Ngā o te tohutoro - he aha te mea tenei? Ko te ariā me te te ihirangi. Waihanga TK

Creation o ngā hangarau ko tetahi o nga wāhanga tuatahi me te tino hira o kaupapa. Mārama me te tika tuhia ngā o tohutoro (Tor) ka taea ki te whakamārama i te hononga o te kiritaki me te kaiwhakaari, ki te hanga whakaritenga ki te āhuatanga o te kaupapa i mua nei, me te hoko i te pūtake mo te whakaū o te mahi whakamana.

He aha e nga ngā o tohutoro

Ko te whakamāramatanga whānui o te wā e whai ake: Ngā o Reference - he tuhinga motuhake, whakawhanakehia e te kiritaki, ka whakaaetia e te Whakahaere, e whakatakoto ana i nga whakaritenga, tawhā me nga āhuatanga whakahaere taketake o te kaupapa, whare pūnaha ranei.

I roto i te tahi atu mea, he wahi o tenei tuhinga e ngā te rārangi o ngā whakaritenga mō te whakamātautau (e hāngai ana ki te whanaketanga pūmanawa).

Kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i to ratou kaihanga mahi, kaimahi, e mau ana i roto i te mahi hanga, hötaka, kaihoahoa me maha atu ngaio.

Ngā o te Reference - ko te tuhinga, e kei te whakawhanakehia e te ngaio, pai kaha i roto i te pau o te momo ngā o te mahi. I pehea e whakaahuatia tūmanako kiritaki i roto i te taipitopito, tei reira ki runga ki te angitu o te kaupapa. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, te ngā o tohutoro - ki he aratohu mo kaimahi, e āhei tatou whakataurite i te hua whakamutunga ki te whakaritea.

Āhuatanga o tenei ngā o tohutoro

E mea pinepine, te tukanga o te tā ake ngā tohutohu taea te kiritaki ki te kite pehea e hiahia ana ia ki te kite i te kaupapa. Ko e tika ana ki te meka i te hiahia ki te whakatakotoria whāinga motuhake akiaki ia ki te tūhura i te taea, me nga whāititanga o tenei momo o te mahi tenei. He maha kiritaki, te ite i te kore o te mōhiohio, te kore o te matauranga o ngā ngaio, me te kore o te matauranga motuhake, hiahia ki te utu i te ngaio ki te whakawhanake i ngā whakaritenga hangarau.

Haapapu, engari tenei huarahi ka taea ki a koe te whakatutuki i kapa mōrahi, no te mea katoa mahi ana i te pai i: mohio te kiritaki te mea e hiahia ana ia ki te tiki i rite ki te hua, te ngā o te tohutoro te kaituhi whakawhiti i tenei mōhiohio ki raraunga whakahaere mahinongofua, ka kua te ariki te kaha ki te mahi i roto i te mārama te ako .

Taumu'a o ngā hangarau

Tenei tuhinga, hangarau mahi, he mahi nui: e tauturu te reira ki te whakatau i tetahi tautohetohe. Ka rite ki whakaturia atu i roto i te tuhituhi, kua riro ki te kaupapa te hōkai o ngā whakaritenga mahi ranei he wāhi tohutoro mō ngā taha e rua. ka kaikirimana e tika e kore e ki te mahi i te mahi, e kore e nei i whakarārangitia i roto i te ngā. Hoki mahi atu titau te tauākī hou.

Heoi, tiakina te kiritaki te i te whakatinanatanga pahara tano ore ranei o te mahi, no te mea e taea e te tirotiro i te reira ona āhuatanga me ngā tawhā mo ia TK tūemi takitahi.

Ka rite ki te tikanga, kei te haere te hua oti i roto i te whakamātautau, i te whakamātautau whakamātautau ranei. Ki te rere ona āhuatanga i te hunga whakaritea, e taea te tono tangata te reira whakahokia mo te whakahounga artist ranei kia whakakahore ai utu (e whakaritea ai e hanga ake nga ngā o tohutoro o te mahi).

