Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin: mahi, whakaaro tōrangapū, photo, biography

Boris Chicherin ko tetahi o nga Westerners nui hawhe tuarua o XIX rautau. kanohi ia te parirau ohaoha āhua, he kaitautoko o te ngātahitia ki te mana. No te mea o tenei, kei te maha whakahē reira e to'utangata. Te kāwanatanga Soviet kihai i rite Chicherina mō te faaino hapori. Na reira, anake tenei ra e taea te paetahi ore tatou aromatawai i te uara o ona mahi.

tau wawe

whanau Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin i Pipiri 7, 1828. Ko ia he Māori o Tambov whānau rangatira. Ko tona papa he kaipakihi momoho, hoko waipiro. tahuri Boris te mau metua matamua-whanau (i ia ono teina, me te tuahine). riro tamariki katoa te mātauranga kounga. I te tau 1844, Boris me tona teina, Basil (papa o te heke mai o te tangata Commissar mo Foreign Affairs o te USSR), oho ia ki a Moscow ki te tomo i te whare wānanga. Kaiako o nga tangata taitamariki ka rongonui westerner ohaoha Timofey Granovsky. tohutohu ia tona akonga o ki te haere ki te kura ture, i meatia e ia.

puta Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin i te University i te 1849. Ko te wā o ana akoranga tino pokea ana Nicholas tauhohenga e aru i te hinga o te Decembrists. i whāiti ti'amâraa o te whakapuaki, e, o te akoranga, kihai i rite ki te huru ohaoha o te taupori. no Boris Chicherin tika ki te interlayer. Ko tētahi atu miramira o tona tamarikitanga ka takaí Pākehā o 1848, i tino awe te hanganga o tona whakaaro.

Ko te a Tūrongo, tino i te mau ohipa i roto i France. whakaae te tangata Young oaoa te rongo tuatahi o te revolution, engari i muri i hoatu ake i runga i te tukanga taua o te whanaketanga pāpori. Ahakoa i roto i te tau tawhito, ia okioki ki te whakaaro e kore e taea e te kāwanatanga i mua hūpeke. Revolution - e kore ko te kōwhiringa. Kei te rapu matou mo whakahounga āta, nui atu i "demagogues quackery", te kaikōrero i te matenga o te mano 'oi'oi i. I te wa ano, i roto i te noa'tu o te oto i roto i te revolution, ko Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin te ohaoha. Hoki Russia, reira mau ka te kaiwhakarewa o te ture ture.

I roto i te Nicholas Russian

puta te tīmatanga mō te tōrangapū, me te taumauri whakaaro tirohanga whakaako Hegel. te mutunga anötia Chicherin tona pūnaha metaphysical. Whakaaro whakapono e reira e wha timatanga pūmau - te take pakiaka, taonga whaitake me te rauemi, me te te wairua whakaaro ranei (e ko te whāinga hopea). I roto i te hapori i roto i enei ari kitea te - hapori ā-, te hapu, te hahi me te kāwanatanga. Tohe Hegel e mea me te whakaaro - ko reira anake te faaiteraa o te wairua. I roto i tenei tātai tikanga he kaupapa here e absorbs te kāwanatanga atu hinonga katoa (te utuafare, hahi, a na i runga i. D.). Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin fakalili'a e te whakaaro, engari kihai i whakaae ki a reira. whakapono ia e katoa o te ari i runga ake-whakaahuatia wha e rite, me te ōrite. Ana whakaaro tōrangapū puta noa i te ora i runga i tenei nui kōhanga ohie.

I te tau 1851 haere Chicherin te whakamātautau, ka meinga he ariki. Ko tona tuhinga whakapae i runga i te tumu parau o pūtahi tūmatanui i roto i Russia i te rau tau XVII. Ko te whakaaro o nga ahorangi o te wā i roto i te hanganga ture ki tonu ki te whakaaro tapu o Nicholas ahau o " 'Ofotokisií, autocracy me te iwi." Na reira, e kore i whakaae enei conservatives tuhinga Chicherin, rite kei ia i whakahē reira te pūnaha tōrangapū o te rau tau XVII. He tau torutoru iwi taitamariki kau manataia ahorangi e ko tonu te kuputuhi "haere". Hanga taea reira anake i roto i te 1856. E kore te mea kōpeka tenei rā. I roto i taua tau, ko Nicholas ahau kua mate, a ko te torona tana tama Alexander II. timata te wā hou mō te Russia, i roto i nei i riro taua "fronderskie" tuhinga whakapae me te toenga.

