Tukutuku-pūtirotiro - te reira ... āhuatanga o te pūtirotiro matua i roto i Russia

Tukutuku-pūtirotiro - he hōtaka e whakamahi ana i te kaiwhakamahi PC hou pūrere pūkoro ranei tata nga ra. Na, i kotahi rite rongoā he taone tae noa hoki IT-ngaio. E mea uaua ki te whakapono, engari i reira nga wa ka ao te 'tukutuku' te hipoki kē whatunga te ao, engari kihai i te tīariari kahore pūtirotiro. I teie mahana, o te akoranga, tukutuku-pūtirotiro - ko te wāhanga whakahauanga o te pūmanawa tata tetahi rorohiko tenei. Whakatau o tenei momo - pinepine. Me pēhea e rerekē ratou? He aha e nga meka hītori tino nui, e whakaata ana i te putanga o ngā pūtirotiro? E IT-rama he kau taki i roto i te whanaketanga o taua rongoā?

He aha te mea he "pūtirotiro"?

Pūtirotiro - he hōtaka mō te mātakitaki whārangi Tukutuku (te tikanga kei runga i tūmau i roto i te Internet) - he ahua motuhake o ngā tuhinga i tuhituhia i roto i te reo Kuputuhiitua tautohu - HTML. Ko te whāinga matua o ēnei hōtaka - hātepe āhukahuka tika, tāmau i roto i te HTML, me te whakaatu o ngā huānga whakairoiro me tuhi katoa o "Tukutuku" i runga i mata o te kaiwhakamahi kia rite ki te mea ka hapu reira e nga kaihanga o te pae, kaihoahoa, hötaka.

I teie mahana, māngai te mākete pūtirotiro e te maha nui o rongoā. Nei o ratou - te feia faatere o te ao? E ngā hōtaka, ko te tino tuatahi? Kei roto ranei i te ārahi i roto i te mākete ao o pūtirotiro hua Russian?

Invention hītori pūtirotiro

E ai ki te nuinga o IT-ao tohunga, puta pūtirotiro Tukutuku tuatahi o te ao i roto i te Hakihea 1990. Katahi te kaihātepe, tukua Tim Berners-Lee taea te taupānga mōhio ana whakahau i tuhituhia i roto i te reo HTML, a iriti i ratou ki kuputuhi me te atu āhuatanga whakairoiro whakaaturia i runga i te mata. huaina ana tēnei hōtaka i "pūtirotiro".

i mahi Tim Berners-Lee i CERN - tetahi o nga taiwhanga tino rongonui i roto i te ao, e pā ana ki te ahupūngao o matūriki ngota. kitea e ia e kua kei roto i ngā wāhanga rerekē o rorohiko o te whakahaere rere i raro i te kore te tauira utu tuhinga tino tino. hapa kaipūtaiao CERN nga rauemi e e tukua ki te kitea hohoro tatou te mōhiohio e hiahiatia ana mā te whakawhitinga arorau i waenganui i nga raraunga kuputuhi o ngā kōnae e rua rerekē. Na ka whakaarohia Tim he otinga: ki te whakarite i te tuhinga i runga i te mau parau tumu o "Kuputuhiitua", puta i roto i te 70.

E te wa i timata nga hötaka ki ite tona whakaaro te ariā (ko reira 1989), kua kua tīmata te Internet ki horapa huri noa te ao. faaoti Tim e hanga hangarau e ka taea te utu o ngā raraunga mā te Kuputuhiitua roto whatunga CERN kore anake, me i roto i te hōputu atu ao - i waenganui i rorohiko "Ao Tukutuku Whānui".

I roto i te 1990, hanga Tim Berners-Lee he reo motuhake Kuputuhiitua tautohua (huaina HTML - Text Hyper Reo Tautohu). Aita i maoro roa, i tuhituhi e ia he hōtaka e taea ai e koe "iriti i" HTML-tuhinga ki kuputuhi mania. Pūtirotiro, hanga e Tim, a ka karanga te nohonga, ko tino māmā: ia kaha ki te rāhui i te whakaatu o ngā reta me ngā tau anake. mahi ahau i runga i te hōtaka hoa tonu Tim, Robert Kailliagu, te waihanga e rave rahi putanga hou o te otinga. timata pūtirotiro hōtaka ki te puta i raro i te whānuitanga o tüäpapa, tae atu i te rongonui whiwhi o Windows.