Kai TK: ngā whakaritenga mahi

ngā whakaritenga katoa tohua i roto i te ngā taea te whakarōpūtia e momo me ngā āhuatanga.

whakaritenga Tauira o ngā momo rerekē riro te nuinga o manuhiri. whakahaere i ratou i te tukanga o te tā ake ngā whakataunga mō ngā te hanga o ngā whakaurunga nui, me te tahi atu tono tono. Ratou te tikanga whakarārangi nga whakaritenga e whai ake nei:

• Na roto i te wae mahi.
• Hoki ngā tautuhinga haumarutanga (mō ngā pūnaha aunoa me te pūmanawa).
• Na roto i te fariiraa te taumata o tohunga.
• Ki ahua.
• Hoki te rauemi e whakamahia ana.

He rārangi o ngā whakaritenga e kua whakarōpūtia e te momo, kaua roa, he tika ki te whāinga rerekē o te kaupapa ratou kanorau.

Nuinga o ngā wā, i te whakaritenga mo te taumahinga ko te matua whakawhanakehia huri noa nei te katoa mahi hangarau. tikanga Pūnaha me ētahi atu ako hangarau riro te ahua o "hunaraa" ki te hoatu i runga i enei whakaritenga. A, no te kore i runga i te waihanga o nga mahi matua, ara i te «hunaraa» e pai kore e whakaora i te āhuatanga, a ka kore te kaupapa.

whakaritenga mahi

Rerekē maha ngā momo o ngā kerēme, ngā āhuatanga hoki o ratou āhuatanga nui iti:

• Understandability.
• Concreteness.
• Testability.

e kore e taea te wehea te taonga whakamutunga i te rua tuatahi, rite taea te whakatinana ngā whakaritenga mārama, me te motuhake, me te whakamatautau. Heoi, ki te mea kahore he ara ki te manatoko i te hua, ka taea te tautohe i te reira e kore te kereme e riro tetahi o nga āhuatanga tuatahi e rua.

Ngā o te tohutoro - ehara i te mea he kaupapa hangarau

He maha ngā whakaaro e pā ana ki te aha te taumata o te taipitopito ki te whakamahi i roto i te whanaketanga o te kaupapa hangarau.

I te tahi taime te hanga reira whakamahi ngā motuhake, me te maha onäianei mahinongofua anake i roto i te toi. Ko te ngoikoretanga o tenei huarahi riro aha te kiritaki kī tenei TK, kihai i matau tino aha e whiwhi rite te hua oti. Na reira, kia roa ai te tukanga o te whakamātautau, tirohanga me te fariiraa o te mahi, me te toutou te kaupapa tono tangata hoki mō te whakahounga me te whakapai ake.

Supporters o tetahi tikanga tohe e te ngā tauira o te tohutoro kia rite ohie, me te māmā. kia ngā tenei tuhinga kupu ahumahi, mahuki ki te kiritaki, engari e kore e kia whakaaetia te arata'iraa o ngā āhuatanga hangarau e pā ana ki te whakatinanatanga o te kaupapa. I roto i te mara o te whanaketanga pūmanawa urutaunga o ngā whakaritenga kiritaki i roto i te tūemi whakaritenga whakatakotoranga wāhi i roto i te kaitātari pakihi, engari e kore te kaihātepe (o te akoranga, ki te e kore e whakarite i ia herenga me e, me tetahi atu).

kaupapa Hangarau i huaina tuhinga ko, whakaahuatia nei i roto i te taipitopito te tikanga mo te whakatinanatanga o ngā kōwae TK. Here ngā, he faufaa whakapotonga me ngā ariā ngaio. kihai ratou i kite i te kiritaki (enei kupu taea ia kahore ki te mea), na ô te kuputuhi Ruānuku, ka e kia rave i roto i te kaupapa, a titau i te reira mōhiohio tika, me te motuhake: rahi, tawhā, te kounga me te mahi. kaupapa Hangarau o te kaihoahoa o te pūnaha.

Hanganga o ngā hangarau

Ki te whakahaere i te faaineineraa, me te whakatinanatanga o ngā hangarau, te whakawhanake i te reira mo te pūnaha ngā. Ko te tikanga, i te timatanga, i roto i te talateu, whakatakotoria i roto i te whāinga, me te whakaaro o te kaupapa. I muri ko nga wāhanga o ngā whakaritenga, me ratou tikanga. Hei matau rite Tor aha titiro reira mo te pūnaha aunoa, ka taea e tatou whakaaro i te hanganga tūtohutia e GOST 34.602-89:

