He aha e nga whakatutukitanga o rongonui Byzantine Empire i raro i Justinian? Ko te tau o Justinian

He rota o whakatupuranga ki te pupuri i te mahara o nga wa o te rangatira nui o te Byzantine Empire me Justinian rite te whare o te whaiwhakaaro ana me ona iriti ture no matua. Noatia, e hāngai ana nga whakahounga katoa i runga i te turanga pakeke o tawhito te ture Roma, ka whanau te i pai ai o Justinian i ka tautokona e te whakaritenga o te ora iho - te whanaunga pāpori-ōhanga, me te tōrangapū i roto i te whenua kua oti huringa taketake.

Mai i te tuawha ki te ono o nga rau, ko te wa hoki te ao katoa e homai he tino uaua, engari faufaa. Byzantium Kei te tere neke i runga i te ara o te ahunga whakamua, ahakoa te vilitakí o pononga. Ko te Code o Ture Civil, ko te kupu ka te huarahi e taea ki te kawe āhua-hanga ki te muri wāhanga o te whanaketanga o te hapori - i te pūnaha feudal. Ko te aha ka whakatutukitanga rongonui Empire Byzantine raro Justinian.

arotake o te ture

I roto i tenei wā tauwhirowhiro kua manakohia, etahi pūtahi o te ture Roma, i roto i te puka paku whakarerekētia, kua mahi ratou pono nga akomanga rangatira o te kingitanga. Class ture, o pononga akoranga, te piha haapiiraa me pātaki pāpori, katoa o monū i roto i te pūnaha mana tutuki tino te ngākau nuitanga o te taumata o runga o te hapori, a kihai i te Byzantine Empire i raro Justinian hanga kaupae uruhi rawa ki te hanga i te āhua. whakapuakina Justinian te parau tumu momo o te faatura whiriwhiringa mō te tawhito, i te mea whakamamaetanga. Ko te aha puta noa te ono o te rau tau piko legislators Byzantine ki te ture Roma.

Tautautefito i roto i nga pa nui o te hokohoko Byzantine me mahi toi tupu, i reira ko he kanorau o te taonga, me te whakawhitinga arumoni. ka ui Reality me tono, me te ture taipitopito o ngā tika rawa, rite i hanga ki runga ki taua mea ōhanga o te kāwanatanga. Na te ture Roma taea ki a koe tino whakarato i tētahi pūtake ture, mai hāngai tenei puna i runga i te mita e pā ana ki tetahi manureva puku puritia.

Heoi, e rapu nga tikanga hou maha whakatikatika i roto i te tikanga ngā o te ture Roma. timata te reira i mahi tino uaua hoki i roto i te ono o nga rau, a inaianei e matau tatou ki ta nga whakatutukitanga o Empire Byzantine rongonui i raro i Justinian. Ko te tikanga pāpori hou rite hohoro ahu, ka ui atu te whanaungatanga i roto i te akomanga me taonga. Na rapu utu hononga katoa rēhita tika ture.

Creation o ture mâro-

take ture i hanga e te pūtake o codification o te ture:

• ngā whakahēnga i roto i te ture ture;
• ture te peroo;
• kahore ture me ngā pūnaha whakarōpū;
• kupu tawhito;
• unaka noho.

Kaua rawa he wāhi ki te ture tawhito, ranei ki te whakamahi i te reira, ahakoa te hanahana rongonui me katoa o iho ture Roma, e kore i taea e Justinian. I pōtitia ia ki te tau waenga, te hawhe ara whakahounga. Na te ngāwari taea anake.

codification o te ture

whakaaro te ki kia 528 tau - Ko te timatanga o te mahi rahi - codification o te ture. Noatia, e kore e taea te mahi i te feat taua mo te tangata kotahi. Ahakoa te ingoa ki te Code o ture Civil te i muri i Justinian, mahi ia i runga i te hanganga o tenei tamaiti o te ture, o te akoranga, e kore ai ia.

