Fungi: āhuatanga whānui, me te hiranga

Rawa ngā mōhiohio taipitopito e pā ana ki te kaiao o moni ki a matou te hoatu akoranga i runga i te tumu parau "Biology" (Grade 6). āhuatanga General o harore, Heoi, - te kaupapa mo nga pukapuka katoa, me pepa pūtaiao. Ko te kore e faka'ohovale tenei - ki te ako ia ratou rawa ngā.

Harore, te aroaro he whakaahuatanga whānui o nei i roto i tenei tuhinga, kuputohu taiao, me te arataukai - eukaryotes heterotrophic ki anake osmotrofnym momo o kai. mārama titore ratou tenei whakamāramatanga i te tahi atu rauropi ki te wāhi nohoia e te -mita. āhuatanga General o te harore fokotuu e reira osmotrofnym mana ara e tika ana ki morphological, whaiaroaro, me te matüora āhuatanga o.

tinana vegetative o harore

Ko te tinana vegetative o te nuinga o te harore ko te kakawaea tino branched (weuweu) ki tupu mutunga, e tahi e huaina mycelium mycelium ranei. Tikanga, Kei te katoa rumakina te mycelium i roto i te tïpako (oneone, te tipu kikokiko, paru kararehe, toenga hua, a na i runga i.), A taua āhuatanga o tona hanganga tukua hoki wāhanga mōrahi i reira matūkai katoa te tinana mā te whakamahi i ekzoosmosa.

matū Organic i roto i enei substrates e te nuinga i roto i te puka o waerau teitei rāpoi taimaha (pūmua, polysaccharides, waikawa karihi) e kore e e haere i roto i te rakau pūtau. Na reira harore, te āhuatanga whānui o e ko tatou hiahia i roto i te tïpako emit depolymerase whākōkī ki piri oligo- me waerau o waetahi e taea te kawea ki roto ki te pūtau. Ki te huna ana nga whākōkī kūnatu kararehe ki te whēkau, ka tu nga harore ratou ki waho, a ka taea te rite te weuweu fungal ki te punuatuna everted.

uri o te harore

rumaki tonu ki te mycelium tïpako tauwhāiti ratou mararatanga i roto i te wāhi. Na reira, kei te hoatu o ratou whekau whakaputa uri mua i runga i te mata o te tïpako, ranei whakaarahia ki runga ake ki te horapa i te reira i roto i te rangi, ranei (ki te ko te tïpako i roto i te wai) o te reo waikanaetanga. He nui, mārama kitea ki te kanohi tahanga (maranga i runga harore te oneone shlyapochnye e tupu rakau korakora i runga i ranei) He maha harore (macromycetes) tinana spore-amo. Ētahi atu harore (mikromitcety) he tinana iti o sporulation, e taea te kite i to ratou hanganga anake i raro i te karu, engari i whai ahua ai ratou he whanaketanga papatipu o te tae i roto i te puka o ngā marau harore i runga i ngā substrates.

E rua o te rangatiratanga o te harore

whakaatu reconstructions Phylogenetic e kore he ōrite rōpū monophyletic ecomorphs "mushroom", me te wehea ki e rua phyla (te kingitanga). Ko te wahi pai, i huaina "harore pono" (eumitsety) monophyly me ko mau te harore kingitanga (Fungi). Te wahi iti, i huaina "kaiao gribopodobnymi" (psevdomitsety) mai me etahi rimurimu i roto i te kingitanga Stramenopila, e kua whakarōpūtia ki e rua wehenga - Oomycota (oomycetes) me Labyrinthulomycota (pakete uku kupenga). I runga i te pūtake o tenei wehenga hanga ake nga āhuatanga whānui o te harore. Amanita, rite koutou e taea te kite - ko te wahi anake o te katoa o ratou kanorau tenei.

