Dzheykob Shiff - biography, hītori o te angitu, ngā whakatutukitanga, me ngā meka ngā

. J. Schiff (ingoa tonu: Hakopa Genri Shiff) ko he tuaana Hurai American, philanthropist me ngā pāpori. He maha ngā wāhanga o te ora i roto i te US, te rua o nga kāinga Schiff hipoki ana mahi haaputuputuraa nui. Tona pā ana ki te kōrero Russian Tsarist hoatu te whakamāramatanga o "whawhai whaiaro". Ko te āhuatanga o Hurai i roto i te Russian Dzheykob Shiff whakaritea ki nga fakatamaki o ratou matua Bibilia i roto i Ihipa i roto i te exodo nui.

biography

whanau Hakopa Henry Schiff i roto i 1847 i roto i te utuafare rongonui e pā ana ki te ingoa Rothschild. Matua o te tuaana i te Rapi. riro te tangata taitama he mātauranga fakamāmani, me te karakia pai. I te tau 1865 heke ia ki te United States, te wahi i timata ai ia te mahi i roto i te pēke. I roto i te 1875, ka moea e Dzheykob Shiff te tamahine o tetahi o nga kaiwhakahaere o te pēke Kuhn, Loeb & Co, wahi o te take-ture, me i te 1885 ka kaiwhakahaere o te pēke. I raro i te ārahitanga o te piki te pai institution Schiff, riro te reira taea ki te whai wāhi i roto i te pūtea o maha kaupapa nui i roto i ngā rāngai o te ōhanga. Shiff Dzheykob Henry puta noa i tona ora mātātoa te whai wāhi i roto i ngā mahi haaputuputuraa.

i faaipoipo ki Tereze Repekamai (tamahine o te rangatira o te pēke, kua hanga i roto i te nei te tangata taitamariki he mahi) ia. i whanau tamariki faaipoipo: tamahine Frieda me tama Mortimer. mate Dzheykob Shiff i tau 73 i roto i te tau 1920. I tanumia ia i roto i New York.

Dzheykob Shiff - ahua tūmatanui

tuaana mohiotia ko tetahi o nga kau taki o te hapori Hurai i roto i te United States. pūtea ratou he maha o ngā kaupapa: ko te hanganga o te wāhanga Hurai o te whare pukapuka tūmatanui i roto i New York, "Hibri College Union", te Hurai Theological Seminary, me ētahi atu.

Hakopa Genri Shiff whakahaua ano tona te faarahiraa ki te maha o ngā kaupapa kore-Hurai me pūtahi. Ko te kupu, takoha ia moni nui ki American whare mātauranga, te Boy Scouts o Amerika, te whakahaere o te Cross Whero, a na i runga i. D.

puritia Schiff kua ngā tūranga hōnore, i roto i ngā, ko ia tokoni palesiteni o te Chamber of Commerce i te United States, ko he New York City Kaunihera i runga i te Mātauranga.

Dzheykob Shiff: whai wāhitanga i roto i tōrangapū

I roto i te 1904, i whakawhiwhia Schiff he whakarongo ki te Kingi o Peretane Edward VII. tautoko mātātoa a Japan mo te whawhai Russian-Japanese, riro te tuaana i te tohu i te kāwanatanga Japanese: te Order o te Treasure Toputapu, me te ra putanga. I roto i te pōtitanga peresideniraa i roto i te United States (1909 th) tautoko Schiff William Taft te kaitono.

I roto i te 1914, i hanga Dzheykob Shiff rite tetahi o nga kaihanga o te "Joint" (American Komiti Distribution Hurai). Ko te kaitōrangapū ko te hoariri o Zionism, karanga tenei whakaaro o te utopia.