Westerner me te hau

Mai i te wāhi wä o te tirohanga, biography Chicherina Borisa Nikolaevicha ko te tauira o te ora, me te mahi o Westerners. Kua i te kuao tau, ngā ia te aro o te hapori hinengaro te whenua o. Tona tuhinga, whakaputaina i te timatanga o te kingitanga o Alexander II o, i roto i te 1858, i kohia i roto i te pukapuka motuhake "ngā i runga i te hītori o te ture Russian." Kei te deservedly whakaaro tenei kohinga te pūtake o te kura hītori-ture tūmatanui ranei i roto i te ture motu. ka Chicherin tona par pionie ki Konstantin Kavelin me Sergeem Solovevym.

Māngai o tenei au whakapono e te kāwanatanga ko te kaha whui matua mo te whenua katoa. Chicherin hoki whakawhanakehia te ariā o te faatîtîraa, me te Tuhinga o ngā akomanga pāpori. Tona tirohanga i taua i tetahi he wā o te whanaketanga o mua o te hapori Russian ki te ārai i te putanga o te serfdom. i tika ki te take ōhanga, me te pāpori tenei. Na, i roto i te waenganui o te rau tau XIX, kua ngaro te hiahia. Kōrero, Nāna statesmen te whakaoranga o te peasants.

ngā mahi kairīpoata

ngaro Alexander II, i haere ki te mana i roto i 1855, i roto i te Crimean War, ua ite e hiahia te whenua whakahou. puritia tona papa e whakatotoka hapori Russian, pera ki te korero, ka ora taua huru. Na piki nga raruraru katoa i roto i. A tuatahi o te katoa - te pātai kaiahuwhenua. Huri ongo'i te tonu. whakarewahia te reira i te matapaki tūmatanui. tahuri ia nga whārangi o niupepa. Rīpera ko te "Russian Gazette" Slavophiles "kōrero Russian." I roto i te kōrero o ngā take pāpori, me te ōhanga whai wāhi ko Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich.

Westerner kua hohoro riro te kairīpoata rongonui, me te mohio. Kua i tona tamarikitanga, whakawhanakehia e ia tona kāhua ake, arā, i roto i te maha tohutoro ki te hītori roa o te kāwanatanga Russian. kihai a Chicherin he "toa ki te tikanga." ohaoha, me te tuwhena whakapono ia e e taea ki te whakaea ki nga raruraru e kua putu, ki te whakahaere i whakahounga whai hua te arikitanga. kite Tūmahi-manapori kairīpoata āwhina ki te mana, a kahore ona whakangaromanga. Me te wāhanga mātauranga o te hapori ki te whakaako i te kāwanatanga, me te āwhina ki te hanga i te reira i te whakatau tika. e kore enei i nga kupu kau. Kei te mohiotia te reira e te tai'oraa Alexander II i te nūpepa i nga ra nga whakahaere tōrangapū katoa, te tātari, me te whakatairite ratou. I mohio hoki te ariki ki te mahi Chicherin. Na roto i tona āhua, kihai i he westerner te kingi, engari takoha tona pragmatism ki te hanga whārangi, "te pai tūmatanui".

Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich noho he kaitautoko o te absolutism ano te mea whakaaro whai hua tenei pūnaha ia ina tae mai te reira ki te hanga whakatau ta'emanakoa. Ki te whakatau te mana Ngātuere, ki te ripeneta, ka waiho taea ki te mahi i reira i waho titiro i te Pāremata, me tetahi atu ahua o te pato'iraa. hohoro a kotahi whakamana kingi he rongoā pūnaha poutū. Na reira, i roto i te tautoko o te whakakotahitanga o ngā mana kua tonu kua me Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich. Westerners matapo ki nga hapa o te pūnaha, whakapono e ka haere ratou i runga i to ratou ake, ka hanga te kāwanatanga te huringa faufaa tuatahi.

Tautohetohe ki te hoa

I roto i te pukapuka Soviet whakaaro tūao, me te oti haurongo Chicherina Borisa Nikolaevicha. fehangahangai kāwanatanga-pāpori maha whakaaro e awhina te rōia. I te wa ano, i roto i tona oranga, kua whakahē ia i tokomaha o tona hoa Westerners. I hono te reira ki te meka i taunaki Chicherin he ngātahitia ki te mana. kihai ia i tamata ki huringa ohorere, e mau ana i roto i te ngakau te tau 1848.

