Tātai toluene: he aha te mea toluene, me pehea ki te tiki i te reira?

Arena, e ngā toluene, e taea te whakaaro rite pärönaki o te kaiwhakarewa, me te mema tuatahi o te raupapa huirua - benzene. Ko te tātai whānui o pūhui e no ki tenei piha haapiiraa, - C _n H _2n-6. I roto i ngā rāpoi ngota o waiwaro kakara roto mowhiti benzene (mowhiti matua). Tātai toluene C ₇ H ₈ whakaata matū no ki tenei rōpū nui o ngā pūhui matū waro. E rave rahi o te toluene mohiotia te i raro i te ingoa rerekē - methylbenzene. riro te taonga, kua whānui i roto i te ahumahi, kei te whakamahia te reira rite te whakarewa organic, me poke tango hoki i ētahi atu take.

He aha te mea toluene?

Kotahi arenes nui - toluene - ko te pärönaki methyl o benzene. Ko te wai taekore wai-rewakore roaa te kakara reka haamana'oraa o peita, lacquers, whakarewa.

Chemical tātai toluene - C ₇ H ₈ - kia tuhituhia ai rerekē: C ₆ H ₅ -CH _3. I roto i tenei take, tonu te tokomaha o ngā ngota te taua, engari rerekē mārika i i benzene, i te mea te tuwhena - mewaro.

Mā te tahi atu mau parau tumu o te nomenclature, ka karanga te pūhui ko methylbenzene me fenilmetanom. Ko te toluene taua tenei, te tātai whānui he C ₇ H _8. I roto i te take o mua hāngai reira ki runga ki te meka i whakakapia tetahi ngota hauwai i te hunga e pā ana ki te waro o te mowhiti benzene e te methyl tuwhena. whiriwhiria hoki te ingoa tuarua he huarahi rerekē. Kei te whakapono te reira e whakakapi te mewaro kotahi hauwai e te phenyl tuwhena. Tenei matūriki, tahuri nei te benzene, hoatu he ngota hauwai.

hanganga rāpoi

Ko te hanganga o te mea organic, arā, anake o waro me ngota hauwai, whakaata tātai toluene. Sharosterzhnevye me rōrahi tauira hoatu he whakaaro o te hanganga o te rāpoi ngota o te pūhui, rite motuhake i nga matū o te raupapa huirua taua. He ritenga i waenganui toluene me benzene, e ko te aroaro o te whakakai o 6 ngota waro, i roto i te āhua o te sp ² hybridization. Ia o enei mekameka puka e toru sigma ki matūriki tata (te ngota waro rua me kotahi hauwai). puta mowhiti hāngai pūnaha hiko kotahi o te toe kākano-kore p-orbitals (tetahi i roto i te ono ngota waro). Ko te hua riro te kaha nui, me te pūmautanga o te huringa katoa, a konei te taonga toluene. Ko te tātai hanganga ngā pūhui waro whitu i te rōpū mewaro, i te mea e taea ki te SP ³ hybridization. Kei te whai pānga te reira ki toru ngota hauwai, a ka noho te wha o nga hononga, he pūhui ki tetahi waro i roto i te whakakai benzene.

methylbenzene tātai hanganga

Te kiato irahiko i waenga i nga ngā ngota waro e hanga te mowhiti kakara, kua wehea te taurite. kitea te tītohunga e i roto i te Tātai benzene, toluene, me ētahi atu arenes aromaticity maheni (te paenga o te whakakai). Kei te kï hoki, me te aroaro o te mewaro tuwhena i tetahi o nga ngota waro i roto i te karihi. Kōrero i waenganui i nga korakora katoa e whakaaturia e pīhono. Te tātai hanganga i roto i tenei take e whakaata ana te hanganga me te āhuatanga taketake o te hanganga rāpoi o mea.

Ngāwari tātai toluene - ki te mowhiti roto te tapaono pīhono ranei, ko te here rua. Ka taea e te rōpū methyl kia i tetahi o nga karihi ngota e ono, e rite ki tahi i te tahi ratou. Ko te ngoikoretanga o tenei tikanga ko mārama te whakapakoko. e kore e Record whakarato mōhiohio i runga i te hanganga o te mea, me te ōrite o here waro-waro katoa i roto i te whakakai.