Pūtirotiro mō te Windows

puta pūtirotiro tuatahi o te ao, na roto i te tīmatanga o 90 o, i te ata o te roha ao o OS Windows (i muri i te pūnaha whakahaere tino rongonui i runga i te ao). e kore hoki te hōtaka wā roa mo te utu o te mōhiohio Kuputuhiitua i runga i te Ipurangi i roto i Windows i. Otiia i roto i te ngahuru o 1992, he rōpū o hötaka i te kaporeihana American hanga he pūtirotiro NCSA a Mose, e taea o mahi i raro i te mana o te OS i Microsoft. I maoro ki nga ngā o tenei turanga tono me te kamupene motuhake te mākete i te hua hou - Netscape. Tenei pūtirotiro (me te mua) i, i roto i te parau tumu, te āhuatanga katoa e haere mai ana ki ona ritenga i roto i to tatou wa: kuputuhi view whakahōputu i roto i te ara etahi, whakapakoko, me te tahi atu āhuatanga o ngā whārangi Tukutuku. Hoki, ko reira tata te taua mana taketake rite i roto i te pūtirotiro hou pae wāhitau, .. Ko te pātene "i mua", "hoki", me ētahi atu te waehere pūtake o tetahi o nga putanga o Mose hokona e Microsoft me i 90 nga tau waenga 'hanga ratou hōtaka mo tirotiro i te tukutuku - Internet Explorer (IE ranei). E, na roto i te viivii ore o te lahi Windows, ko te rongonui tino i roto i te otinga ao mō ngā tau e maha. Otiia i roto i te mutunga o 90 o - ka anga wawe 2000 a ki te puta pūtirotiro hou, moni ki te whakataetae angitu i te hōtaka Microsoft. I teie mahana, IE - he kore te rangatira motuhake i roto i tona wāhanga (ahakoa tona rongonui he, o te akoranga, he nui rawa tonu).

I roto i nga tau, no te te mākete kei roto i timata tona pūtirotiro kōhungahunga ki te puta i te whānuitanga o ngā rongoā e kīnaki ratou taumahinga. Ki te hunga ngā ngā momo o kōwae anti-huaketo. I roto i ngā, i te 1996 kua whakawhanakehia te kamupene Russian "Doctor Tukutuku" he ahurei, rite ki ngā tohunga maha, otinga.

Ko te kōwae anti-huaketo Dr. tenei pūtirotiro Tukutuku. Tenei taputapu e āhei ngā kaiwhakamahi ki te tirohia ngā kōnae mō te mate i roto i te puka-ipurangi. Te hōtaka Russian, rite maha tohunga whakapono, ko te tauira o te "kapua" hangarau wheori, whiwhi rongonui anake tenei ra.

whakataetae arā

I roto i te rongoā angitu tino, kua meinga nei e te rerekē ki Internet Explorer - Opera, Google Chrome (ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki rama ao), Yandex-pūtirotiro (o ngā hōtaka Russian). Nā ki te meka e muri i te rongonui ao o rorohiko whaiaro timata ki te kitea gadgets pūkoro, i reira e ano he momo o ngā pūtirotiro me mo ratou. I roto i ngā, i te iOS-pūhara - te reira hōtaka Puffin. Mō pehea i reira nga enei pūtirotiro katoa, me o ratou āhuatanga matua, tatou te matapaki i teie nei.

google Chrome

Google pūtirotiro Chrome - tetahi o te rongonui tino i roto i te ao nei i teie mahana. Heoi, tona ārahitanga ao ko kore maere hou IT-tohunga. hanga tēnei pūtirotiro kua he Google, e kua kua e te hōtaka wā-ki-mākete (ngahuru 2008) ki te tiki i te mana o te ao IT-roroa. Ko te angitu o te otinga i mua nei i, whakapono tohunga, he mea o te wā. I te wa ano i whakaputaina e te Google-pūtirotiro whakaekea te ao te rota o taua taketake. i taea e ki te riro rerekē i te tīariari i taua wa ritenga ia (pēnei i, mo te tauira, Opera, Mozilla Firefox).

Ko te ngā tino ko e kihai i aratohu Google mo te wa roa noa whakaaro e pā ana ki te hanga kamupene pūtirotiro-parani. whakapono Kaiwhakahaere Corporation e kua roa kua wehea te mākete mo tenei momo o te hōtaka. pūtirotiro New, whakapono ratou, e kore e whakaae ki te mākete ao. Kua whiriwhiria ia kaiwhakamahi mo ia he otinga tino, engari no te mea i reira he i homai kahore take whāinga mō taua hiahia ki reira i te hōtaka Google. Ano, i reira nga āwangawanga e pā ana ki te kore ka taea o te pūtirotiro. e patua tenei te ingoa waitohu ngā.

