He aha te mea he tātari fluorescence X-ray?

XRD (X-ray tātaritanga fluorescence) - tikanga o te tātari tinana, e tika whakatau tata katoa ngā āhuatanga matū i roto i te paura, wai me ngā rauemi mārō.

tikanga o te whakamahi

Ko te ao tenei tikanga, no te mea kei te hāngai te reira i runga i te faaineineraa tauira nohopuku, me te ngāwari. Ka he tikanga whānui e whakamahia ana i roto i te ahumahi, me te rangahau. X-ray tikanga tātari fluorescence he whai wāhitanga nui, pai mō te tātari rawa matatini o rerekē taonga taiao, me te i roto i te mana kounga o te putanga me te i roto i te tātari o ngā hua oti me ngā rauemi raw.

kōrero

i whakaahuatia tuatahi X-ray tātari fluorescence i roto i 1928 e rua pūtaiao - Glocker me Schreiber. Ko te pūrere iho whakaturia ake e anake i roto i te 1948, pūtaiao Friedman ko Burkes. Ka rite ki te pūoko, to ratou he Geiger, i whakakitea te tūtohutanga tiketike ki te faatura ki te tau ngota o te matua huānga.

whakamahia haumāmā taiao mārua ranei i roto i te tikanga rangahau i roto i te tau 1960. whakamahia matou ratou ki te whakatau i te huānga marama. tīmata hoki ki te whakamahi i tioata o konukōhatu pūkōwhai. whakamahia matou ratou mo te ttara. I whakamahia Rhodium me chromium ngongo mo te waveband excitation.

whakaaro lithium tere silicon pūoko i roto i 1970 - si (Li). E whakarato ana i te tūtohutanga tiketike o nga raraunga, me te e kore e rapua e te whakamahi o te pokepokea ai. Heoi, ko kino te taumira pūngao o tenei kōwae.

Aunoa wahi tātari me te mana tukanga haere te motokā ki te haerenga mai o rorohiko. whakahaere Whakahaere he rōpū i runga i te pūrere te papapātuhi rorohiko ranei. Pūrere mō te tātari o riro na whānui rongonui e kua whakaurua e ratou i roto i te misioni "Apollo 15" me "Apollo 16".

I te kau, whakarewahia teihana wāhi me kaipuke ki wāhi, rite rawa ki enei whakaaro. hanga tenei taea reira ki te kitea me te tātari i te hanganga matū o nga toka o te tahi atu aorangi.

Ko te ngako o te tikanga

WHAKARĀPOPOTOTANGA XRF tātaritanga ko ki te mahi i te tātari tinana. Hei tātari taea tenei tikanga, kia tinana rite mārō (karaihe, whakarewa, okouku, waro, kamaka, kirihou) me te wai (te hinu, penehīni, rongoā, peita, te waina, me te toto). taea te tikanga ki te whakatau i nohanga rawa iti, i te taumata o te ppm (kotahi wahi ia miriona). Nui, ki runga ki te 100% o te tauira, tuku moni hoki ratou ki te rangahau.

Ko te nohopuku, haumaru me te kore-kino ki te taiao tenei tātari. He reproducibility tiketike, me te tika o ngā raraunga. āhei āhua-te ine nui i te tikanga, qualitatively me te ine nui kitea āhuatanga katoa e te hunga i roto i te tauira.

Ko te ngako o te tikanga tātari fluorescence X-ray he ohie, me te māmā. Ki te waiho peka tatou te kupu, me te tamata ki te whakamārama he māmā ake te tikanga, huri i te reira i roto i. kawea e tātaritanga te i runga i te pūtake o te whakarite o te radiation, i whiwhi nei i irradiation o te ngota.

He he he huinga o te raraunga paerewa e kua mohiotia kua. Te whakatairite i te hua ki enei raraunga, mutu nga kairangahau e te wahi o te tauira.

Ko te tapatahi me te urutanga o ngā pūrere hou tukua ki a koutou te tono ratou i roto i ngā o te tūhura raro, wāhi, rangahau rerekē i roto i te mara o te ahurea me te toi.

parau tumu o te mahi

hāngai ana tēnei tikanga i runga i te tātaritanga o te tūāwhiorangi whiwhi nei i te rongo ki te rauemi e te uiui e, X-hihi.

I roto i irradiation riro ngota he āhua fiefia, haere tahi nei i whakawhiti o irahiko ki nga taumata aronui o te tikanga teitei. I roto i tenei ahua, ko te ngota ko te wa poto rawa, e pā ana ki te 1 teka'i, a ka hoki ki tona āhua whenua (wāhi ata). I tenei wa, irahiko i runga i nga anga waho, ki tonu wāhi wātea wātea, me te pūngao i te taikaha whakaputaina i roto i te puka o pūaho atu ngā irahiko pūngao tuku ranei, kei runga i nga anga waho ranei (i huaina'Auká irahiko). I tenei wa, tuku ia ngota he pūngao photoelectron e kua he uara tino. Hei tauira, te rino i roto i irradiation i te X-hihi tuku hoki pūaho rite Ka ranei 6.4 keV. Fakatatau ki ai, ka taea te kite i te maha o te quanta o te pūngao, me te i runga i te hanganga o te mea.

pūtake radiation

X-ray tikanga tātari fluorescence o whakarewa rite te puna mo te whakaora whakamahinga rite kanoirite o huānga rerekē, me korere X-ray. I roto i ia whenua, ngā whakaritenga mo te tango o te kawemai emitting kanoirite, aua, i roto i ngā ahumahi taua taputapu hiahia ki te whakamahi i x-ray ngongo.