Hei tauira, i whakapono te kaituhi e kia waiho te āhua pai tinana māngai, tae atu i te Paremata. Otiia i roto i Russia, kihai ia i kite i te tikanga mo te whakatū o taua whare. kihai i ano whakawhanakehia makona Society mo ratou ahua. Ko te tūranga whārite. I roto i te feudal Russia, me ona papatipu o te illiteracy koraha me te passivity pāpori o te nuinga o te taupori e kore kua noa whakawhanakehia he tikanga tōrangapū e taea te whakaritea ki te paerewa Western. whakaaro te nuinga o nga Rīpera me hoariri autocracy te kore. whakapono enei iwi Chicherina tata te ki ta o te tikanga.

Hei tauira, whakaritea Herzen reira ki Saint-Just - mastermind o te wehi, me te tonotono Jacobin i orurehau France. tutaki Chicherin ia i roto i Rānana i te 1858. noho Herzen i whakaraua, i reira whakawhetai ki ana mahi kairīpoata kaha i te pānga nui i runga i te āhua o hinengaro Russian. Chicherin i roto i te whakautu ki te faaino o te kaituhi o te pūrākau "Ko wai te mea hara?" Ua pahono mai e ia "e kore e matau me pehea ki te pupuri i te waenganui whaitake." ka haere mai pua o rua kaituhi rongonui ki tetahi mea, a ka wehea ratou i roto i kore ara whakaae, ahakoa ua hoki ia atu manaaki tētahi ki tētahi.

faaino o taero

Tumu kōrero me te publicist Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin, nei mahi kihai i faahapa i te pūtake o te pūnaha Ngātuere, (te mana kapu o te ariki), motuhia atu te tahi atu ngā ngoikore kitea o te kāwanatanga Russian. kitenga ia e te koha kino i roto i te pūnaha whakahaere, ko te tikanga o te taero. No te mea o tenei, ara nga pūkenga, ki te whakatutuki i te tahi mea i roto i te ora, kua tatou ki te haere ki te rangatira whakaaro Chicherin BN

Ko te haurongo o tenei tangata - he tangata whenua o te haurongo o te whānau rangatira nei kua tutuki angitu i roto i tona itoito, me te taranata. Ehara i te mea maere e kite i te kaituhituhi te hiahia mo te putanga o te kahu ngātahi o kaiwhakarēti mana nei te titiro atu whakahounga ohaoha. Kei te te reira i kuraina enei me iwi taonga taea meinga he tutukitanga ki te mana o nga rangatira wheua, i runga i te ringa kotahi, me ihe, whakarite i te ana'iraa, me te kōnae, ki runga ki te tahi atu.

i takahi ki tokomaha pūnaha uiui, me te hauarea hohekore, a i roto i enei raupapa, kahore feaa, ko Chicherin BN haurongo o te kaituhi ngā meka ngā, me te nui. I muri ka ia he ahorangi, i mahara ia ki te hopohopo runanga kāwanatanga. Heoi, kihai te kairīpoata reira, a kihai i riro te tohu i roto i te ao te ara "mo whakaatu". Kainga i riro ia i te papa o te whenua te utuafare. Te kaiwhakarëti tupato, me te tupato, i taea e Chicherin whakaora i te ōhanga. I roto i te ora o te kaituhi, noho reira pai, a hanga hua. tukua tenei moni ki te noho wa i runga i te ratonga tūmatanui, me te auahatanga pūtaiao.

I muri i te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom

I runga i te eve o te whakahou kaiahuwhenua Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin (1828-1904) ka haere i runga i te haerenga ki Ūropi. A, no te hoki ia ki tona whenua, ka tino rerekē te whenua. Serfdom i whakakorea, me te hapori i haea e te tautohetohe e pā ana ki te heke mai o Russia. Kaituhi whai wāhi tonu i roto i tenei tautohe. tautoko ia te mana i roto i tona feinga a huaina Tu'utu'uni 19 February 1861 tau, "te pou pai ki ture Russian". I te wa ano i roto i te whare wānanga nui e rua i roto i te whenua kua rahi (Moscow me St. Petersburg) te kaupapa ākonga. korero iwi Young ki te momo o pepeha, tae atu ki ngā mea tōrangapū. fluctuated feia faatere o teitei pütahitanga mätauranga mo etahi wa, me te kore i mohio me pehea ki te tauhohe ki te anaanatae. Ētahi ahorangi ara mamae tahi te ākonga. hanga Chicherin mō te whakatutuki i te whakaritenga o ngā ākonga ki te whakaaro ki o ratou tukanga mātauranga hāngai (whakapai ake o ngā āhuatanga, me te pera i runga i. D.). Otiia whakahē pepeha anti-kāwanatanga kaituhi, whakaaro ratou toko taitamariki mua e kore e kore te pai.

Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich, he nei tōrangapū whakaaro, o te akoranga, i Westernized, ahakoa whakapono e te tuatahi o te katoa te whenua e hiahia ana kia. Na reira, e taea te huaina reira ohaoha pārekareka te tiaki momo ranei. I reira i muri i 1861 titiro Chicherina hopea i hanga. ka mau ratou ki te puka i roto i nei i mohiotia ki te uri. I roto i tetahi o ona papai, faataa te kaituhi e te liberalism momo - he houhanga rongo o te timatanga o te ture, me te mana, me te timatanga o te haere noa. ka rongonui i roto i te porowhita kāwanatanga matua tēnei kīanga. Ko tōna tino o tetahi o nga matua whakatata Alexander II - Prince Alexander Gorchakov.

Heoi, e kore kua tenei parau tumu hei faufaa ki nga whakataunga heke mai o te kāwanatanga. Ko konei pehea ki te tohu i te reira i roto i tetahi o nga pukapuka Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich - mana ngoikore me mehua fakangatangata. haurongo Poto o te kaituhi te kupu i hohoro tohua tona ora i te kaupapa nui. Ana tuhinga, me ngā pukapuka rongonui ki te kingi. He putanga tika o tenei huru ko te aniraa Chicherina riro te kaitohutohu, me te kaiako Nikolai Alexandrovich - kainga ki te torona. whakaaetia koa tumu kōrero.

Ko te kaiako o te Karauna Prince

Heoi, patua hohoro me'a fakamamahi. I roto i te 1864, ka haere Nikolay Aleksandrovich ki te haerenga tuku iho ki Europe. I roto i ana kaimahi, a ko Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich. Photos o tenei kaituhi pinepine mutu ake i roto i nga niupepa, ka ia he ahua nui i roto i te intelligentsia Russian. Otiia i roto i Europe i reira ki te mutu poto ratou mahi kairīpoata. I pukumahi ia me te kainga, ano, hinga Florence mate ki mua. i whakamataku Chicherina huru, engari ohorere ia ora ake. Ko tona ākonga Nikolai Alexandrovich iti waimarie. mate ia o te meningitis tubercular i Nice i 1865.

Kei te kaha te awe te hītori o ratou ake whakaora me te mate ohorere o te kainga ki te torona e Chicherin. ka ia atu te pae faaroo. I te kaiako Nikolai Alexandrovich taua kite ahau i tetahi tangata i roto i te heke mai, te kaha ki te haere tonu whakahounga ohaoha o tona papa. whakaaturia Time kua e whakamatauria te kainga hou ki te waiho i te tangata rerekē. I muri i te kōhurutanga o Alexander II, curtailed Alexander III whakahou. A, no te tīmata reira te āhua poipoi i muri o te tauhohenga (rite i raro i Nicholas ahau). i ora Chicherin ki tenei tau. i taea e ki te kite i roa te parariraa o ratou ake tūmanako mo tamariki Tsar-Liberator ia.

Kaiako me te kaituhi

Ka ora ake, ka hoki ki a Russia, timata Chicherin whakaako i University Moscow. ka anga ia i te wā tino hua o te auahatanga pūtaiao. Mai te hawhe tuarua o te 60raa. whakaputaina wā pukapuka taketake, ko te kaituhi o e Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin. mahi nga mahi matua o te kaituhi ki te pūnaha kāwanatanga me te pāpori o Russia. I te tau 1866, te philosopho me tumu kōrero, tuhituhi te pukapuka "I te Representation o nga tangata." I runga i nga mau api o teie mahi uru Chicherin e te ture arikitanga ko te pūnaha tōrangapū pai, engari e kore kua Russia ano whakawhanakehia nga tikanga e tika ana mo tona whakaaetanga.

noho tona mahi tata hia i roto i te rängai ahu whakamua o te iwi whānui. Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin i nga Rīpera o taua wa kotahi korero hei whakautu, a nuitia - ki te tuhituhi i te pukapuka hohonu, aivanaa i roto i Russia he horihori. ka mahue ratou kaitautoko Heoi tuwhena o te manapori me te revolution, ranei rite tetahi hua tauhohe. Ko rangirua te whakarau o Chicherin rite te kaituhi, me te pono. Whakahē e hono to'utangatá, kihai i whakaaetia e ia me te mana Soviet, a anake i roto i Russia hou mo te wa tuatahi i waiho i raro i tana pukapuka ki te tika, aromatawai whāinga ko te āhuatanga tōrangapū.