Heoi, i roto i te puni o te kaporeihana i inapō nei i faaoti - "Google" Ka kia hanga-pūtirotiro. Hoki te whanaketanga hua, te kamupene utua nga tohunga ahumahi pai. Na wahi atu engari i te kamupene Mozilla, kua whakawhanakehia tetahi o te pai i te pūtirotiro kau. Ka rite ki te hua, whiwhi tatou i te otinga, i i nga tūponotanga katoa o te angitu ao. tukua Google Chrome pūtirotiro te hakari mo te kanohi: marama, ngāwari ki te whakamahi, nohopuku, me te tino pai i roto i ngā o te hoahoa i mohio a ao IT-hapori me te, nui atu, he maha ngā kaiwhakamahi ki te bang. Ko te putanga tuatahi o te "Chrome" i mo Windows. Otiia kua i roto i te 2009 i reira nga whakaminenga pūtirotiro, kaha ki te mahi i raro i Linux me MacOS.

Konqueror: haumi i roto i te kounga

Ka rite mea i runga matou, he tokomaha o IT-tohunga whakapono e te pūtirotiro "Chrome" i Google ka angitu te nuinga e tika ana ki te tūranga o te kaiwhakawhanake. Financial Opportunities Corporation, rite ki ngā tohunga, whakaritea te hōtaka kounga teitei. Ahakoa te meka e tenei wāhi o tirohanga i reira he hoariri, kia tohu maha meka e whai wāhitanga haumi Google takaro he wāhi nui i roto i te angitu o to koutou pūtirotiro.

Kati te reira ki te haamana'o pehea kua whakaritea te kamupene he pakanga ki te tāutu i whakaraeraetanga i roto i te hōtaka. I tetahi o te hunga Google kī te utu o moni nui o te moni i kitea i te IT-tohunga o nei nui i te wāhi o te tirohanga o kohakore haumaru i roto i tona pūnaha tiaki pūtirotiro. I roto i ētahi wā ko reira te tohanga o milioni o tara i runga i taua kaupapa. Ētahi atu kamupene-ngā o rongoā rite taua ringa, te mea tohunga, e kore e taea. O te akoranga, hiahia nga kaitono mo te "utu" ki te hei muru i huri noa i te ao. whawhati ratou ki te pūnaha tiaki, i rite rawa ki te Google-pūtirotiro i roto i te putanga hou, a ka korerotia i roto i te hoki mo te utu pūtea, ngā kamupene whanaketanga pūmanawa i runga i te pehea i ratou i te reira. O te akoranga, kahore he whakawa i raro i te ture, no te kahore i reira (ahakoa hacking, rite matau tatou, hara). Nä, i roto i te putanga i muri o te pūtirotiro "Chrome" i hua e hāngai ana i runga i "papaki rawa" whakaraeraetanga. kihai i taea e rongonui ki ngā kaiwhakamahi tenei, whakapono tohunga. He aha ka puta hōtaka o Google i runga i te tokomaha piki o rorohiko huri noa te ao.

Na maha kaiwhakamahi, "Google" kihai i pera nui orotika-pūtirotiro no o te āhuatanga haumaru, pera e tika ana ki te hoahoa laconic me te tino huatau, e kore he angamaheni o te nuinga o rite rongoā. I te anga ke, he tokomaha kua tamata ki te taha Google, rite ki tohunga, "ki te mea" ratou hōtaka he maha o ngā mahi rerekē. E, rite tahuri reira i roto i, e kore e hiahia ana tino e ahau nga kaiwhakamahi (a tae noa e taea te waiho i te pūnaha rawa "pōturi iho").

Facts e pā ana ki Chromium

Ko pai ki te ao IT-ngā Google, e kore anake ona ake pūtirotiro, engari ano hoki i te meka e kua tukua te mākete he hua tika ahurei - Chromium. Ko te hoki tenei he hōtaka mō te mātakitaki whārangi Tukutuku. Ko ia, rite taea te matau i te consonance ki te pūtirotiro matua, tata rawa ki reira hangarau. Ko te rerekētanga ko, a ko reira nui. Pūtirotiro Konqueror - Google hua matua i roto i rite rongoā. E whai ana ki te whakarato i te hiahia arumoni o te kamupene. He nui o te kōrero e pā ana ki tona whanaketanga, mea tohunga, kua katia. Te Chromium, i roto i te tahuri - he tuwhera puna tukutuku-pūtirotiro. tikanga o tēnei e taea e ratou whai hua tata hötaka katoa i huri noa i te ao.