Te ariki ko fakaaoao tino hao. hihiko kore anake ia arahina whawhai ki whakahokia te Patireia o Roma, nga whakahounga ā-hoki anaanatae i roto i a i nga mea katoa i roto i te tikanga kia huaina ki te iriti ture no rahi o te ao. Te whawhai, Heoi, kihai i whai wāhi. e kore e te huinga o ture whakawhanakehia. Ko te mea tenei - nga ture o te whawhai me te - rongonui Empire Byzantine raro Justinian.

puritia e ia nga whakaaro katoa me te kaupapa tino i roto i te mahi - e kore he tino reira nui mo te upoko o te kāwanatanga? Energy, te wā, te moni - Justinian i tohungia tetahi mea ki te waihanga i tētahi tino hou o ture: tonu whanga ana tohe toi tika aromatawai tonu te āhuatanga, kitea te iwi tino mahara, mātanga, me te mōhio. whakakitea e ia ki a ia he Hiha pono, a reira puta te Byzantine Empire i raro Justinian.

toi

whakahou Ture o Justinian kore e tango i te wahi ki te whakamanamana taua, ki te kahore te wairua o te hinonga katoa - quaestor Tribonian. Tino mātauranga, he taranata nui pūmanawa me te fakaengāue kē mahi, he rōia rongonui ko Tribonian te kitenga rahi me te nuinga e hiahiatia o Justinian. I roto i te pononga ā-tino mātanga tekau, ka anga ia mahi ki te Code o Justinian. ahu e ia te kōmihana, quaestor mua o te whare - te tohunga Patrikiy Ioann. tekau kaitoi faaapî katoa he tangata o te pūtaiao, tuutuu ore, me te uaua i roto i to ratou mahi ki te take tūmatanui. Ngā mataotao taa'eraa, ture Ahorangi Tiopira.

Tīmata o te mahi

te nui te nuinga o te tau nui o kaupapa ture emepaea i tīpakohia e te hunga tika ana mō ngā tono o tenei ra me te arotake waehere hanga i mua - i roto i te tikanga ki te tīpako i te tino tino i roto i te kaupapa ture e hāngai ana ki te hiahia hou o te wa, me he tika hoki te mahi o te ture - Gregorieva, Theodosiev ko Germogenianova. utu te ture, te tango i te tawhitotia katoa, ki te whakakore i ngā whakahēnga me aua. ka mau Just i runga i te tau aivanaa ki nga tangata mo te putanga tuatahi o te Code o Justinian. I roto i te April 529, ka reira ture.

O te akoranga, ahau i mea ahau te wiwi. Ko te putanga tuarua, ahakoa i tika hohoro oti reira, kua taea ki te matau tatou ki ta nga whakatutukitanga o Empire Byzantine rongonui i raro i Justinian. Justinian Code i roto i te putanga tuarua 534 tau ka ora taua ki tenei ra. Ko roto i tenei puka, riro ia rongo te ao.

Digesty

Ki te iriti i ta tatou he Latin tenei kupu, riro te reira mārama e te huinga hou o ture - ko reira te tahi mea kohia, ka hoatu i roto i te pūnaha. Whakarara ki tenei mahi, me te karanga a i roto i te Kariki - ngaungau, e te tikanga "katoa-i roto i-iho."

I roto i te tau 530 mohiotia kua i te Tribonian mahi tuatahi me ētahi atu ahorangi ture wha tīmataria te whakatū o te Digest. haere mai ratou ki te āwhina i kotahi tekau ma tahi roia o te whakahaere emepaea nui rawa. I muri mai, ka mohiotia nga kaihanga o tenei hua rite compilers, rite ratou e te nuinga haaputuhia nga mahi o te jurists Roma. Otiia, ko tino uaua te mahi i mua o ratou, ki te whakaaro rua. E kore noa ki te kohikohi me te systematize te kainga tupu ture whānui, engari ano hoki ki te mau tonu i te uara ture taketake mau. E rua mano pukapuka he nui, mo e toru miriona ngā rārangi. Ehara i te kuputuhi tuhituhi, o te akoranga. Moana, mahi moana!

matau Justinian te weriweri o te mahi, na reira, ka hoatu e te Kōmihana tae noa ki te mutunga - tekau tau. Heoi, e toru nga tau i muri mai ka timata Digesty ki te mahi puta noa i te kingitanga. Ko te aha te whakahaere tika, me te ata ngarahu hoki o te mahi! Ia rōia o te kōmihana i hoatu kaiāwhina - karaipi, e hoki rawa te pai-matau i roto i te ture. Hoki etahi rōpū o ngā mātāpuna, i wehea ngā kaiuru katoa ki ngā wāhanga: te ture kohikohi ka whakarōpū rauemi, me kua whanga ana te kōmihana me te whakatika tuhinga Digest i roto i tona ahua whakamutunga.

Na i hanga pukapuka Digest e rima tekau. I te whitu nga wahi. Ia pukapuka hoki he wehewehenga: i runga i te taitara me te poto ētahi. Tapeke - 433 ngā taitara me te neke atu i te 9200 nga wahi. E toru tekau-iwa tino rongonui legislators Roma i te AD senekele matamua e kore he, tae noa mai te ono o te rau tau ki Digesty: Quintus Mucius Scaevola, Alphen Var, Elly Gant, Paora Papinian, Kaiu, Ulpian, Modestian me etahi atu.