metabolites Paraimere me tuarua

conventionally wehea metabolites katoa ki tuatahi, me te tuarua. He tika metabolites Paraimere mo te tupu o te tinana, a koha. Tenei karihi waikawa, pūmua, te warowaihā, ngā hoa, lipids, etc. O enei organelles pūtau hanga -. Karihi, pungaraungao, ribosomes, taiepa pūtau me te membrane hanganga e he harore. āhuatanga General o te metabolite tuatahi ko e e whakamahia ratou pūtau ngako rite te puna o te kai, me te pūngao. He tika metabolites Tuarua mō te urutaunga ki nga tikanga o te ora. Ka taea e ratou tupu i roto i te tahi mau momo, me te tawhiti i te ētahi atu. Rerekē te, metabolites tuarua tuatahi - ko te tikanga iti pūhui taimaha rāpoi.

pūmua

pūmua Structural he wahi o te taiepa pūtau, huānga cytoskeletal hanganga membrane, kua hanga pūira - microtubules me microfilaments. pūmua whākōkī whakarato tukanga intracellular katoa me te pāhekoheko ki te taiao.

warowaihā

warowaihā Structural polymeric - te pūtake o te taiepa pūtau, e he harore. āhuatanga General o te warowaihā i roto i ngā o te hanganga matū hanga reira taea ki te wehe ratou ki ngā rōpū e toru: te kūhuka i me ētahi atu monosaccharides me warowaihā covalently hono ki peptides (glycoproteins).

waerau kūhuka - ko glucans, chitin me te cellulose. Glucans He mekameka rārangi branched ranei o ngā rāpoi ngota kūhuka. Ua riro raua na te kahu waho o te taiepa pūtau o te nuinga o te harore. I roto i te rāpoi ngota o ngā toenga kūhuka chitin e piri ki te rōpū amino (aminated) ki ai, i roto i te tahuri, e piri toenga waikawameha ahetiki (acetylated). Rāpoi "nira" rāpoi ngota tahi pekapeka atu polysaccharides riro te kōhiwi mārō o te taiepa pūtau. kitea cellulose te i roto i Oomycetes te uiui katoa i roto i te mea te reira e pā ana ki te 10% o te papatipu taiepa pūtau. Roa i whakapono e kore he reira harore pono, engari inaianei whakaatu tona aroaro i roto i te taiepa o te tahi mau Ascomycetes (puninga Ophiostoma).

Waerau atu monosaccharides (mannose, galactose, me etahi atu.), Karanga i roto i nga otaota teitei hemicellulose, e kore e reira ngā rōpū katoa o te harore. Rawa te rota o waerau o mannose - mannans - i roto i te taiepa pūtau o rewena. Te āhua, te hanganga taua whakarato taiepa hua pai atu i glucan.

Heoi, kia tāpiri i te huru whānui o te harore i te meka e i roto i to ratou taiepa pūtau, me te i roto i ngā tipu kei maha polysaccharides hono ki rāpoi ngota pūmua -. Peptidoglycan mannanoproteiny etc. hanga ratou he apa matua o te taiepa pūtau multilayer ka whai wāhi nui i roto i te whakaū i pūtau tapatahi hanganga, me i roto i ona utu ki te tukanga taiao.

warowaihā manawapa

E whakaatu ana tēnei pepa he āhuatanga whānui tika taipitopito o te harore. 6 kura kōeke - he wā ka tatou te tuatahi ata mohio ki enei rauropi i roto i te piha haapiiraa te koiora. whakaaro tatou ki te faahohonu i to ratou mōhiotanga me ki te tūhura ratou i roto i te kōrero atu. whakaahua tatou inaianei te whakakapinga o te warowaihā.

