Echinoderms kararehe: whakaahuatanga, ingoa, photo

Echinoderms - he momo o te kararehe. e kore e taea te rite ratou i roto i te hanganga ki te tahi atu momo. Ahua o te kararehe rite te puawai, he whetu, he totoma, he pōro, a na i runga i. N.

History o te ako

hoatu nga Kariki onamata ratou te ingoa "echinoderms." roa kua Māngai o tenei momo i hiahia i roto i te te tangata. Kei te pā ana te hītori o te ako, i roto i ngā, me nga ingoa o Aristotle a Pliny; a i roto i te 18, me te tīmatanga o te rau tau 19 i ako ratou e maha pūtaiao pai-mohiotia (Lamarck, Linnaeus, Klein, Cuvier). Otiia, te nuinga o āu ake i te wa o tetahi fakafekau'aki ki coelenterates, noke ranei. I. I. Mechnikov, he kaiputaiao Russian, kitea e whai ratou he hononga ki te kishechnozhabernymi. whakakitea hoari e pā ana enei kaiao te ki māngai rite o chordates.

Ko te momo o echinoderms

I roto i to tatou wa, ka kitea taua mea e nga echinoderms - nga kararehe e no ki te rōpū o te hātaretare tino tino whakaritea - ki deuterostome. puta ratou i runga i te whenua ake atu i te 520 miriona tau ki muri. E kitea ana te toenga o echinoderms i roto i parataiao no ki te Cambrian wawe. Tenei momo ngā pā ana ki 5000 momo.

Echinoderms - kararehe moana, raro, te nuinga o nei ko te kaiao noa-ora. Iti noa e piri ki te raro mā te whakamahi i te kakau motuhake. Kua Kei te tinana o te nuinga o rauropi i runga i te 5-hihi, engari ratou tokomaha i roto i etahi atu kararehe. Kei te mohiotia te reira e i tupuna kiritara hangarite më, i nei riro enei noa-kauhoe torongū.

hanganga ā-

Ko te māngai o echinoderms i roto i te paparanga tūhonohono subcutaneous whakawhanake te kōhiwi titoa o paraharaha calcareous me ngira, tataramoa, me ētahi atu N. I te mata tinana. Ka rite ki i roto i chordates, i hanga enei rauropi kōhao tinana tuarua e te wehenga o nga peke kiriwai intestinal. Gastropor i roto i to ratou whanaketanga tupuria puta ki te nono ranei. I roto i tenei take, i hanga faahou te torongū mangai.

Echinoderms kararehe i te pūnaha circulatory. Otiia kua whakawhanakehia inhalation rawa ngoikore oranga ranei. He mea tika ki whakaahua poto te tahi atu tohu o echinoderms. I roto i enei kararehe, i reira he kahore whekau motuhake o te excretion. pūnaha io Engari tahito o kaiao o te moni ki a tatou. Kei te Kei te reira i tetahi wahi i roto i te kiriwaho ranei invaginates epithelium roto o te tinana.

hanganga waho

Me i kō atu e ngā āhuatanga o te hanganga waho o enei rauropi Echinoderms āhuatanga. Ko te epithelium waho o te wahi matua o echinoderms (kukama moana okotahi) he makawe iti e hanga he nāianei o te wai. Ko ratou kawenga mō te tuku kai, utu hau me te purenga o te tinana i te paru. Ko nga rakau o echinoderms i te momo o te mate pukupuku (meinga tīrama me paitini), me ngā uhi, e hoatu i te tae faahiahia ki enei kararehe.

āhuatanga kōhiwi i roto i te pātangaroa - paraharaha calcareous, e kua whakaritea nga rarangi ahopou i roto i, te nuinga o ki tarakina, i waho tino. tiakina te tinana o urchin te moana e anga calcareous. Kei reira o te raupapa o paraharaha, piri tuati-, ki ngira roa, e noho ana ki runga ki a ratou. I te moana kukama he tinana calcareous, e kua marara i roto i to ratou kiri. Ko te kōhiwi o enei rauropi i runga i te take kāinga.