I roto i tenei whare, ko te ture Roma, o te akoranga, me te āputa me hapanga, engari, he nui e he reira mārama hoki tona wa tenei mahi ki ta te whakatutukitanga o te Empire Byzantine rongonui i raro i Justinian. Ko te whakahoki poto ko: "Digesty".

whakahou mātauranga ture

Te hanga ture hou e rapu te tuhituhi o te aratohu ohie mo te ako me te whakaako o te ture. Taua pukapuka tuhinga Roma huaina pūtahi. He rite wātea rite taea i reira e tika ana ki te tautapa i te ahua o te ture, whakareretanga kēnana tawhito, me te whakatika ture meatanga ratou.

Katoa te Tribonian taua Tiopira me Dorotheus oti e Whiringa, 533 tau, me te ko reira te mahi o Justinian. Ko hoki te reira i te haaputuraa, te nuinga i pūtahi Gaya, Florentina, Marciana, Ulpian ko Paora, engari ki te mana mārama o Justinian Code me te Digest.

Institutes o Justinian haaputuhia i roto i te puka wātea o kauhau, wehea ki ngā pukapuka e whā. haere mai ai tatou i raro, ki te kore tatou nga taketake, ko te parau papai iwa-rau - na te roa kua whānui me angitu Institutions tono i roto i te whenua maha o Western Europe. Ko te kura o te Byzantine Empire ture, i ako ratou rite te aratohu, me i roto i te mahi tono i roto i te tātari o te wā, mai i tata ka tonu te ture emepaea.

Ko te Empire Byzantine rongonui

A, no te kore i iti iho mahi hanganga ture Justinian. He waehere toru-wahi o te ture tivira tonu: ture e puta i muri i 534 nga tau, i te ingoa Novell. I honoa ratou i roto i te kohinga kotahi i roto i te ora o Justinian. I meatia tenei muri. Na mohiotia e toru taua kohinga, a kahore o ratou kihai i te mōhiohio.

Na te aha rongonui Empire Byzantine raro Justinian? Ko te whakahoki poto ki e kore e mahi. i ahu te ture, me te otinga o taua tikanga ture me ngā ariā rite te ariā o nga tikanga, te tika ki ā, me te tūmatanui ture, tikanga, te hononga o te ture, te pāpori, me te takitahi, i reira i tokomaha iho te ture, e ora tonu. He aha e nga whakatutukitanga o rongonui Byzantine Empire i raro i Justinian? Ko nga whakautu e whai ake:

• te kunenga o te parau haapiiraa o tika;
• te ariā o te tika ao - ki te tangata katoa;
• titling he taonga kotahi;
• matau metarahi o te tangata noa;
• te whakaaro o te pūnaha ture kotahi;
• te tika o te tangata whenua Roma ki nga pononga tukua;
• haamaitairaa me here ki nga tika o te hōia;
• te mana ā-ture o te taupori tuawhenua;
• here o nga tika o pononga: te huru tika ki te kanohi, nui atu i te mea;
• whakangāwaritanga o ngā tukanga mo te tuku o nga pononga;
• ture whānau;
• te ture o te te monoraa;
• te parau tumu o te haere noa o te faaipoiporaa: Roma me kore-Roma, tangata me-tangata kore.

Ano, tata wāhi Justinian i te whakapakari i te mana e rua hōia, me te tōrangapū o Byzantium. I mua ia i te whāinga hao - te faaho'iraa mai o te Patireia o Roma i roto i ona rohe tawhito. Na te tino pai ia whakatinana reira. Ko te riri matua ki te kingitanga māngai te Te Tai Rāwhiti, me te kaha Iran rawa. I te mutunga o te whawhai i te rohe i waenganui i Iran me Byzantium noho i te rohe o mua, engari i roto i te ao o te mana o Byzantium ko Lazika, Crimea, Arapia, Armenia, te wahi āta ka kaha a Karaitiana. Raupatu o Justinian Vandals talangofua i Africa Te Tai Tokerau, i wehea ai te rangatiratanga o te Ostrogoths i Itari, kua ngaro nga Tautangata he wāhi nui o Spain. whakahaere Justinian ki te raupatu katoa te Peninsula Balkan. Kua tuaruatia te rohe, te rohe ki tata ki te rohe tawhito o te Hau emepera Roma. enei a rongonui Empire Byzantine katoa i raro i Justinian.