Ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o te whanariki. Whakaahuatanga whanariki

Whanariki - he taonga e te ako i tēnei wā i te taata nei tata rawa. I roto i nga wa onamata i whakaaro ai he mystic, i karapotia e te mea ngaro, ngā pakiwaitara me ngā pūrākau e kua ara ake hoki o te wehi maori o te iwi unknown ki te katoa. Heoi, he tokomaha o nga āhuatanga ōkiko o i mohiotia ki te iwi ara i mua hoatu Mendeleev āhuatanga i roto i te ripanga pūmotu whanariki, a hoatu ana ki a ia te maha 16. Kei te whakamahia whānuitia ana tēnei taonga i roto i te tau o Homer, i roto i te tua, etahi mōhiohio (āhua tika) o taea te kitea i te reira i roto i hou, me te tawhito Faufaa.

huānga matū

Te pō systematize te tenetere putu o ngā mōhiohio i runga i tenei mea, kia rite ki whanariki, i reira rawa uaua. I meatia tenei e pūtaiao maha, engari ki te whakatau e no reira ki te piha haapiiraa o ngā āhuatanga matū taea D. I. Mendeleevu. I roto i te pūnaha puranga tohua e tohutoro whika 16. whanariki Kei roto i te toru o nga wā, he Huingaiti tuaono o te rōpū matua, te papatipu ngota - 32, kiato (i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa) - 2070 kg / m ^3.

History o whakamahi

Kua mātātoa iwi Ancient whakamahia nga āhuatanga ōkiko o te whanariki, i mohiotia nei ki a ratou. Ko te pūtake o tona takenga whakaaro i atua o te whenua, ranei iwi whenua, e hua ana ki te mau huru motuhake. Ko te kakara āhuatanga o te taonga, me te noho pai o te pātīmata i te hahi whai hua i roto i te whakahaere i ngā tikanga whakapono me te pana "wairua kino". I muri mai ka timata whanariki ki te kia whakamahia mō ngā take hōia, ko reira wahi o te ranunga combustible. Ki te tūponotanga nui e taea tatou te mea e whakamahia ai ki te hanga i te "ahi Kariki", e fokotu'u he wehi tapu ki te hoariri. I roto i te whare whanariki me ona pūhui e tono i roto i te poke, ahuwhenua, ki te awhina o te kiko pai me pirinoa mawehe atu. I roto i China tahito, kawea te ngā pyrotechnic tuatahi i roto ki te awhina o whanariki. kihai i nga ranunga hua ano paura wewete, engari i mahi rite he pūtake mo te hanganga o tona tātai, e, rokohanga, i ake i roto i nga tikanga nei. Heoi, i te wāhanga tuatahi o tona turanga i te reira whanariki. Matū, ranei, kaua Alchemy taua wa, karanga tenei huānga "te papa o nga konganuku katoa." hāngai ana tēnei mutunga kei i runga i te aroaro o te whanariki i roto i tokahuke maha, me tona combustibility whakarei. Kaupare i tenei pūrākau kore Lavoisier i 1789. ka mau te pūtaiao te huānga ki te-konganuku kore, me, rite whakaaturia e atu rangahau, he tika ia. I roto i te rongoā, whakamahia te pūhui whanariki te rite te āpiha rongoā, me te anti-pirinoa.

I roto i te natura,

E kore te mea nohinohi nga toka o te whanariki kirinuku. E ai ki te tohu o te wātea, me te nuinga o taua mea i roto i te wahi 16 i roto i te āhuatanga matū katoa. Hanganga o te whanariki ngota āhei te taonga ki te kia i roto i tona puka parakore (i roto i etahi tikanga taiao). Otiia i roto i te nuinga o te wā ko reira he wahi o ngā tokahuke, i roto i pūhui hanga sulfides me ngāwhā. Ko te noa tino o tona hononga ki te konganuku: pyrites rino (pyrite), cinnabar, galena (galena), konutea blende (sphalerite). I roto i te moana i runga i te konupora pākawa, konupūmā, te konutai. Ki te rā, neke atu i te 200 tāutuhia kohuke. Tuarua - ihirangi hautanga papatipu - rōpū he gypsum, kieserite, te tote o Glauber. ngā whanariki i roto i te hanganga o ngā rāpoi ngota pūmua, ie. E. Kia kitea i roto i ngā kararehe. Tino whānui e wātea ana ngā pūhui matū waro e te hinu, hau māori, me te waro. Ko te puna matua o te whanariki me ona pärönaki ko nga puia, engari mahi a te tangata (ahumahi, whare) nohonga a taonga te tukanga. He nui nui o te taonga putu i roto i te manawa whenua, uku, gypsum, i te raro o moana me ngā roto, te hinu, kapuni, me te waro, i roto i waimaori tote me wai moana. Tohanga o whanariki i roto i te ao koiora puta i te tikanga o microorganisms, ka whai wāhi tenei ki te makuku e evaporates i te mata o te tinana nui o te wai, taka rite te ua, me te i te ururua awa awa haere hoki ki te moana, me ngā moana.