I roto i te 1866, tukua Boris Chicherin ki te whakaako me te i oti rawa ia katoa ki te tito pukapuka pūtaiao. Writer, rihaina i whakahe. Ia a rave rahi ahorangi ohaoha (puai mahue ano ratou tūranga) whakapataritari mahi Rector o Moscow State University Sergei Barsheva. Ia, tahi me rangatira i te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga tamata ki whakawhānui i te parau faati'aa o rua kaiako momo, ahakoa he tika ke ki te Tūtohinga enei mahi.

I muri i tenei take oho Chicherin ki te whenua o te kaitiaki i roto i te kawanatanga Tambov te utuafare. tuhituhi tonu ia, ki te kahore hoki te wā 1882-1883 gg., ka i pōtitia ia koromatua o Moscow. Ka rite ki te ahua tūmatanui, i taea ki te whakaoti maha ngā raruraru ohaoha o te whakapaipai te kaituhi. I tua atu, ka mau ia ki tetahi wahi i roto i te hui o te koroneihana o Alexander III.

mahi nui

He aha e nga pukapuka tino nui i mahue i muri Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich? ka ana mahi whānui whakamutunga "Philosophy o ture", whakaputaina i roto i te 1900,. I roto i tenei pukapuka, ka haere te kaituhi ki te taahiraa maia. Ko te whakaaro e taea te pūnaha ture kia he kaupapa, ka whakataetae e positivists mana. Ko Chicherin, rite nga wa katoa, i kore titiro ki te tirohanga o te nuinga, a ka kua mau ngā wā katoa, me te mau ana ake tūranga.

Tuatahi, whakataua ana e ia te whakapono whānui e te tika - ko te ara o te tautohetohe i waenganui i ngā tūmomo ope pāpori me ngā ngākau nuitanga reira. Tuarua, ka tahuri te kaituhi ki te wheako o te kaupapa tahito. Mai tohi Kariki, ako ia te ariā o "ture tūturu", ki te whakawhanake i te reira, me te neke ki te mau mea Russian o tona wa. whakapono Chicherin kia hāngai taua ture i runga i te aronga o rangatiratanga tangata.

Teie mahana ta tatou e nehenehe e humarie te mea e te kaiwhakarewa o te pūtaiao tōrangapū Russian he ïa Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin. Mō te liberalism me ētahi atu tohutohu wä tuhituhi ia i te kuao tau i roto i te maha tuhinga. I roto i te-doma 80-90. whai wāhi hāngai pūtaiao ki te taha ariā o tōrangapū. tuhituhi e ia he tefito pukapuka "Āhuatanga me te State" (1883), me te "State o Science Course" (1896).

I roto i ana i tuhituhi ai, e ngana ana ngā kairangahau ki te whakahoki i te momo o ngā pātai: .. He aha e te hōkai whakaaetia o te mīhini whakahaere o te mahi e ko te "pai tūmatanui, he aha e nga whāinga o te taero, etc. Hei tauira, te tātari i te wāhi o te kāwanatanga i roto i te ora ōhanga o te whenua, faaino Chicherin rawa nui pokanoa o mana. Pūkenga whakapono e i roto i tenei wahi o te ōhanga i te wahi tuatahi kia waiho he kaupapa tūmataiti.

mate Boris Chicherin i runga i February 16, 1904. He wiki i mua i te whawhai Russian-Japanese. Kei te pae hopea tomo te whenua ona rau XX, ki tonu i te arepurepuraa, me te toto (hohoro ka haere mai te revolution tuatahi). E kore te kaituhi i hopu enei ngā. Otiia ko ia mohio o te mōrea o te radicalism tōrangapū i roto i tona oranga, me nga ope katoa e ngana ana ki te ārai i te kino.