"Ko e Whakapuakanga Balfour"

kihai i ārai Schiff i roto i 1917 tenei ki te haere ake ki te tautoko o "Whakapuakanga Balfour". I roto i te 1917, Ingarangi Foreign Hekeretari Arthur Balfour ki Ariki Rothschild korero e tohu ana i te hapori o Ingarangi Hurai, ki te pukapuka tuwhera ki te Zionist Federation. whakapuakina te reta aroha ki wawata Zionist Hurai kāwanatanga. I roto i te mau opuaraa tānga kiia kite hītori te tuhinga:

• Te hanga pēhanga i runga i te kāwanatanga US i te wahi o te hapori Hurai American ki te whāinga o te akiaki i tona urunga ki te Pakanga o te Ao e ahau kia rite ki te mema o te mua.
• Te hanga pēhanga i runga i nga Hurai Russian mo te whakaaro o te ārai te horapa o te whakaaro o mua i roto ia ratou, ka ārai putanga te whenua o i te whawhai.
• Whakarite i te tika ki te mana ki runga i te rohe Pirihitia i te UK.

E ai ki te pooti whakaaro tūmatanui whakahaeretia i roto i te 2004 i roto i neke atu i te 20 mano. Māngai o pūkenga iwi Arab i roto i nga whenua rerekē, "Balfour Whakapuakanga" whakaaro te ki kia i roto i te mano tau mua, "te tuhinga tino wehingia ana."

Russia

Kua oti rawa Kaupapa "Schiff ko Russia" ratou mau ohipa e rave rahi hītori. Te nuinga o ratou whakaahuatia Dzheykob Shiff rite te hoariri o autocracy Russian mura nei. Ko tenei tika, matua, me nga kaupapa here whakahāwea whaia e te kāwanatanga tsarist ki nga Hurai.

i kaha whakamahia Schiff tona mana whaiaro me te mana i roto i te pēke, me te rängai pūtea o te US ki faaitoito pēhanga i runga i te mana Russian. I roto i te tikanga ki te faahepo i te kāwanatanga Russian ki te aukati i te tūkino o tika tangata, me te ture o te Hurai īnaki Schiff te whai wāhi whenua ki loans ke i te US, utua Siapani te ope i roto i te Russian-Japanese War, ko te kaituhi o te maha o ngā kōkiritanga kaupapa here ke e taea arahi ki te ino i roto i whanaunga takawaenga i waenganui i te US ko Russia. ka karanga kaupapa ngā kaituhi ana mahi ki Russia "whawhai whaiaro" taui "ki te weriweri katoa-kai." Ko te tūranga o te taupori Hurai i roto i te whenua Schiff whakaritea te kino o tupuna te Bibilia i roto i Ihipa mai te exodo nui. kite ia i rite te Mohi hou. I karangatia te reira e Schiff faitau whaiaro ki Russia, whakapono hītori, whai wāhi ki tona tairanga, rerekē hoki te rangatira Hurai.

I muri i te wikitoria o te Hui-tanguru Revolution Schiff ke te huru ki Russia. Whakamanuhiritia nga kaupapa here kāwanatanga wā, e kua whakakorea mau faaroo here me te tautoko pūtea o ona taurewa whawhai.

Ko te revolution Russian

He maha mātāpuna o ngā kōrero o te tohu i te whai wāhi pea o Schiff ki te moni i te revolution i roto i Russia i te tīmatanga o te rau tau XX. ngā whānui te kōrero ana tēnei kaupapa i te wa porowhita pravomonarhicheskimi emigre. Heoi, puna conclusively taea e whakamatau i anei whakapae ranei, rite hoatu a kihai i reira. Ano, i kitea hītori tuhinga teka rite ki te panipania Schiff, whakamatautau tona whai wāhitanga i roto i pütea i te Russian Revolution.

Kei te mohiotia te reira i e i roto i te 1919 tetahi o nga pukapuka monarchist i roto i Rostov-i runga i-Don i puta te tuhinga titoa, kī i riro nga mua maha-miriona tāra karaati i te tuaana Schiff, i awhinatia ratou ki te riro i te revolution.