I roto i te harore e kore i kitea te hukarau rāhui matua tūturu i roto i te tipu teitei, me te maha pükohu - māngaro. Kei te rongoa te kūhuka i roto i eumitsetov glucan rite tata ki te glycogen māngaro kararehe. I tua atu ki glucans i harore i te tahi atu warowaihā e manawapa, a ka he ahurei ki te rangatiratanga o te harore etahi. Ko te matua tenei trehalose hukarua. Hoki te wa roa kitea trehalose anake i roto i te harore, he aha riro ia i te ingoa tuarua - mycosis. Na kua kitea taua mea i roto i te tahi mau tipu teitei rite te pūhui iti. Trehalose whai wāhi nui i roto i te urutaunga o te pūtau fungal ki fakamamafa'i me te ture o ngā tukanga osmotic. Kei te roto ano te pūtau fungal waiwaihā huka - mannitol, sorbitol, Xylitol me etahi atu.

lipids

Lipids (hākawa nonireka o waikawa monocarboxylic he he mekameka tīmeka hahore) he hua e manawapa nui, kua waiho e ratou i roto i te pūtau i roto i te puka o rūrūtia ngako. Hoki te harore āhuatanga e te ihirangi tiketike o hamanga (he torutoru here rua i roto i te mekameka tīmeka) waikawa ngako pērā i linolenic - toru, me arachidonic - wha rua here. Ko te puka phospholipid (hono here pūhākawa ki te waikawa phosphoric), lipids he nui wāhanga o kiriuhi pūtau. He tūranga nui i roto i te hanga o ngā hanganga o lipids membrane me te tākaro sterols, hoatu te kaha membrane. Rerekē kararehe cholesterol he 27 ngota waro i roto i te rāpoi ngota (C-27) me phytosterols (C-29) tipu, te sterol fungal tuatahi - ergosterol (C-28).

metabolites Tuarua: uhi

E tangohia harore o ngā uhi photosynthetic, engari whakaputa he maha nui o pūhui, tae mycelium whekau propagative tïpako ranei. E ai ki te āhua matū o te nuinga o uhi pā ana ki te terpenoid (carotenoids) ranei ki pūhui kakara. mahi ratou i te whānuitanga o ngā mahi. Ko te kupu, kia kaha ai pärönaki Peta karaka rere o te tukanga fakasekisualé i roto i Mucorales; pouri uhi matomato, me te pango phenolic Aspergillus takoto anake taputapu Sporiferous pērā te mycelium tïpako, i hanga nei, i roto i te rangi, a i roto i te tautohetohe mō te tiaki i te marama hihi katinga; whakatakotoria melanin pouri-tae te i roto i te taiepa pūtau, te whakanui ake i to ratou kaha.

Tāoke me paturopi

He maha harore hua matū paitini ki ētahi atu rauropi e kua maha kua kitea ka haaputuhia āhuatanga whānui o te harore (6 pukapuka māka ā-ranei mo te kura nui). i huaina matū e he paitini ki microorganisms, paturopi e he paitini ki te tipu - phytotoxins paitini ki kararehe me te tangata - mycotoxins. Ētahi metabolites o harore, he paitini ki ngā rōpū rerekē o rauropi (otaota me microorganisms, ngā tipu me ngā kararehe), i te mahi matatini. E synthesized e maha harore noho te oneone, e me whakataetae mō ngā matūkai substrates ki ētahi atu microorganisms paturopi. Ratou natura matū me te aratau o mahi e huhua. Ko te kupu, paturopi-penicillins me cephalosporins tautāwhi i te kōtuitanga pūtau taiepa i roto i te huakita, trichothecenes - kōtuitanga pūmua i roto i ngā kaiao eukaryotic, griseofulvin - whāū.

Phytotoxins me mitotoksiny

Phytotoxins tohaina harore i roto i te kiko tipu pangia, meinga te mate o te tipu ngā pūtau, e ka riro ngāwari taonga ki te werau. tautāwhi i tāoke tukanga enzymatic i roto i ngā pūtau tipu huaketo (hei tauira, inhibits harore Alternaria tentoksin photosynthetic phosphorylation) riro pānga membrane kaha me te mana i runga i te waka o ngā matū i roto i te membrane, te whakawhiti transmembrane katote (waikawa fusaric, fusicoccin et al.).