Whiwhi methylbenzene i roto i te taiwhanga me te ahumahi

I roto i te taiwhanga, i whiwhi tuatahi te toluene i roto i nga tau 1835-1938 P. Pelletier ko A. Deville. Ko te kaipūtaiao tuatahi ki te Māturu o paina kapia, ka tangohia te rua o nga maperi tolu whakamahia i te Toluifera rakau Amerika ki te Tonga i roto i Colombia. Heoi i reira ko te ingoa noa mo te taonga - toluene. I tēnei wā he maha o te methylbenzene homai Māturu o hinu me te waro uku, aru i te purenga. I roto i te tukanga coking, nekehia toluene te i te Coke hau oumu. I roto i te ariā o te styrene te tukua reira rite te byproduct o te tauhohe o te benzene me ethylene. I roto i te toluene taiwhanga me ahumahi fariiraa i whakahaeretia e ngā tikanga.

1. Dehydrocyclization o waiwaro acyclic. i rite Toluene i hewaro i te aroaro o te whakakōkī i te pāmahana o te 300 ° C.
2. Alkylation o benzene, i huaina Friedel-Crafts tauhohenga. Kawea atu i roto i te aroaro o AlCl3 whakakōkī atu kaiwhakakökï o ranei: C ₆ H ₅ -H + CH ₃ Cl = C ₆ H ₅ -CH ₃ + HCl.
3. Ngā pāhekoheko ki bromobenzene: C ₆ H ₅ CH ₃ -Br + -Br + 2Na = C ₆ H ₅ -CH ₃ + 2NaBr.
4. Mixing konutea me te cresol: C ₆ H ₄ CH ₃ OH + Zn = C ₆ H ₅ CH ₃ + ZnO.
5. Processing waikawa toluenesulfonic.

Ko te āhuatanga ōkiko o te methylbenzene

Toluene, te tātai hanganga o nei kei roto i te karihi benzene, whakaaturia ngā āhuatanga ōkiko e he angamaheni o pūhui kakara.

1. Puata waituhi wai taekore E faatae mai kakara.
2. whakapakeke Methylbenzene i pāmahana iti, me te tīmata ki te ngohe i -93 ° C.
3. Ko te ira koropupū o te toluene ko 110,63 ° C. taonga kiato - 0,8669 g / ml.
4. Methylbenzene wairewa i roto i te wai i te pāmahana o te 20 ° C - 0,47 g / l. papatipu titiwha o te taonga M (C ₇ H ₈₎ = 92.14 g / mol.

Ko te āhuatanga matū o te toluene: piti hāora

kua oti te whakarite Āhuatanga o arenes huringa matū pūmau o ono ngota waro. Tātai toluene - ko te mowhiti benzene hamanga nei te ōkawa me te methyl tuwhena. waiwaro kakara e āhuatanga rite ki ngā waiwaro rua, e kua āhuatanga e te tauhohenga tua. Heoi, kia whai wāhi te ngota hauwai i roto i te rāpoi ngota o te benzene me ona homologues i roto i te tauhohenga whakauru, e hopoi mai te ao me waiwaro tahi. Ko atu urupare atu i benzene Toluene. Hoki te māngai piti hāora tauhohenga angamaheni.

1. He wera, haere tahi nei i tuku o te hauhā me te hanganga o te wai: C ₇ H ₈ + 9O ₂ = 7CO ₂ + 4H ₂ O.
2. I roto i te tauhohe o te toluene ki te pāhare pāporo oxidizes te rōpū mewaro i roto i te mekameka taha o te rāpoi ngota ki carboxyl taonga. whiwhi Tauhohenga o te waikawa-mangeo te.