• Te tauwhāiti mōhiohio whānui.
• Te whakaahua i te whakaaro, me te whakaaro mo te ai te whakaritea ai ki te whakatutuki i te hanganga whanaketanga ranei o te pūnaha.
• Āhuatanga o ngā ki kia aunoa.
• Tauākī o ngā whakaritenga mo te pūnaha.
• Te hanganga me te te ihirangi o te mehua, me ngā mahi e whakamahia ana ki te hanga i te pūnaha.
• Whakaahuatanga o pehea e tango i te aroturuki wahi me te tukanga o te hanga i te whakaaetanga whakamutunga o te pūnaha.
• Ko te rārangi o ngā whakaritenga mō te mahi ki te kia kawea i roto i ki te ahanoa o aunoatanga mo tona faaineineraa.
• Ko te tukanga mō te pupuri i ngā tuhinga.
• Kia mahara te whanaketanga o ngā mātāpuna.

Taua ngā o tohutoro (he tauira o e kei roto i te whakamārama taipitopito o ngā tūemi katoa) e hipokina te nuinga o te kaupapa āhuatanga, engari kia kia kō atu i te haamaramaramaraa ngā ki te tika.

He aha hanga te tor mo te ruma hanga

Tukanga nāna te roto - e kore te reira rite ohie rite kia mea he i mawhiti tuatahi. Tenei e kore e huri noa i te pepapātū me peita i te pākahiko, he reira ki te whakatika i te ofatiraa o te āhuahanga, te whakakorenga o kohakore hoahoanga, whakatikatika ki te tahora, taputapu, me te whakapai ake o te ruma.

Hoki tenei take, nga ngā whakataunga mo te hanga o te riroraa tetahi o nga kaupae tino nui, kia rite taea ai:

• Hei whakaaro i roto i te mua te ihirangi o te mahi heke mai.
• Te utu ake he tata utu taipitopito, me te ki te tāutu i ngā whai wāhitanga mō ngā penapena.
• Hei whakatutuki i te mārama mōrahi i roto i te pā ana ki te putanga e hiahiatia ana mō ngā ngä katoa (kiritaki, kaikirimana, kaihaka).

Ka rite ki i roto i te tauira ki te ngā whakataunga mo te pūnaha aunoatanga, te takawaenga i waenganui i te kiritaki me te ariki kaitoi o nga ngā o tohutoro. Tango mehua ki te iriti i te mahi whakaritea i runga i te pūtake o te kaupapa hangarau, whakawhanakehia e ia nga ngā o TK.

E tūemi ngā whakataunga mō ngā te ruma hanga ngā

Hoki te hanga o ia wāhi ko ngā whakaritenga ahurei. whakaaturia te tauira o te hanganga tino noa o tenei tuhinga i raro nei.

1. Ko te ingoa me te whakaaro o te ruma. Ko te tika tenei no te pau o te ruma titau pipiki ki etahi ture i roto i tona whakapaipai (ruma ora, moenga, ako).

2. āhuatanga papa: ko te nui o te mahi ki te kia whakamana i roto i tenei rohe. Here taea e koe te whakapūtā i roto i te taipitopito aha hei rangatira koutou:

• Disassemble paninga mea pai ana, plinths me papa taratara (momo me te quadrature).
• Hoatu rapataumata, wehewehe coupler me te mātao ngāwhā (te wāhi me te tiketike o te rauemi).
• Ki te tika, tāuta te pūnaha "papa mahana" (momo me te tiketike o te hanganga).
• Hoatu screed mo nga taura whakawera (e pā ana ki 30-50 mm).
• No te faaineine i te mata no te whakapanga tāpa, kiri, whāriki ranei ētahi atu rauemi (whakaritenga pūāhua o ngā huānga).
• Tāutatia te plinth (tohu te maha o mita rārangi, me te roto, o waho katoa koki).

3. Mahi ki te tuanui:

• Mārama o te paru pepapātū (wāhi i roto i mita pūrua) ranei.
• Tiaro filler (tapawha).
• Hoatu te raima (quadrature me te matotoru toharite).
• Ki te hiahia koe ki te tāuta plasterboard, e hiahia ana koe ki te whakapūtā tona momo, te quadrature me te tiketike. Kei te hiahiatia te reira ki te hanga i te tuhi mo tauira maha.
• Putty me te peita i te tuanui (te wāhi o te tae).