E wehea Mycotoxins ki e rua ngā rōpū - nga tāoke o te harore mōkitokito (mikromitcetov) me fungal tāoke macromycetes he tinana fruiting nui. Ko te tuatahi ko te tino harore mōrearea e whakapoke i te hua tipu e kua whakamahia i roto i te kai. Hei tauira, i roto i te sclerotia pāhare ergot whakaemi (heterocycles kei roto hauota), e tāoke neuro-pararutiki. e kore e ratou whatiia iho i roto i tunu, na te taro tunua i te paraoa ki te taia o sclerotia kurua, he tino mōrearea. Ka taea e tōna whakamahi meinga poisoning nui, maha ki hopearaa mate. Ētahi atu pata werau - tukumate Fusarium matenga ngingio. Ko reira he mushroom o Fusarium, e tukuna meinga hoki witi tāoke terpenoid paihana nui (taro tunua i te paraoa poke ki Fusarium, paingia i huaina "haurangi taro", rite faatupu te reira whanoke, ruaki me ētahi atu tohu ahua nui poisoning waipiro).

kai harore

I tēnei wā, riro he rota o ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki to ratou kai pūtaiao me te koiora. āhuatanga General o harore, i tenei wāhi o te tirohanga ko e whai ake. Power nuinga o harore he tika ki te whakato, na to ratou whākōkī kaha e whati i te polysaccharides hanganga me te manawapa i roto i ngā tipu ora me te whakato otaota. Taua pectinases whakangaro waikawa polygalacturonic (pectin) i runga i te iti oligogalakturonidy taimaha rāpoi, xylanase, cellobiase me te cellulose iho cellulose me hemicellulose - te wāhanga warowaihā matua o taiepa tipu pūtau, amylase decomposes māngaro, me ētahi atu Tuarua, i muri i te cellulose i taimaha o ngā wāhanga o te tipu ngā pūtau -. Lignin, e tohu ana i te mowhiti kakara waerau toru-ahu. Rawa te rota o te reira i roto i te pūtau a Papatuanuku. Lignin - te waerau vegetative tino ātete, me te anake harore (te nuinga drevorazrushayuschih Polypore) i lignazy ha'iriiri whākōkī reira. Harore pirinoa whakaparu rakau kararehe me te tangata (kiri, makawe, huruhuru), o te huna hoki whākōkī e wahia iho pūmua keratin, i nei e hangaia ratou.

E synthesized te nuinga o enei whākōkī mō te whakaora pūngao i ngā pūtau i roto i te aroaro o te taonga i roto i te taiao e kore tonu, engari anake (hei tauira, ki te kahore he pectin i te taiao, e kore e synthesized te pectinase). e kore e constitutive ratou, rite raro ki tïpako arataki. I tua atu, e kore e ratou i hanga, ki te ko te reo, he ranunga o pūhui matūkai ki pākia pūngao atu pai (catabolites). Hei tauira, te hua mutunga o te whakangaromanga o te nuinga o polysaccharides - kūhuka, heoi i roto i te taiao e i roto i te tua kei pectin ranei cellulose, kūhuka, cellulase me pectinase kahore e hua. Pea ki te kia whai hua ki te hua ngā tukanga matū matatini ki te whakaputa i te kūhuka i, ki te he te reira kua reira i roto i te reo tupu. huaina taua ture ko te tāmitanga catabolite.