Musculature me te pūnaha ambulacral

Musculature o enei kararehe aroaro takai uaua me uaua takitahi. whakawhanakehia ia tino pai, tae noa ki turanga tetahi ranei tetahi kararehe. I roto i te nuinga o echinoderms momo tavini pūnaha ambulacral ki pa ki, kaupapa, me etahi kina moana me rengarenga moana hangaia mō te kupukupu. He motuhake enei rauropi, kua kite ratou i te whanaketanga o te kāhuarau o te torongū.

whakarōpū o echinoderms

E 5 ngā akomanga o echinoderms: pakarukaru, pātangaroa, kina moana, rengarenga moana, me te kau vekiume. Kei te wehea Momo ki e rua momoroto: neke noa echinoderms aroaro whetu pakarukaru, vekiume, kina moana me te pātangaroa, me āpitihanga - rengarenga moana, me te tahi mau akomanga ngaro. Kei te mohiotia te reira e pā ana ki te momo hou e ono mano, a hoki e pā ana ki rua rite maha ngaro. echinoderms katoa he kararehe moana e ora anake i roto i te te wai tote.

pātangaroa

Ko te māngai tino rongonui o te momo e tatou hiahia i roto i te mea te pātangaroa (whakaahua o tetahi o ratou aroaro i runga ake). no enei kararehe ki te Asteroidea piha haapiiraa. e kore e pātangaroa aitua whiwhi ratou ingoa. I roto i tona ahua, he tokomaha o ratou he whetu rima-oka taparima rite ranei. Heoi, i reira he momo, te maha o hihi e tae rima tekau.

Titiro ki ta te tinana ngā he pātangaroa, i te aroaro whakaahua i runga ake! Ki te hoki whakamuri i te reira, e taea te kite i te reira e te whakararo o nga kurupae, he rarangi o waewae iti tubular ki te kapu momi i runga i te mutunga. Animal, mo ratou, ngoki i runga i te takere, me te ki te piki papa poutū.

echinoderms katoa i te kaha mo te houtanga tere. Pātangaroa ia kurupae, i wehea i te tinana, he mea ka taea. Ia faaapî i tonu, a ka tae mai te tinana hou i roto i o reira. whangai te nuinga pātangaroa i runga i nga toenga o te mea waro. kitea ratou ratou i roto i te whenua. Ratou kai hoki ngā te tinana o te ika, me te pükohu. Heoi, te tahi mau melo o te pātangaroa - kaitukituki e patu i to ratou patunga (hātaretare whakaritea). I muri kitea te tangohanga te, e ringihia enei kararehe tona kopu i roto i. Ko te kupu, whakahekea nakunaku o etahi pātangaroa konihi i roto. Ko te hihi o enei kararehe i te uaua rawa kaha. āhei te reira ki a ratou te whakatuwhera ngāwari te whitiki clam. taea pātangaroa me te kuru totohu ai ki te tika.

Ko te tino rongonui i roto i kararehe mohoao ko Acanthasterplanci - karauna o tataramoa. Ko te hoariri kino o pūkawa wheo moana tenei. E āhua 1500 ngā momo i roto i tenei piha haapiiraa (momo echinoderms).

Ka taea e pātangaroa tā e rua moepuku me asexually na (houtanga). Ko te nuinga o enei kararehe - kaiao dioecious. Kikiritanga kua mahi ratou i roto i te wai. whakawhanake te tinana he kāhuarau. ora ētahi whetu moana ki runga ki te 30 tau.

Zmeehvostki (pakarukaru)

He tino rite ki te whetu enei kararehe: he ratou kurupae kikokore, me te roa. I roto i te whetu pakarukaru (momo o echinoderms) ate kahore a konga, te nono me te hindgut. Na roto i te ara o te ora, e rite ki te pātangaroa hoki ratou. He dioecious ēnei kararehe, engari he nehenehe o te houtanga e rua, me te ki whakaputa uri tōtahi. Ētahi momo he puka whakaputa tūrama.

zmeehvostok tinana (he pakarukaru) E whakaatu ana te kōpae flat nei diameter ko 10 cm. Mai i haere i te reira 5 ranei 10 segmented roa kurupae kikokore. Animals whakamahia hoki te kaupapa o te hihi: powhiwhiwhi tonu ki e ngōki haere te moana. neke ēnei ngā i roto i tēpilé. hutia mua ratou o o "ringa" ona takirua e rua, me te ka koimutu takai hoki ratou. Zmeehvostki whangai i runga i detritus me te kararehe iti. ora whetu pakarukaru ki runga ki te takere, kāri, rupi, kina te moana. He pā ana ki 2 mano momo. E mohiotia ēnei kararehe i te Ordovician.

crinoids

Echinoderms he kararehe rawa kanorau. Tauira crinoids e no ano hoki ki tenei momo, te aroaro i runga. Ko anake raro ēnei kaiao. arahina ratou he āhua sedentary. kia haapapu te reira i taua rengarenga moana - e kore te mea he tipu, ara nga kararehe, ahakoa to ratou ingoa tenei. Ko te tinana o enei rauropi ngā o te peihana, ko te kakau me te ringa (brachiolar). Ki te kei te tātari ringa matūriki kai i te wai. Te nuinga o ngā momo hou e noa-mānu me te acaulescent.

