Whakamātautau kounga i runga i phenol. Te faaineineraa o Phenols: Tauhohenga

waikawa Carbolic - tetahi o te Phenol ingoa, tohu tona whanonga motuhake i roto i ngā tukanga matū. Ko tehea te atu tomo benzene ki tauhohenga whakauru nucleophilic tēnei rauemi. E faataa te āhuatanga tūturu o te pūhui nekeneke hauwai waikawa ngota i roto i te rōpū hydroxyl herea ia ki te mowhiti. Ko te ako o te hanganga rāpoi, me te-kounga tiketike whakautu ki te tuku i te pūhui phenol ngā pūhui kakara - pärönaki benzene.

Phenol (hydroxybenzene)

I roto i te 1834, he kēmihi Tiamana Runge tohaina waikawa carbolic i waro uku, engari i taea ki te wetemuna tona hanganga. I muri mai, kua whakaarohia atu kairangahau te tātai, ka kawea he hononga hou ki te waipiro kakara. Ko te māngai māmā o tenei rōpū - phenol (hydroxybenzene). I roto i tona ahua parakore, tenei taonga ko te karaihe mārama he kakara āhuatanga. kia huri te tae Air-phenol ki riro māwhero whero ranei. Hoki kakara waipiro angamaheni rawakore memehatanga wai matao, me te pai - i roto i ngā whakarewa organic. rewa phenol i te pāmahana o te 43 ° C. He he pūhui paitini, i roto i te whakapā ki te kiri ai weranga kino. Ko te tuwhena o te phenyl (C6H5-) te moiety kakara. Hāngai ki tetahi o nga ngota waro o te hāora e herea ia ki te rōpū hydroxyl (-OH). E whakaatu ana te aroaro o ia o nga matūriki tauhohenga kounga e tika ana ki te phenol. Ko te tātai e whakaatu te ihirangi katoa o ngota o ngā āhuatanga matū i roto i te rāpoi ngota - C6H6O. Hanganga whakaata tātai hanganga, tae atu huringa me Kekule rōpū mahi - hydroxyl. Visual māngai o te rāpoi ngota, hoatu he waipiro kakara tauira sharosterzhnevye.

Āhuatanga o te hanganga rāpoi

Pokanoa o te whakakai benzene me rōpū OH tautuhi ana te tauhohenga matū o te phenol ki ngā konganuku, kōnakonako, ētahi atu matū. Ka herea ki te mowhiti kakara o te ngota hāora arata'i ki te tohatoha anō o te irahiko kiato i roto i te rāpoi ngota. Ko atu pākoki kōrero e-H, e hua i roto i nui haere nekeneke o te hauwai i roto i te rōpū hydroxyl. Ka taea te whakakapi i te iraoho i ngota whakarewa, e tohu e te kawatanga o te phenol. I roto i te tahuri, faarahi te rōpū OH nga āhuatanga urupare o te whakakai benzene. Delocalization o piki irahiko, me te kaha ki te whakauru electrophilic i roto i te karihi. faarahi tenei te nekeneke o te ngota hauwai herea ia ki te waro i te ortho- me para-tūnga (2, 4, 6). Ko e tika ana ki te aroaro o te irahiko kiato kaituku tenei pānga - rōpū hydroxyl. Nā ki tona phenol mana kaha atu i benzene mahi ana i roto i tauhohe ki etahi matū me substituents hou hāngai i roto i te ortho- me para-tūranga.

Ko te āhuatanga waikawa

Ko te rōpū hydroxyl o te ngota waipiro hāora kakara riro te tiaki pai, fakavaivai'i tona kōrero ki hauwai. Kei te whakahaerehia tuku iraoho, kia whakatoatoa phenol rite te waikawa ngoikore, engari kaha ake i waiwaihā. tauhohenga kounga ki phenol ngā whakamātautau whakamātautau waikawa i roto i te aroaro o ngā iraoho taui te tae i puru ki te māwhero. Ko te aroaro o ngota kōnakonako rōpū nitro ranei e pā ana ki te mowhiti benzene arata'i ki te hua i roto i te mahi hauwai. kitea te pānga kei roto i te rāpoi ngota nitro phenol. Lower substituents kawatanga pērā i te rōpū amino, me alkyl (CH3-, C2H5-, me ētahi atu). Pūhui e hopoi mai tahi he mowhiti benzene, he rōpū hydroxyl me te methyl tuwhena, pā cresol. He ngoikore atu i te waikawa carbolic ona āhuatanga.

tauhohe phenol ki te konutai me te kawakore

Waihoki tali waikawa phenol te ki konganuku. Hei tauira, tauhohe ki te konutai: 2C6H5-OH + 2Na = 2C6H5-Ona + H2 ↑. I hanga konutai phenoxide, tukua me te hauwai haurehu waihā te. tali phenol te ki turanga wairewa. Puta i te reira neutralization tauhohenga ki te hanga i te tote me te wai: C6H5-OH + NaOH = C6H5 -ONa + H2O. Ko raro atu i te nuinga o ngā waikawa pararopi, me te waikawa te kaha ki te hoatu hauwai i roto i te rōpū hydroxyl i roto i te phenol. whakakingitia ia te reira i te reira i tai i rewa i roto i te wai noa hauhā (waikawa carbonic). whārite Reaction: C6H5-ona + CO2 + H2O = C6H5-OH + NaHCO3.

