"Souls Dead": te tikanga o te ingoa. Poem Nikolaya Vasilevicha Gogolya

haere te reira i ki tā te rōrahi tuatahi o "varua Dead" a Gogol i Mei 1842. I hapu te mahi i te kaituhi i roto i tona mahi i runga i te "Kaititiro". I roto i "varua Dead" e pā ana Gogol ki te kaupapa matua o tana mahi: te akomanga te faatere o te hapori Russian. Ko te kaituhi ia ka mea: "E rave rahi nui ko toku hanga, a kahore hohoro e te mutunga o te reira." Ko e mo'oni, "Dead Laumālié" - he āhuatanga faahiahia i roto i te hītori o Russian, me te ao pūhohe.

"Varua Dead" - he pūhohe runga serfdom

"Varua Dead" - he mahi o te talena tino. Ko te whai o te tuhi Gogol Pushkin o tenei. korero ia e pā ana ki reira i roto i te mau api o te rotarota i roto i te digression e pā ana ki te momo e rua o kaituhi (VII pene). iriti i tenei te āhuatanga o te talena a Gogol: te kaha ki te maka atu, ka ki te whakaatu i te tata-ake nga kohakore katoa o te natura taata, e kore e nei tonu kitea. I roto i "varua Dead" kitea nga mau parau tumu o te talena:

1. Historicism. Ko te wahi kua oti te tuhituhi e pā ana ki te wa kaituhi nāianei - aho 20-30 tau o rau XIX - ka ite serfdom he raruraru nui.
2. pūāhua angamaheni me huru. Kaiwhakarēti me bureaucrats whakaaturia satirically ki te arotahi kaha tino, whakaatu ana te momo pāpori matua. utu te reira i tokanga makehe ki nga kōrero o Gogol.
3. patopato Sapphire. Kei te tutuki te reira i pūāhua āhuatanga kaituhi āhuatanga kōmeke, maminga te faarahiraa pūāhua mua, mā te whakamahi i kupu takaí whakatairite me whakatauki.

ingoa te tikanga: te mau me te kupu whakarite

i whakamahere Gogol ki te tuhituhi i te mahi o e toru buka. Ka rite ki te pūtake ka mau ia ki te "Comedy Atua" Dante Aligeri. Waihoki, ko "Souls Dead" ki ngā o toru ngā wāhanga. Ahakoa te taitara o te rotarota e pā ana te kaipānui ki te mau parau tumu Karaitiana.

Aha "Dead varua"? Ko te ingoa ano - he taupatupatu, whakatairite rite. Wairua - ko te taonga e no ki te ora, e kore te mate. Mā te tenei tikanga, homai Gogol tumanako tatou e kore te ngaro katoa, e taea te fanau i te tīmatanga pai ki te wairua kaiwhakarēti kopa me bureaucrats. I mahara tenei ki kia me te rōrahi tuarua.

Ko te tikanga o te ingoa o te pehepehe "varua Dead" takoto i roto i te maha rererangi. I runga i te mata - te tikanga totonu, no te mea ka karanga te mea i te wairua mate o nga kaimahi mate i roto i ngā tuhinga uiui. Mau, Ko te ngako o Chichikov tinihanga tenei: hoko serfs mate, me te tango i to ratou moni taunaha. I roto i te huru o te hoko o nga peasants me whakaatu te pūāhua matua. "Varua Dead" - ko iho kaiwhakarēti me rangatira fehangahangai Chichikov, no te mea i roto i a ratou i reira he mea e toe o te tangata, e ora. E kingi ratou e apo (rangatira), blockhead (Boll), nanakia (pongāihu) me te roughness (Sobakevich).

Ko te tikanga hohonu o te ingoa

ngā āhuatanga katoa o te tuwhera hou a tai'o ai outou i te pehepehe "varua Dead". Ko te tikanga o te taitara, e piri ana i roto i nga hohonu o te hua, hanga whakaaro tatou e pā ana ki te meka e tetahi, he tangata kuware i roto i te huarahi, kia huri i ki Manilow Nozdryov ranei. Kati i roto i tona ngakau ki te noho ki raro, he weriweri iti. A kihai ia i kite pehea reira vzrastet tuarua. Ki tenei mutunga, i roto i Upoko XI Gogol akiaki ana te kaipānui ki te titiro hohonu ki te wairua, me te haki: "Na ko reira i roto i ahau etahi wahi o Chichikov?"

whakatakotoria Gogol i roto i te pehepehe "Dead varua" tikanga o ngā ingoa multidimensional, te whakatuwhera i te kaipānui tonu, engari i roto i te tukanga o te whakaaro e pā ana ki te mahi.

taketake momo

A, no te whakaara ake "Dead varua" tātari tetahi uiraa: "He aha te kitea Gogol te hua rite te ruri?" Ko e mo'oni, he ahurei momo taketake o e fakatupú. I te mahi i runga i te hua o Gogol i ana pukapuka ki hoa ngā ratou kitenga auaha, karanga "Laumālié Dead" me te whiti, me te pukapuka.