4. He aha Me ki kia meatia ki te taiepa:

• kahu o mua Mārama o te pepapātū atu paninga (wāhi) ranei.
• Pei i te raima.
• taiepa te raima (ki waho whakaū i te reira ranei). Here Me whakapūtā koutou e kore e anake te squaring whānui o te taiepa, engari ano hoki te matotoru o te apa. Te roa o matapuna whakamahia he mata, i roto i rere mita.
• Whakakiia te taiepa.
• Tauwhāiti e hia i roto i te ruma i waho koki ki e taea ki te tātai i te roa o te kokonga pūwatawata.

matapihi 5. Manakohanga:

• Tauwhāiti raraunga e pā ana ki te kaiwhakanao.
• Whakarato mōhiohio e pā ana ki te momo o te kōtaha, whare, matapihi, matapihi-matapihi. Te whakaahua ranei kōtaha Podstavochny waeroa kupenga, me ki faaitoito i te tuhi me te āhuatanga. Hoki pai mahinga o te mahi pai ki te waihanga i te motuhake ngā whakataunga mō ngā te matapihi kia.

6. āhuatanga o te tatau:

• Te whakaahua i te kaiwhakanao kōwhiringa tatau, nga rauemi e whakamahia ana (tae atu ki ngā oko), momo pouaka, casings me inihi.
• Wehe whakahau te hiahia ki te huri i te rahi tatau whakatuwheratanga (te whakanui ake, whakaiti, neke) te rahi me te rārangi o mahi.

7. Mahi i runga i te whatunga hiko:

• Rārangi o mahi (tāutanga, whakakapinga, whakawhiti o putanga me whakakā).
• Ko te hiahia mo te whakapanga waea ipurangi ranei taura.
• Āpiti te aronuinga.

8. Whakaritenga mo te tāutanga o ngā pūnaha whakawera me rangi-conditioning:

• Tāutanga, hekenga, whakakapinga, ranei peita noa te whakamahana.
• Ko te tuuraki o mea tuku iho me tāuta pūnaha "papa mahana".
• Tohua te wāhi o te wahi kaupapa rangi whāhauhau me te ara. Ki te whakapūtā pehea ka kawea te reira i roto i te pūnaha supply.

Kaua Me ahau ki ruri i te whare i mua ki te faaineineraa o ngā hangarau mō te hanga

whakaae tohunga katoa e te rūma whakamātautau ko te taahiraa whakahauanga i roto i te faaineineraa o ngā whakataunga mō ngā tona hanga. I roto i kia kawea tenei tukanga i roto i ki te whanaketanga o te kaupapa hangarau e kore anake, engari ano hoki i roto i te tukanga o te waihanga.

Ko te whāinga matua o tenei mahi, ko te ki te whiwhi mōhiohio e pā ana ki te āhua o te whare me te whakaahuatanga tika atu o nga tata'iraa ka ū mai.

I te rūma whakamātautau whakarongo ki nga tawhā matua, me te mahi i nga takahanga e whai ake:

• Tirohia te āhuahanga tika.
• Ako tuanui whakapae (ki te reira he Aharoto, hīrere). E āwhina ana tēnei ki te whakatau i te momo o te mutu, me te homai he whakaaro o te tiketike o te ruma heke mai.
• Tirohia te verticality o nga taiepa me koki tika. Ki te hiahia koe ki te tika a ratou, Me i nga rangatira ki te mohio te mea ki te rauemi whakamahi me te nui e hiahia ana ratou ki te hoko.
• Tirohia te patunga witi whakapae. Pinepine kia puta ke nga patunga tino (rawa, ki te te whakaratohia reira tāutanga o te pūnaha whakawera raro), koia ko te mea e tika ana ki te whakatau i roto i mua i te nui o te mahi.

Ki te karo papû ore, me ki te whakarato motuhake e taea katoa, ka wāwāhitanga ui ira i roto i te maha o nga wahi, a ka whakatau i te mea ka kite ia.

Kua whakaritea te raraunga rangahau hua ki te kaupapa, te momo o te oti i ngā rauemi, me te faaineineraa e hiahiatia ana mo to ratou tāutanga.

taea ana tēnei mōhiohio ki tatou whakatau tata i te taumata o ngā utu tangata, me te pūtea. kia ngā ngā o tohutoro tuhi mahi heke mai.

e kore he angamaheni tauira whakaturia i roto i nga ngā o tohutoro o te mahi ki te hanga i te ruma. Tei runga i te rōrahi o te mahi, ka taea e titiro te reira tino rerekē, kia poto ranei ngā raraunga atu taipitopito.