Ko te pakanga mo nga tika o nga Hurai

aro o Schiff ki te āhuatanga o te Hurai Russian i kawea whakahokia i roto i te akoranga o nga ngangaretanga i roto i 1881. I roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20. i roto i te täoro o taputapu, whakawhanakehia te hapori US Hurai i roto i tona pakanga haere tonu mo te tika o Hurai i roto i te tahi atu mau fenua, te whai hua tino ko te hanganga o te whakaaro tūmatanui, me te pēhanga i runga i te kāwanatanga United States. I roto i te tīmatanga o te whare mata rau 20 whakakiia. Schiff ia te tahi mea hou i tāpiri - te pēhanga pūtea ao ki te wehe takawaenga o Russia.

I roto i te tīmatanga o nga tau 1890, whakahaere Schiff tona tautoko pūtea mō te whakaputanga o te marama "Free Russia", i te mea he whakahaere tōrangapū mahi nei i roto i te tohatoha o te ngaro "painga āhua" SRS. Na roto i tenei wa te ahua ka hoa ki Hoani. Kennan, he kairīpoata American, mohiotia hoki tona tautoko kaha o tahae i roto i Russia. te rongo Public Kennan tikanga taimaha i roto i i puritia i roto i te whakarau herehere tōrangapū Siberian, ko te hiringa mo te tohatoha i roto i te United States i te titiro tino i te tikanga ngā i roto i te Russian Empire.

I runga i te kaupapa o te wero atu tuwhena atu te whakapai ake i te āhuatanga o te Hurai Russian i whakatakotoria. Ko tenei mahi - democratization Russian roto i te hurihanga o te whare Romanov.

Russian-Japanese te whawhai

I roto i te 1890, i roto i te haerenga ki te oko manuao New York Port Russian, i whakaritea Schiff pakanga o whakaūpoko o te hui i te hapori Hurai. I roto i te pakanga ki a Russia e tetahi whakaaro morare e kore e fakangatangata ia ki a Hakopa Genri Shiff.

Hairuha Adler, tumu kōrero, tuhi i roto i tona pukapuka e pā ana ki tenei ngā: i roto i te Hui-tanguru 1904 huihuia te Schiff tuatahi i roto i tona whare o ngā māngai o ngā rōpū Hurai, a ka korerotia e ratou e ki kaua e neke atu i te rua ra i waenganui i Japan a Russia tīmata te whawhai. I mea ano te tuaana i whakatata ia ki te tono mo te taurewa mo te kāwanatanga Japanese. hiahia Schiff ki te whakarongo ki te whakaaro o te hunga hakari, rite kia pā te tūranga o ratou Russian tahi-faaroo tenei. Te āhua, hītori mea, i hanga he whakatau pai i te hui. Ahau ite tonu Schiff oto no te mea o te kino nui i meinga e tona mahi Russia? e kore e mohiotia tenei hītori.

taurewa

I te timatanga o te whawhai te whakahaere Schiff American rōpū (whare pēke "Kuhn, Loeb me K ° tahatika», motu, me te arumoni) i tukuna e nga loans Anglo-American mo te kāwanatanga Japanese (te nui i pā ana ki 110 miriona. Tara. Kua kairau a te reira i te wāhi tino hira i roto i te pūtea o te Japan ririhau me te whakarite i tona wikitoria. i tua atu, Schiff mātātoa me te pai i roto i tukuna ai o te whakatakoto taurewa Russian i roto i te mākete US. puritia ratou maha atu pareparenga US i tuku ki te kāwanatanga Russian.

i te pütea Schiff kaupapa J. Kennan mo te whakahörapatanga o te tuhinga orurehau motuhake i roto i puni POW Russian i Tapone. i te tino pai te ke ana te kaupapa. I roto i te puna o 1917, Kennan fakatāutaha korerotia e pā ana ki reira ki kairīpoata. E ai ki a ia, i roto i te puni, ki te tautoko o Schiff ka taea ki te whakaora taranata o tuhinga pāhoro, te kupu hoki ki honau fonua tupu'angá e pā ana ki 50 mano. Tahae pūmau.

whakamātau Russian ki te tae te kawenata ki a Schiff

i hanga whakamātau kāwanatanga Russian ki te tae te kawenata ki Schiff, "te tō" reira ki tona taha, ranei i te iti rawa whāpāharehia. rahua No whakahau ki whakapati Schiff mutu te āwhina i te kaupapa orurehau Russian. e kore e taea te mutu World o te Romanovs, ka mea Schiff.