tauhohe matū toluene karihi kakara

1. Bromination, whakahaere nei i roto i te aroaro o kaiwhakakökï. i hanga rauemi Halogenated te: C ₇ H ₈ + Br ₂ = C ₇ H ₇ Br + HBr.
2. kawea methylbenzene Nitration te roto ki te ranunga o te hauota kukū me waikawa pungatara. Te rōpū nitro i roto i toluene taea noho te Ortho me para tūranga. puta te tauhohenga rite ki te huarahi o te whakauru electrophilic. trinitrotoluene (TNT), i hanga te taikaha te i tiketike pāmahana.
3. Hydrogenation o hauwai i runga i te whakakōkī arata'i ki te faaineineraa o te dearomatization me methylcyclohexane: C ₇ H ₈ + 3H ₂ = C ₇ H _14.
4. oti Chlorination ki whakawera kaha e UV radiation ranei puka hexachlorocyclohexane.

methylbenzene Taupānga

Kei te whānui whakamahia Toluene rite te rauemi raw i roto i te kōtuitanga organic. Ko ia he rauemi faufaa i roto i te hanga o ngā matū maha. Ko te whakamahi o te toluene:

• whiwhi waikano;
• hokohoko removers poke, teretere;
• Hanga o explosives TNT;
• te whakamahi i adhesives rite whakarewa, peita, kakara waihanga me māngai horoi;
• hanga o peita mo mahi hanga;
• putanga mō ngā whao;
• pharmaceuticals;
• te whakanui ake i wahie wāwaro;
• waikawa organic te kōtuitanga mangeo, benzaldehyde, benzyl pūhaumāota, saccharin, benzyl waipiro me ētahi atu matū;

Ko te mahi toluene hei whakarewa ahumahi i roto i te ahumahi horoi maroke, whakamahia te i roto i te tanning o hiako. Ko te kawainga ki te maha o ngā hua hinu, phenol, formaldehyde, patukīrea me ētahi atu pūhui.

tāoke toluene

Methylbenzene rawa ko te mōrearea ahi. pakū te ranunga mamaoa-rangi i raro i etahi tikanga. Toluene he pūkākā wai. Ko te tātai hanganga homai he whakaaro o te hanganga me te hanganga, engari e kore e roto i ngā mōhiohio i runga i te pānga o ngā matū i runga i te tinana tangata. Kei te kitea te reira e toluene he paitini, mahi carcinogenic. methylbenzene ngāwari Couples tomo i roto i te kiri, pūnaha romahā, meinga huringa i roto i te pūnaha io pokapū, ritenga o te kiko hipoki, dermatitis. A, no te kohu hau o toluene i roto i te tangata puta lethargy, tremors, mahi waimaero o te taputapu vestibular. Mahi ki toluene, peita, Me whakarewa ki te kakahu karapu rapa, ata hau te ruma ranei hanga whakamahi o te araa. Methylbenzene he taonga whakapōauau ngoikore, ai te toluene taonga tūkino. Ētahi atu momo o te pānga kino o te taonga:

• ritenga kanohi me te ngangau o te kite tae;
• Ka taea e te rongo wā roa-meinga rongo mate;
• kukū tiketike i roto i te toto ai kino ate, tākihi necrosis;
• Inhalation o nui o kohu arata'i ki whanoke, momoe, ānini.

mutunga

hua Toluene te i roto i te nui i roto i ngā tipu matūngahinu ranei whiwhi rite te tipu Coke i-hua. Ko te pūhui ko te rauemi raw tino mō te nui-tauine kōtuitanga organic whakamahia i roto i te ahumahi ho'oraa. methylbenzene Kei o maha momo o whakarewa, e whakamahia i roto i te mahi ki te peita. E pā ana Toluene ki te whakarōpū o pūhui paitini ki III piha o mōrearea. A, no te mahi ki te taonga e kore e nui ake te kukū o te kohu i roto i te rangi e takoto ture parukore. E kore e taea e tatou tuku i te whāwhā o toluene ahua o tuwhera mura, korakora, kia meinga ai te pahūtanga. He hoki ngā take taiao e pā ana ki te tuku o te toluene ki te kōhauhau:

• i te hinu, rerekē kora mura;
• i roto i te puia hohe;
• i roto i te ahi ngahere;
• te whakamahi i ngā whakarewa me peita.

Ko te āhuatanga paitini o mōrearea toluene, he ahi me te pahūtanga rapu whakatūpato taonga maimoatanga wai me tona kohu.