I te whārangi taitara o te putanga tuatahi i tuhituhia: "Te Adventures o Chichikov, ranei Laumālié mate" (te wahi tuatahi o tenei aukatinga) - me te upoo "Poem" i kitea atu nui. Ko te kaituhi ia tohe i na hanga ai i roto i "varua Dead". iti te tikanga o te ingoa o te hua kei te ki te rotarota i whakaritea Gogol ki tonu i te mahi, a i te rua o, me te toru o nga rōrahi whakaatu te whakaoranga o ngā pūāhua kino. Na ka tahuri te "varua Dead" i pūhohe ki te ruri.

e kore tenei ruha nga āhuatanga tūmomo o te hua "Dead varua". faataa te tikanga o te taitara o tona pehepehe e Nikolai Vasilievich i te buka haapiiraa o te tuhinga. He karanga ia te momo whiti, takawaenga i waenganui i te hautoa, me te pūrākau. I te pokapū o tenei momo, ko te ki te waiho i te hero - he tangata noa, i roto i mōrearea e whakaatu nga ritenga o te wā o nāianei. I roto i te tauira o Gogol arata'i "Don Kuisito" o Cervantes.

I tua atu, i te "varua Dead" ko tetahi āhuatanga, ai whakaaro te hua kei te ki te waiho i te rotarota - te maha digressions lyrical, āhuatanga o te chanter o te momo.

I tua atu ki enei huru maitatai, "Souls Dead" Kei te tata rohe te pukapuka picaresque, a tae noa pāpori. Ko ki tirohia ki te mahi o tenei momo e kore te mea e tika ana e tika ana ki te kore o te whaiāipo.

Heroes me anti-toa o te rotarota

I roto i te rōrahi tuatahi o "varua Dead" ( "te reinga" e Dante) whakaritea Gogol ki te whakaatu i te kino - nga rangatira nanakia me te piha haapiiraa kairetiwhare. I te kitenga o te reira i roto i te pūnaha o whakapakoko. wairua Heroes-mate - aua rangatira me kaipupuri whenua, e tutaki Chichikov, mahi ana ravea tupato.

aroaro Images o nga kaipupuri whenua ki te whakanui ake heke fakalaumālie me turpitude morare. I roto i te whakaahuatanga o ia o ratou arotahi Gogol i te meka e kore ko te take motuhake, me te momo o te iwi i tenei, "no Manilow ki te iwi pera-na"; Pouaka - "Ko e taha 'o aua matushkas"; "Tangata rite Nozdryov, i te katoa ki te whakatau rawa i te torutoru." hanga taua iwi morare rawakore he taiao pāpori. I roto i te pehepehe, whiua e rua kaipupuri whenua, me te pūnaha feudal katoa rite te katoa.

Ko tētahi atu ahua kino o te pehepehe "varua Dead" - te taero. Ko te pa kua te whakamoti me te hepohepo. Taero - he wahi i reira e taea te hanga e koe pai. Ko te tukanga whiwhi utu whakapati o hoatu ki runga ki awa. Kia mahara ki te wāhanga ina utu whakapati Chichikov Ivan Antonovich. kawea Hohenga o rangatira ki automatism: kite i te pire - hipokina ki te wahi o te pepa - ki te whakaahua e he tika katoa nga mea katoa.

pūāhua tōraro hanga te tikanga o te ingoa o te maau - "varua Dead". Heoi, kia rite ki a Gogol, e kore te mea kino katoa: e rua o nga toa e ia he wāhi ki te whakapai ake. Tukanga whakaora o nekehanga mate e pā ana ki ngā kāwai. E rua ngā whiti pūāhua whakaaturia i roto i te tukanga whanaketanga: homai he haurongo me Iraia Chichikov. tīwhiri tenei Gogol e taea ki te huri i roto i te heke mai ratou.

Käore e kore he hero pai i roto i te pehepehe - kua whakakitea te kaituhi, kei te roto i te digressions lyrical. mārama ia ka aroha Russia, kite pūmanawa nui i roto i te iwi Russian. I tua atu, whakanuitia Gogol nga mau huru pai o te iwi Russian: he arero reka, mahi pakeke, faitotonú, taketake me te hinengaro auaha. Ko reira ka tukua tenei huringa Russia ki riro i te tino mīharo manu-troika.

I runga i te rōrahi tuarua o "varua Dead"

I roto i te āhua o te raruraru auaha hohonu i roto i Gogol tuhituhi te rua te rōrahi o "varua Dead" mo kotahi tekau nga tau. I roto i tona reta, ia maha amuamu ki te hoa e he reira rawa whäiti, me te kore tino makona ia.

e pā ana Gogol ki te mauritau, pai Kostanzhoglo image kaiwhakarëti: ebara i te kawenga, mahi taputapu e kikī te matauranga pūtaiao. I raro i tona mana Chichikov reconsidering tona hononga ki mooni me te huringa mo te pai.

Te kitenga i roto i te pehepehe "takoto faufaa", tahuna Gogol te rua te rōrahi o "varua Dead".