Kei te āta Besstebelchatye rengarenga ngokingoki. Ka taea e ratou ara kauhoe i roto i te wai. Kei to ratou kai o te kararehe iti, köurarangi, ngā toenga pükohu. tata te katoa maha o momo i 6000, o nei te māngai tēnei wā iti iho i te 700. enei kararehe kua mohiotia mai te Cambrian.

ora te nuinga nehenehe tae momo o rengarenga moana i roto i te moana, me ngā moana o te subtropics. E piri ratou ki ngā taonga raro. Kei te whakapono te reira e tenei kararehe tata wharengaro, engari i roto i te wā Mesozoic me Paleozoic, he nui rawa to ratou tūranga i roto i te wai o nga moana, me ngā moana.

kukama moana (kūkamo te moana)

E huaina ēnei rauropi rerekē: kūkamo moana, capsules hua vekiume ranei. tohu ratou he piha o hātaretare pērā i echinoderms. He whakaaro e kai te tangata. Ko te ingoa noa o te kukama moana kai - "kūkamo moana". Trepang keri i runga i te tauine nui i roto i te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti. He hoki kukama moana paitini. O enei riro ngā taero (hei tauira, goloturiin).

Tēnei wā kanohi e pā ana ki 1.150 momo o te kūkamo moana. E wehewehea Māngai o ratou ki 6 ngā rōpū. wa, e ngā te anga pōhatu matamua o kukama moana - Silurian.

rerekē ēnei rauropi i ētahi atu echinoderms, tapawhā, puka porohita kutukutu-rite ranei, me te te whakaiti o te wheua dermal, me te meka e whai ratou kahore titaha kohuki. karapotia mangai o enei kararehe e aureole arā, o kawekawe. Ki te awhina o enei kai moana kukama hopu. Enei kararehe Ko te raro, ahakoa tino onge, a ka ora i roto i te parahua (pelagic). arahina ratou he āhua sedentary. whangai Moana kukama i runga i planktonic iti ranei parahua.

kina te moana

ora ēnei kararehe i runga i te raro e tata ana te raro ranei. Ko tata porohita te tinana o te nuinga o ratou, me he hua-ahuahu. awhe tōna diameter i 3.2 ki te 30 cm. waho hipokina te tinana i te rarangi o titaha o paraharaha calcareous ngira ranei. Tikanga, Kei te pu hono te paraharaha ki tahi i te tahi, hanga he anga (anga mātotoru). e kore e tenei anga tukua ki te huri i te āhua o te kararehe. I teie mahana, te kina moana, i reira e pā ana ki 940 ngā momo. Ko te tokomaha nui o ngā momo i māngai i roto i te Paleozoic. I tēnei wā, i reira e 6 akomanga, i te ngaro - 15.

Ka rite ki hoki kai, ka etahi kina moana whakamahia i roto i te kai kiko mate (detritus), ētahi atu i waruhia i kohatu rimurimu. I roto i te take whakamutunga rawa mangai o te kararehe e ki te taputapu ngangau motuhake i huaina rama Aristotelian. I roto i te ahua rite reira he drill. Ētahi momo o echinoderms (kina te moana) me te awhina o kahore anake rapu mō kai, engari ano hoki ki te whakarerekē i te kamaka i te wiri whenua rua i roto ia ratou.

Uara o te kina moana

Ēnei kararehe - he puka tino o ngā rauemi koiora o te moana. Ko te arumoni ngā nuinga anaterope o te kina moana. I roto i Japan a ētahi atu whenua o te rohe Ahia-Kiwa, ko reira he hua reka. Caviar enei kararehe kei maha matū kaha biologically. Scientists whakapono e nga mea timatanga i te hunga i roto i reira, e taea te whakamahi i roto i te mate pukupuku me te mea he kaihoko whakaora, me te prophylactic. Ano, arahina ratou ki te pēhanga toto noa, nui haere mananga, outputted i te radionuclides tinana tangata. Kei te kï reira e faarahi kai hua kai ātete ki mate, āwhina ki mate wahi kūnatu, te whakaiti i te pānga o te radiation therapy, whakapiki i te mahi o repe fakasekisualé me te thyroid, pūnaha Cardiovascular.

Hoatu te runga ake, ehara i te mea maere e te urchin moana - kiritara moana, e riro te rihi mai. Hei tauira, noho Japanese pau ia tau e pā ana ki 500 toni o hua o te kararehe i roto i tona ahua tūturu, ranei rite tāpiritanga ki te rihi. E te ara, me te whakamahi o te hua kai kia nui te ora e pā ana i roto i tenei whenua, e ora te wahi iwi i runga i 89 tau toharite.

I roto i tenei tuhinga, i te aroaro anake nga kararehe echinoderms matua. O ratou ingoa, te tūmanako mahara koe. Whakaae, Ko te tino ataahua, me te ngā i te ora moana.