaiao. kī taurangi te ariā o te "koura piriona", rite ki te oraraa haumaru i roto i te ao kei te ki anake tiki 1 piriona iwi i whenua taonga, tino turakina te koā ko pokapū ki runga ki nei te whakaaro puāwaitanga o te ahunga whakamua - takotoranga mo te heke mai pai mo ora katoa, kahore okotahi. Ko te whakapono i roto i te painga i o te ahunga o te whanaketanga, i ko te ao Western, i te wā hoki o te wā, he wā roa, whakakapi i te inoino.

kitenga utopian

kitea ana tēnei whakaaro te kanohi rawa Päkehä o te hapori pai. I runga i tenei whakaaro utopian, ahau whakaaro, kia rite ki te pupuhi kaha. Ko te whakamutunga o nga nganatanga ki te whakatinana i tenei momo o te kitenga i te ao, kua riro te pūnaha hapori ao. I te tangata wa taua i tenei wā ehara i te mea i roto i kaupapa kararehe, "ahei o faaohiparaa i te ngā, mahi ao, hopu tokonga o te iwi," e taea arata'i ai i te hapori mō te heke mai anaanaraa (rawa tōtika tenei tūranga mahi i nga whakaaro o te hapori). Engari, i tenei ra i reira he āwhīwhiwhi ohie o ngā nāianei, kikite catastrophic ranei ranei.

Whakaaro huritao i runga i te heke mai

Ko tēnei wā te whanaketanga o ngā whakaaro e pā ana ki takahanga ka ū mai i roto i te rua ngā tohutohu. I roto i te take tuatahi e kua noho reira aau taia takoto, i roto i nei e tirohia whakapakoko pouri heke, te whakangaromanga, me te e hōloa. ka anga ki te horahia e mysticism me te horihori Nā ki te riri i roto i te rationalism pūtaiao, me te hangarau. Take me arorau i roto i tenei ranei e ao e piki ātete ki kare, pūmanawa, tirohanga ta'oto. Whakapae kua ngaro tuwhena ariā postmodernist paearu pono i roto i te ahurea hou i roto i nei i rerekē pūrākau i te mooni, kino i te ataahua, te viivii ore i te tumuaki tuarua. tohu tenei katoa ki te meka e te wā o "haere noa mōrahi" i morare, iho, te ahunga whakamua i roto i te mutunga. I roto i te aronga tuarua o te tirohanga rapu kaha mō ngā ariā hou o te whanaketanga e taea te hoatu te iwi he arata'iraa pai mo te wā e haere mai, ki te faaora i te taata i kākaá kiko. whakaaro-Aohou i te nuinga whakakahoretia ano ia e te ariā o te kukuwhatanga i roto i te putanga tuku iho ki finalism, fatalism me fakamālohí. Te nuinga o ratou pai ki te tahi atu mau hi'oraa o te ahunga whakamua - te tahi atu huarahi probabilistic ki te whanaketanga o te hapori, me te ahurea. Ki ētahi pūkenga (Buckley, Archer, Etzioni, Wallerstein, Nisbet) i roto i to ratou märama te titiro ki te whakaaro rite te tupono ka taea ki te tīmatanga o te whakapai ake e taea e ki te tetahi tūponotanga puta ai kia hia ranei.

parau tumu Hanganga

Mai i te kanorau o huarahi ko te ariā mahi rite te turanga ariā o te postmodernism. Ko te wero kei e i roto i ia rā te ora noa o te iwi kitea nga ope whui o te ahunga whakamua. E ai ki a K. Lash, whakarato otinga panga e fakapapau whakawhetai anake ki ngaahi feinga tangata e taea puta whakapai ake. Kore, he unsolvable noa te mahi.

ariā rerekē

puta katoa o ratou i roto i te ariā o te mahi, kaua waitara. karanga ariā rerekē ki "te tangata katoa" kahore e whakaatu ana te anaanatae motuhake i roto i te rerekētanga ahurea me te civilizational. I roto i tenei take, i roto i te meka, kite he momo hou o utopias pāpori. Ko te whakatauira cybernetic o te ahurea pāpori o te tikanga pai, tirohia i roto i te poro o te mahi a te tangata. E hoki mai ēnei ariā ki te arata'iraa pai, he tetahi whakapono i roto i te tūponotanga o te whanaketanga whakamua. Ano, karanga ratou (ahakoa i te taumata tino ariā) puna me tikanga tipu. Na, e kore e ariā kē whakahoki te pātai taketake: he aha te taata, "noa i" me te "haere noa mo", i roto i ētahi wā whiriwhiri te ahunga whakamua, me te takakawe hoki te "hou, kaha te hapori", engari maha he tohutoro he ino e te haamouraa hoki ia e i roto i te tahuri, arata'i ki stagnation me te inenga o. I runga anō i te ariā o te mahi, whakauaua taea te tohe i te reira e hiahia hapori ki te ahu whakamua. faataa tenei e te meka e he e taea ki te whakamatau mehemea e kore ranei e hiahia ana te tangata ki te ite tona kaha auaha i roto i te heke mai. Pahonoraa ki enei pātai e kore a roto i cybernetics me ngā pūnaha ariā. Heoi, te uiui e ratou i roto i te taipitopito te karakia me te ahurea. I roto i tenei whakaaro, kia rite ki te kē ki te ariā constructivist o te ao hōu i roto i te ahunga whakamua i tenei ra e taea te mahi etikotsentrizm sociocultural.

I roto i te mutunga

Kei te piki haere Modern philosopho Russian hoki mai ki te "Silver Age". Ni'ai ki tenei kainga tupu, e whai ana ano ratou ki te whakarongo i te ungeri ahurea motu taketake, whakawhiti ratou ki te reo pūtaiao pakari. E ai ki a Panarin, whakaatu ana hanganga te matauranga biomorphic te ahua tangata o nga hanganga rite te ora, tapatahi organic. faaara i tona wāhi i roto i te iwi o te hihiri kia teitei he hotokore ki pipiri kiritaki mākahi. I teie mahana, mārama ko reira mārama e titau pāpori pūtaiao hou te whakahounga nui o te ngā aratohu, ngā kaupapa matua, me ngā uara. Kia whakaaro te reira i tohutohu hou mo te tangata, ki te, i roto i te tahuri, e kitea ia kaha nui ki te whakamahi i ratou.