Chromium rite te pūtirotiro motuhake, kia rite ki te tahi mau tohunga, he iho i roto i te taumahinga ki ona "tuakana". Heoi, ka rite ki tohunga whakapono, e kore te mea poitirere tenei. Iti rawa "wā-tonu" āhuatanga - atu haere noa mō ngā tuatoru-rōpū auaha. Ko nga taputapu taketake kaiwhakamahi i roto i pūtirotiro e rua i Google (me te hunga i hanga e te tahi atu hötaka e hāngai ana i runga i Chromium) ko te taua. Ko te painga hangarau matua motuhake ki te Chrome, he hoki i roto i te Chromium - te tere o te mahi, te ohie o te atanga me te mana.

Open puna, i hoatu te ao nga ngā o te Google, ahua E whakaritea o te maha nui o ngā pūtirotiro, whakaputaina e hāngai ana i runga i Chromium. kia waiho ratou ingoa rerekē (i roto i te meka, tūnga rite te tāwhai pūmau o ia atu), engari, i roto i te hono mo'oní, ko te kotahi me te tūāpapa taua. I roto i ngā, pērā pai-mohiotia kamupene Russian, rite Mail ko Yandex mau tonu e hāngai ana ratou ake pūtirotiro te i runga i Chromium.

Opera Pūtirotiro: wero Scandinavian ki kau taki ao

I roto i a te wawe 90 e rua kaihātepe Norwegian Jon Stephenson von Tetzchner me Geir Ivars kaiwaea mahi i roto i tetahi o nga koporeihana torotoro waea nui rawa. I roto i te 1993, fehangahangai ki te mahi i roto i te mua o ratou - te hanga i tētahi paetukutuku o ratou kamupene. i ratou tenei, Heoi, hohoro kitea e te whakatau tino rongonui i te wa - e kore he tino tika ana mō te whakaatu whārangi tukutuku - Mose. Ahakoa te meka e noa na i reira i hou i roto i e hangaia te ao o pūtirotiro ki te hei i te rerekē o Mose, ua faaoti Jon me Geir e ka hanga ai i tētahi hōtaka e taea te mahi tika ki atu tuhinga tukutuku. puta te putanga tuatahi o te tono i roto i te taua 1993. huaina te hōtaka ko MultiTorg Opera me whakamahia anake mo nga hiahia o te kamupene-kaituku mahi Jon me Geir. Ko te tau i muri mai i reira ko te pūtirotiro hangaia ki te waiho i te mōhiotia kē i runga i te tauine planetary. I tino tono te ingoa i rongoā o mua. Kei te āhuatanga i te pūtirotiro hou, kia rite ki ngā tohunga, te kohi iti o ngā rauemi pūnaha. Kua tohu tokomaha IT-tohunga o aua tau te rongonui ao o te hōtaka.

I roto i te 1995, i whakaturia Jon ko Geir tona kamupene ake - Opera Pūmanawa AS. Kua i roto i 1996, i reira ko he hōtaka i hanga i raro i te ingoa waitohu hou - Opera 2.0. E ai ki te tohunga o aua tau, pakari a te pūtirotiro me tona mahi o ngā whārangi tukutuku Tīmata Tere. I maoro i reira ko te toru o "Opera". pūtirotiro Ipurangi, he inaianei rite ki maha IT-tohunga, me katoa pāhoro - reira, i roto i ngā, ka taea ki te mahi i roto i te aratau maha-matapihi. Hoki kua i roto i te hōtaka kua whakatinanahia makona-aunoa i puka tukutuku, whakatinana kawa haumarutanga pakari. puta te putanga wha o te pūtirotiro te motuhake kiritaki ī-mēra.

I roto i te 2000 kite ahau i te putanga marama o "Opera" i roto i te Russian. Neke atu i te nga tau, kua pai ake tonu te pūtirotiro Norwegian. Reira i teie nei a ka reira nga āhuatanga hou, me te mahi. I roto i ngā, putanga 8.0, i whakaputaina i roto i te 2005, i reira ko he mana reo. I roto i ngā whakarerekētanga o te hōtaka whakatinana i ngā mana taketake (pērā i, mo te tauira, "kiore whakararangi"). I hanga te putanga e tika ana o te pūtirotiro Opera mo Linux, MacOS. Ko Tino rongonui putanga pūkoro o te hōtaka.