Taua korere Ko e rua parahi, me te hiriwa, rhodium, molybdenum ranei ētahi atu pitoake. I roto i te tahi mau āhuatanga, tīpakohia te pitoake kei i runga i te mahi rānei.

O nāianei, me te ngaohiko mō huānga rerekē e whakamahia ana e rerekē. āhuatanga marama he ranea ki te tirotiro ngaohiko 10kV, taimaha - 40-50 Kw, reo - 20-30 kV.

I roto i te ako o ngā āhuatanga marama te pānga nui i runga i te tūāwhiorangi he huru tata. Hei whakaiti i tenei tauira pānga i roto i te ruma motuhake whakanohoia te i roto i te wāhi korehau ranei e ki tonu i te haumāmā. awhe Oaoa rēhita te pūrere motuhake - pūoko. I te taumira spectral pēhea te teitei o te pūoko tei runga i te tika o te wehenga o pūaho o ngā huānga rerekē i ia atu. Ko wai te mea te taumira tika tino i 123 eV. X-ray tātari fluorescence mea, mau tenei awhe ake ki te 100%.

Kia puta ki te pini photoelectron ngaohiko kiia nei ko te hikohiko tatau motuhake, kua tuku ai ki te rorohiko. Na roto i te tihi i roto i te tūāwhiorangi, i hoatu te tātari fluorescence X-ray, ngāwari ki te qualitatively whakatau i ngā huānga kai ako LB tauira. I roto i te tikanga ki te tika te whakatau i te ihirangi ine, e hiahia ana koe ki te ako i te tūāwhiorangi whiwhi i roto i te hōtaka motuhake o te whakatika. hanga ana te hōtaka kei te i roto i te mua. Hoki tenei whakaaro, tauira whakamātautau, te hanganga o nei mohiotia i roto i mua i te tika tiketike.

Mämä noa iho, whakaritea te tūāwhiorangi o te taonga whakamātautau hua te ki te timatanga mohiotia. Ko te kupu ia farii i ngā mōhiohio i runga i te hanganga o te taonga.

whai wāhitanga

X-ray tikanga tātari fluorescence taea tātari:

• tauira, te rahi papatipu iti (100-0,5 mg) ranei;
• rohe whakaiti taimaha (1-2 whakahau o nui raro atu i RFA);
• he tātaritanga tango ki pūkete te rerekētanga o quanta pūngao.

Te tauira matotoru, i raro nei te ki ngā tirohanga, e kore e waiho atu atu i 1 mm.

I roto i te take o tenei tauira rahi taea te tāmia tukanga tuarua i roto i te tauira, tae atu:

• apuhau Compton maha, e tino atu mastritsah tihi marama;
• bremsstrahlung o ngā irahiko aho (whai wāhi ki te mania o te papamuri);
• excitation i waenganui i nga mea timatanga, me te absorption fluorescence, e titau tūāwhiorangi ako interelement i roto i te tukatuka.

Ko te āhuatanga

Ko tētahi o nga āhuatanga nui - te matatini, haere tahi nei i te faaineineraa o tauira kikokore, me te whakaritenga tino mo te hanganga o te rauemi. Hoki te tauira ako me kia rahi matūriki rawa pai, me te taurite tiketike.

Ko tētahi atu drawback Ko e te kaha here te tikanga ki te paerewa (tauira tohutoro). Ko te noa ki te katoa tikanga kore-haamou tēnei āhuatanga.

tikanga Taupānga

Kei te whānui whakamahia X-ray tātari fluorescence i roto i mara maha. Kei te whakamahia te reira i kore anake i roto i te pūtaiao, ranei i te wāhi mahi, engari ano hoki i roto i te mara o te ahurea me te toi.

Kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i:

• Tiaki o te taiao me te mātauranga rauropi i roto i te oneone ki te whakatau i te konganuku taimaha, me te ki te tautuhi a ratou i roto i te wai, te parataiao, rerekē aerosols;
• kawea atu Mineralogy me Geology tātari ine, me te kounga o ngā kohuke, oneone, toka;
• te ahumahi matū me te metallurgy - te whakahaere i te kounga o te rauemi raw, hua oti me te tukanga whakaputa;
• Peita Ahumahi - tātari o peita mata;
• ahumahi whakapaipai - ine i te kukū o konganuku tino;
• ahumahi hinu - whakatau i te tohu o te contamination o hinu, me te wahie;
• ahumahi kai - whakaritea konganuku paitini i roto i kai kai, me te kai;
• ahuwhenua - tātari āhuatanga wahi i roto i te rerekē te oneone, me te rite i roto i ngā hua ahuwhenua;
• Archaeology - whakahaere tātari timatanga, me te te teití o te kite ina;
• toi - whakahaere whakairo ako, peita, te whakahaere i te whakamātautau o ngā me ratou tātaritanga.

whakataunga Gostovskaya

X-ray tātari fluorescence o GOST 28033 - 89 ngā mana mai i 1989. rai te tuhinga i roto i nga pātai katoa e pā ana ki te tukanga. Ahakoa o taua i runga i te tau i reira kua maha takahanga ki te whakapai ake o te tikanga, he hāngai tonu te tuhinga.