agamobium

Tonu ki te whakatuwhera i te kaupapa pērā i "ngā āhuatanga General o te harore", poto whakaahua i te āhuatanga o te whakatö. whakaputa uri tōtahi o enei rauropi taea e pua pūkoro me te immobile. Zoospores hanga he maha iti o harore, moana, me te teretetiera, nei ira mārama kitea e tika ana ki te wai. hanganga flagella me i zoospores gifihitrievyh rite ki taua whakaahuatia mo te ochrophyta Oomycetes, ia ka kia kōrero Chytridiomycota i te whakamārama o tenei rōpū. Te nuinga momo o pua harore whakamahi kaathu, tohu e he rawa ratou-roa te uru ki te whenua. Ka taea te hanga e endogenously pua i roto i sporangia (sporangiospory) ranei exogenously (conidia). E tukua pua Endogenous i muri anake i te whakangaromanga o te pānepata, i te nuinga o puta ina mākū. he tokomaha nui (mano) o pua, engari etahi momo hanga pānepata iti (sporangioli) i te mea he torutoru pua anake (i ētahi wā kotahi) Kei te nuinga o te wā i hanga i roto i te sporangia. I roto i te take whakamutunga e taea te sporangioli anga me pua coalesce, a ka te tautohe mahi endogenous rite exogenous. tohu tenei te takanga tuatahi o pua endogenous, i nga nga aritarita o exogenous.

syngenesis

Ko te momo tino noa o te tukanga moepuku, me te kuware tino - e kore e te hononga o te rua tohuhema rerekëtanga i runga i te pūtau vegetative, ka karanga somatogamiya. he angamaheni hoki yeasts askomitsetnyh moepuku, Basidiomycetes me maha atu harore tenei momo o te tukanga. I te tahi taime e te reira noa kahore hononga pūtau, he hononga ohie o karihi i roto i te pūtau. mua te tukanga matatini atu e hoa wehe wahi mycelium fakasekisualé (gametangia) e ka hanumi. he tukanga taua fakasekisualé, gametangiogamiya, angamaheni mo tokomaha zigo- me Ascomycetes. I te pae hopea, i roto i te harore kitea me te mua atu gametogamiya rauropi eukaryotic, arā hanumi tohuhema motuhake.

Classic āhuatanga pakiha me heterogamy o pükohu, kitea anake i roto i te harore raro - Chytridiomycota. Puāwaitanga harore oogamy kore-te moti. Ahakoa oomycetes, pera ka karanga e tika ana ki to ratou oogamy he kore i ngā tohuhema tane (sperm ranei spermatsiev) me te hua i roto i te oogonia tangohia ake taiepa pūtau me te ingoa oosferami. I roto i te tahi mau momo o marsupials harore e oogonium (engari kahore te tohuhema wahine he hua, arā, e tohu ana gametangium), engari i reira he kahore antheridium, kia puta i taua kikiritanga gifoy autonomic. Etahi askomitsegov me harore waikura bazidiomitsetnyh he tohuhema tane - spermatsii, engari kahore tohuhema wahine, a ētahi wā gametangia (spermatogamiya). I roto i te tahi mau momo spermatsii e rua mahi - te tohuhema tane me pua tōkai (conidia).

mutunga

āhuatanga General o te harore: kai me te manawa, spore uri - katoa o nui te pānga ki te āhua i aroha. Ko te nga kaiao ahurei e te hunga e kore tipu ranei kararehe. Opening i roto i te pukapuka e tika ana "āhuatanga General o te harore" (Grade 7), ka kitea e koutou e kėia ratou he rangatiratanga motuhake. Ētahi atu rangatiratanga - he kararehe, otaota, huaketo me huakita. Ko te kaupapa o "āhuatanga General o te harore me te uara" whakaturia mai i roto i te pukapuka, me te i roto i tenei tuhinga - he tika te kōrero taketake e pā ana ki a ratou. I a ratou i tuhituhia pukapuka katoa, na mahi i roto i to ratou ako e taea kia tino roa. Ko tētahi o nga kaupapa tino ngā i roto i to tatou whakaaro, ko te āhuatanga whānui o te harore. Pokepokea ai - tetahi o te tawhito tino i roto i te momo o kaiao ora ao. puta ia 200 miriona. Tau matahiti i ma'iri, a tupulekina i roto i te ao hou. wāhanga Open o tetahi pukapuka kura "Ko te rangatiratanga o te harore. āhuatanga General" (Grade 6), a ka kitea e koe ētahi atu pārongo e pā ana ki reira.