Pūtirotiro "Opera", rite ki tohunga whakapono, tino whakaata nga hiahia o te wa, i te tino puhoi te ipurangi (me te mea e ratou nohopuku, ka tino utu) rorohiko nuinga o te iwi - e kore e hua rawa. Āta, nui haere te auau hongere online, te whakaiti i te utu o te wāhi ki reira. Kua riro rorohiko whakaharahara, nui noa kaha. A no te mea te painga hītori matua o te pūtirotiro - tukatuka tere o whārangi tukutuku - kua mutu ki te kia pera nui. Enei tohunga whakamārama te meka e tūranga mākete o Opera tenei ra matara i te mata. Heoi, kia tuhia te reira, i roto i Russia tenei pūtirotiro - i roto i te rongonui tino (rite ki te tahi mau puna, e pā ana ki 15% o ngā kaiwhakamahi Ipurangi i roto i te Russian Federation hoatu hiahia ki te hōtaka Norwegian).

Pūtirotiro i "Yandex"

Ko te kamupene "Yandex" - tetahi o te tino mōhiotia Russian IT-rama i roto i te ao. Na ko reira search engine nui rawa o Russia, tetahi o nga ratonga mēra me korero tino rongonui. I rorohiko o maha Russian kaiwhakamahi whārangi "Yandex" - te matua. I roto i te tau 2010 tukua te kamupene ona ake pūtirotiro Tukutuku. Ko te pau o te whakatau, i puta i runga i te mākete i, kua i roto i te tuitui tata ki ngā ratonga parani "Yandex" - .. Rapu pūkaha, īmēra, mahere amiorangi, miharo etc Yandex-pūtirotiro maha kaiwhakamahi te kaha ki te hoatu rerekē tohutohu ki whakatere te rapu i te raraunga e hiahiatia ana. E rave rahi au ra pretty atanga, etahi mauruuru te haratau o te whakahaere.

Ka taea e te mea tatou e hanga te kamupene "Yandex" web-pūtirotiro - ko 100% whanaketanga Russian? e kore o te akoranga. I te matua o te hōtaka - waehere Chromium pūtake, tino tuwhera hoki IT-tohunga huri noa i te ao. Ka rite mea i runga matou, ka taea e te tangata te waihanga i tētahi pūtirotiro e hāngai ana i runga i te reira (i roto i te meka, te mea e tupu - e hāngai ana inaianei i runga i Chromium hanga rau, ki te kahore mano, rongonui, me te kore pera hōtaka mō te tirotiro tukutuku). Na reira, to tatou ki te whakaae (i roto i kore ara faahaehaa i te mau maitai o "Yandex" Kamupene) - he wāhi nui i roto i te putanga o te rongonui pūtirotiro Russian no ki Google.

Puffin: pūtirotiro hoki iOS

I roto i te hawhe tuarua o nga 2000, kua riro gadgets pūkoro piki haere i roto i te ao. Ko tētahi o nga setters au hangarau i roto i tenei wāhanga ko te kamupene Apple, i tukua e rave rahi rārangi o ngā pūrere rere pūnaha whakahaere parani - iOS. I raro i tenei pūhara (me te he whakataetae - .. Android, Windows Mobile, me ētahi atu) ka anga ki te hua pūtirotiro hou i ārahi kamupene pūmanawa o te ao. Opera, Google me ētahi atu corporations pai-mohiotia kua hanga rongoā e he hototahi ki gadgets i Apple. Heoi, me ki enei rongoā kua riro te tino paingia pūtirotiro Puffin Pūtirotiro Tukutuku. He aha e nga āhuatanga o tenei hōtaka?

iOS āhuatanga tüäpapa ko e kore e tautoko i te reira tetahi o te hangarau rongorau tino rongonui i roto i te ao - Flash. Hoki tenei take, he maha o nga pae, te ihirangi o i hanga i runga i te pūtake o tenei paerewa, taea te whakaatu i runga i te whakaaro Apple kore he tika rawa. kua meinga Pūtirotiro Puffin te otinga hangaia e te ki te whakahaere i te kaiwhakamahi iOS-pūrere raruraru e pā ana ki te mātakitaki pae wahi i reira ko te Flash-ihirangi. Tohunga me ngā kaiwhakamahi e whakamatautauria tenei hōtaka, korero e pā ana ki reira i runga i te tino pai te katoa. Ko te mahi matua tukua ki te pūtirotiro - tākaro flash-kōnae, pai whakamana.