E ai ki a GOST whakapumautia whanaunga rauemi ako share. Ko te raraunga whakaaturia i roto i te tepu.

Ripanga 1. Ratio o hautau papatipu

tūemi kua tīpakohia	hautanga Mass,%
whanariki	Mai i 0,002 ki te 0.20
silicon	"0.05" 5.0
molybdenum	"0.05" 10.0
Titan	"0.01" 5.0
konukurahina	"0.05" 20.0
Konqueror	"0.05" 35,0
Niobium	"0.01" 2.0
konupora	"0.05" 20.0
vanadium	"0.01" 5.0
Tungsten	"0.05" 20.0
ūkuikui	"0,002" 0.20

Ko te taputapu e whakamahia ana

whakamana X-ray tātaritanga fluorescence spectral te whakamahi i te taputapu motuhake, tikanga me te tikanga. I roto i nga tikanga, me ngā rauemi e whakamahia ana i roto i te GOST tabulahia i:

• spectrometers Romamaha me matawai;
• Rough-te faaanaana mīhini (huri-huri, 3B634 momo);
• Mata huri mīhini (tauira 3E711V);
• tarai takahuri-tapahi (tauira 16P16).
• kōpae whakairo (GOST 21963);
• elektrokorundovye wira auaha (50 toheroa nape uku, pakeke St2, GOST 2424);
• Huri kiri (pepa, Momo 2, te SB-140 māka (P6), te SB-240 (p8), BSH200 (P7), tauta - noa, grainy 50-12, GOST 6456);
• Hangarau waipiro Ethyl (whakatikaina, GOST 18300);
• ranunga hauhauhā-mewaro.

E whakaaetia manuhiri, ratou taea te whakamahi i ētahi atu rawa, me te taputapu e ka whakarato i tētahi tātari tika.

Te whakarite me te kōwhiringa o ngā tauira rite ki GOST

X-ray tātari fluorescence o konganuku mua ki te whakamātautau tā faaineineraa motuhake o ngā tauira mō te tūhuratanga atu.

kawea whakangungu i roto i roto i te tikanga e tika ana:

1. Papa ki te kia irradiated, whakakoi. Ki te kahore he he hiahia, ka muru hoki ki te waipiro.
2. Kei te piri aki te tauira ki te whakatuwheratanga kaiwhiwhi. Ki te he iti te mata o te tauira, te tono nga herenga motuhake.
3. he rite hoki te mahi i roto i runga i te tohutohu mō te whakamahi i te spectrometer.
4. tukuoro te X-ray spectrometer te whakamahi i te tauira paerewa, e hāngai ana ki GOST 8,315. Ano hoki whakatika taea te whakamahi i te tauira ōrite.
5. kawea māka Paraimere i roto i te iti rawa e rima nga wa. A, no te mahi tenei te i roto i te mahi o te spectrometer i rerekē ra.
6. A, no te whakahaere calibrations toutou he taea ki te whakamahi i rua huinga o whakatika.

Tātaritanga o ngā hua, me te whāwhā

XRF Tikanga rite ki GOST tā te maha o mahi whakarara o rua inenga ki te whiwhi i te tohu analytic o ia huānga i raro ki te mana.

whakaaetia te reira ki te whakamahi i te faaiteraa o te hua tātari me te hapanga o inenga whakarara. Ko te āwhata o te wae faaite te raraunga whiwhi te whakamahi i ngā āhuatanga gradirovochnyh.

Ki te nui ake te rerekētanga te ine katoatia tīkina, he mea e tika ana ki te faahiti i te tātari.

Ko reira taea hoki ki te mahi i te inenga. I roto i tenei take, he whakarara e rua ngā whanaunga ki te tauira o te puranga tātarihia.

whakaaro te hua whakamutunga te ki hei te tauhanga o te inenga e rua i mahi i roto i te whakarara, kotahi anake inenga ranei hua.

Ti'aturiraa o te hua i te tauira kounga

Hoki rohe tātaritanga rentgenfluorestsentnogo ko reira te faatura ki te taonga i roto i i kitea hanganga huānga te anake ki. Hoki matū rerekē te hanga rapunga ine o ngā huānga rerekē.

Ka taea e te wāhi nui te tākaro i te tau ngota, i te mea te huānga. Ceteris paribus uaua atu ki te whakatau i te āhuatanga o te marama, me te taimaha - māmā. I tua atu, he māmā ake te huānga taua ki te whakatau i roto i te kopu marama, nui atu i kino.

Nä, tei te tikanga i runga i te kounga o te tauira ki te whānuitanga e kia roto i te huānga i roto i tona hanganga anake.