Ko te tauhohe o te mowhiti benzene

E tika ana ki te irahiko delocalization i roto i te karihi benzene āhuatanga kakara. whakakapia hauwai i te mowhiti e ngota kōnakonako, nitro. He tukanga rite i roto i te phenol muingota he māmā atu i taua o te benzene. Kotahi tauira - te bromination. mahi Benzene kōnakonako i te aroaro o te whakakōkī, bromobenzene whiwhi. tali phenol te ki te wai pūkeha i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa. Ko te pāhekoheko o te hohenga ka ma o 2,4,6-tribromophenol, ko tona ahua ki te wehewehe i te taonga rite ki reira i pūhui kakara whakamātautau. Bromination - tauhohenga kounga mō te phenol. Whārite: C6H5-OH + 3Br2 = C6H2Br3 + HBr. Ko te hua tauhohe tuarua - hauwai pūkeha. A, no te tauhohe i phenol ki memeha te waikawa hauota whiwhi pārōnaki nitro. Ko te hua tauhohe ki te waikawa kukū hauota - 2,4,6-trinitrophenol waikawa picric ranei he mahu'inga nui mahi.

whakamātautau kounga i runga i phenol. rārangi

I roto i te ngā o ngā matū i whiwhi etahi kai e tukua ki a koutou whakaturia te hanganga kounga o te rauemi tīmatanga. He maha o te tauhohenga tae tohu te aroaro o matūriki, te rōpū mahi e te hunga whai hua mō te tātari matū. tauhohenga kounga ki te whakamatau i te oraraa o te phenol ia rāpoi ngota o taonga te kakara mowhiti me OH-rōpū:

1. Ko te otinga o te phenol tohu waikawa puru whero pepa.
2. whakamana hoki phenols tauhohenga tae i roto i te reo taketake ngoikore ki tai diazonium. He tae azo kōwhai karaka ranei.
3. Kei te ähua ki pūkeha hohenga parauri wai puta tribromophenol ma.
4. I roto i te tauhohenga ki ferric otinga pūhaumāota phenoxide whiwhi ferric - taonga puru, puru ranei Whaitae matomato.

whiwhi phenols

Phenol Production i roto i te ahumahi, ko te roto i rua, e toru ngā wāhanga. I roto i te wāhanga tuatahi o te propylene me benzene i te aroaro o te konumohe pūhaumāota hua cumene (isopropylbenzene ingoa noa). Ko te whārite o te tauhohenga o Friedel-Crafts tauhohenga: C6H5-OH + C3H6 = C9H12 (cumene). haere 1 Kei te i runga i te whakakōkī waikawa: Benzene me propylene i roto i te ōwehenga o 3. Piki, hei utu o te whakakōkī tuku iho - pūhaumāota konumohe - kaiao zeolites parakore. I te wā whakamutunga o te piti hāora whakahaere te ki te hāora i roto i te aroaro o te waikawa pungatara: C6H5-C3H7 + O2 = C6H5-OH + C3H6O. kia ahu nga phenols i Māturu o waro, he intermediates i te hanga o ētahi atu matū waro.

Ko te whakamahi o phenols

Kei te whānui ngā waiwaihā kakara whakamahia i roto i te ahumahi kirihou, waikano, patukīrea, me ētahi atu matū. hanga waikawa carbolic o benzene ko te taahiraa matamua i roto i te hanga o te maha o waerau, tae atu ki ngā polycarbonates. tali phenol te ki formaldehyde, kua whiwhi resins phenol-formaldehyde.

Cyclohexanol Ko te rauemi raw mo te hanga o haukini. E whakamahia Phenols rite antiseptics me disinfectants i roto i deodorants, hinu. Whakamahia ki te whiwhi phenacetin, waikawa salicylic me ētahi atu taero. E whakamahia Phenols i te hanga o te resins e kua whakamahia i roto i ngā hua hiko (whakakā, turanga). Kei te whakamahia hoki ratou i roto i te faaineineraa o ngā waikano azo, pērā i phenylamine (aniline). Picric waikawa, i te mea te pärönaki nitro o phenol whakamahia mō te poke te kopa, explosives hanga.