pogroms

He maha hītori whakapono e te tūranga tangohia e te tuaana i roto i te Pakanga Russian-Japanese, kua pā hāngai ki te āhuatanga taumaha o nga Hurai i roto i Russia. Schiff, hītori whakapono, neke atu i te tangata atu hoki nga raruraru te ähua o tana Russian tahi-faaroo i, no te mea ratou kahore e huna i te meka i kua i te whawhai Japan me Russia kua meinga whakawhetai taea ki te moni o peeke Hurai.

I roto i August a Mahuru o 1904, i roto i te nuku 1905 i roto i te pa, me pa o Ukraine, Peraruhia, a ka i runga i te rohe katoa o Russia, he poipoi o pogroms fakalilifu meinga e whakapae taunanawe o nga Hurai mo te whawhai, me te faaineineraa o te revolution. I roto i patua nga koroke neke atu i 800 Hurai (e kore e tenei tau ngā te mate i whara). Te kino rawa meinga ki te taupori Hurai, tata i neke atu i te 70 miriona. Mirimiria. E ai ki ētahi atu puna, i roto i nga ngangaretanga patua neke atu i 4 mano. A i patua e pā ana ki 10 mano. Hurai. Kua Schiff kua kaha tautoko pūtea o te wae whaiaro korero-Hurai.

Ka rite ki te hua, kua heke Schiff me tona tira i runga i te kāwanatanga Russian ki tūranga pēhanga takawaenga o Hurai Russian noa atu: i tangohia i roto i te wā i te tau 1912 ra ano 1913th i roto i ture pakeke te whenua o, i i tangohia o toenga mana pāpori me ona rangatiratanga Hurai.

Ko te World tuatahi

Mai te timatanga o te whawhai, i rapu ano te kāwanatanga Russian āwhina i te US mākete pūtea. kore kua Schiff ke tona tūranga. Te whakarato o nama Russian, whakaaro ia taea anake i raro i te huru o te huringa ki te kaupapa here Hurai o nga mana Russian.

February revolution

Ko te wikitoria o te Hui-tanguru Revolution Schiff Garden. homai tikanga o 06.04.1917 nga Hurai tuatahi i tika rite ki ētahi atu tangata o te whenua. Te revolution, whakapono ia Schiff - he merekara tūturu, nui atu ara atu i te tuku o nga tupuna Fakatohitapu o te iwi Hurai i te whakarau Ihipiana. tautoko pūtea mō te kāwanatanga orurehau kua whakamatauria reira ki te kia tino nui.

"Disassociate ratou i te whero ..."

I roto i te 1918, i te whakapanga Schiff i te meka e, whakawhetai ki tona moni i roto i Russia, riro nga mua. tonoa Schiff he pukapuka ki te Tari US o State, i roto i nei te tuaana hua'tu tētehi ia i nga Whero.

Ētahi kōrero, Heoi, e tautokona ana e ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te Schiff pūtea hohe Lva Trotskogo. I tua atu, kua mohiotia taua mea e hoki tata toru tekau nga tau i muri i te wikitoria o te revolution, homai US diplomats me rangatira maramarama ki te moni i Schiff rōpū.

Book Adler Hairuha

Ko o te pānga te kaitautoko matua o takaí Russian katoa Dzheykob Shiff, biography me te hītori o te angitu e kua aroaro i roto i te pukapuka o te kōrero me te kairīpoata Hairuha Adler, me tenei ra. whakaputaina te pukapuka i roto i 2017 i roto i te whare whakaputa Moscow "Tsentrpoligraf". 575 ngā whārangi i roto i te tahi mau meka ngā i te ora o te tuaana American rongonui, philanthropist me te ahua tūmatanui, te heheu mai i te aronga maha o tona huru taata. He wātea te pukapuka rite te reta Schiff me ētahi atu rawa whakamatautau te ringa rehe o tona ngākau nuitanga.