ingoa

I roto i te wā o te whanaketanga o te alchemy, i reira i rave rahi ingoa e rawea te whanariki huānga matū hou. He aha te taonga e auraa e ratou - te kore katoa mārama, pea, ko reira he pātai e pā ana ki hononga, ore hau sulfide ranei. I roto i te wā pūnaha Mendeleev whakaritea whanariki tohu S (pūngāwhā). He tenei ingoa Latin kahore takenga mārama, pea, i tono ai i te reo Kariki, me te iriti i taea reira ki rite "tahu". I roto i ngā whakamahia i roto i te reo Russian he pakiaka rawa tawhito. Ko te kupu "whanariki" faaite matū unpleasantly hongi, ranunga combustible. He he ano hoki te putanga o te take mai o te ingoa o te matū tae: .. "kōwhai kōtea", "hina", e kore arā, tino. Na ka karangatia e matou resins katoa. E kore te whakamahia te ingoa tuarua o te taonga i roto i teie mau tau api - "aketahi". te maua e hoki te whakamāramatanga o te ariā o te flammability me te kakara kino. Kua tae mai wetereo ki te mutunga e i roto i te kupu pakiaka Sanskrit "patua", i te mea pea e tika ana ki te āhuatanga o te pūngāwhā hāora rua.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko te pūngāwhā

Tei runga i te whakarerekētanga allotropic i roto i te whānuitanga kōrero pūtau. Kei te wehea ki toru puka i hanga ripekapeka (pūmau mekameka ngota): orthorhombic, kirihou, monoclinic. Tae, ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o te taonga whakawhirinaki ki runga ki te whakarerekētanga whanariki. He pūmau, me te S ₈ pūhui huringa te tino noa. Ko reira he āhuatanga hoki tioata whanariki tenei momo o te mekameka - rauemi he pakarukaru he kauruku kowhai. Kirihou me whakarerekē monoclinic e iu me te puta māhorahora i muri i etahi wa i muri te taenga ki te hanganga huringa. Tātai whanariki i roto i tenei take Kei te tohu S ₄ ko S _6. I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa (te pāmahana rūma), pūhui pūmau he mekameka rhombic: i roto i te whakawera i te taonga taui ki te āhua wai o te whakawhāititanga, ka thickens. tautauā āta hanga ngira whanariki monoclinic e whai he tae kōwhai hohonu. I roto i te tauhohenga o te rauemi whakarewa ki te puka matao te wai allotropic kirihou whakarerekētanga, e kua he hanganga rite ki te rapa, me te e tito o te maha mekameka polymer, te mea he (pouri) tae paru-kōwhai. Ko te auau tino o te whanariki rite te whakaahuatanga o totoka kōwhai e kore nei e taunekeneke ki te wai e toe ana i runga i tona mata. Ka taea te whakamahi rite whakarewa ngā pūhui matū waro: .. oki, waro disulfide, etc. te whanariki rite te taonga ohie i roto i ngā āhuatanga noa kua nga āhuatanga thermodynamic e whai ake nei:

1. Kiato pātahi - 2,070 g / cm ^3.
2. kawe ia Thermal - 300 K.
3. ira whakakoero - 112 ° ^C.
4. kaha wera titiwha - J 22.6.
5. wāhi e koropupu - 444 ° ^C.
6. rōrahi titiwha - 15.5 ^cm3 / kamiriona.

I roto i whakawera, te maha o ngā ngota whanariki ia rāpoi ngota heke. I 300 ^C te kaha neke te reira inu, mo te fariiraa i te pāmahana kohu nui haere ki te 450 ° ^C whanariki ngota e taea te whiwhi i roto i te para matū ki 1760 ^C (S ₈ - S ₆ - S ₄ - S ₂ - S). Ko tēnei rauemi Ko te pēne rawakore o te hiko me te wera, Kei te whānui i whakamahia mo tona tono.

āhuatanga matū

tauhohe whanariki ki konganuku katoa hua i roto i te hanganga o sulfides. I roto i te nuinga o te wā, titau te tauhohenga matū he whakakōkī e mahi rite whakawera. I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa (te pāmahana rūma), te pūhui anake puta ki konuoi. Kei te whakamahia i tēnei taonga mo te neutralization o ona kohu, e kua hanga e e te pāhekoheko o te whakarewa ki pata hāora. e kore e taunekeneke reira ki te huānga konukawata, iridium, koura. Ko te sulfides hua he pūhui pūkākā e tahu ka mura makona kaha. Whanariki, tauhohe waho pure ki te hāora. āhuatanga tēnei tukanga pūhui e te hanganga o te hau kanokore (whanariki hāorarua) me te tahunga. Ko te tauhohenga reversible ki hauwai e wahi i roto i te whakawera (i te faaauraa ki te waro me te silicon), ka karanga te haurehu i hanga e te hauwai sulfide te, waro disulfide. Ka rite ki te tahi atu āhuatanga katoa o rōpū VI o te taka pūmotu, tali whanariki te i roto i te ngongo hiri ki kōnakonako (köwhai, pūkeha, māota, ūkuikui). I te pāmahana rūma, he taea te tauhohe anake ki köwhai. whanariki pūhaumāota Ko te rauemi tino whakamahia whānuitia i roto i te ahumahi matū. Ki te kahore i te urupare rongoā te wai, me te waikawa, ki te pūhui alkali e reversible - kua hanga e ratou i raro i te mahi o te whakakōkī. E rave rahi waikawa ngā me te tote i hanga e te huinga o (te titauraa ko te pāmahana) o whanariki ki hāora me te hauwai.

hanganga Hiko

Hanganga o te whanariki ngota āhei te huānga ki faaite mai ano hei māngai oxidizing me te kaihoko whakaiti, me te tauhohenga matū i te honohono, rerekē. meinga tenei e te tohatoha o ngā taumata irahiko. karihi ngota he tiaki 16 ka te taimaha o 32 (16 ngā iraoho me ngā iramoe) pūtoro ngota - 127 pm. Scheme whanariki (e) e whai ake: S + 16) 2) 8) 6; i okiokinga - 1s ² 2s ² 3s 2P ^{6 2 4} 3P. I runga i te taumata tuatoru he orbitals rima takoto kau reira rerekē te honohono, o ona pūhui i roto i te whānuitanga e whai ake te ngota whanariki: -2, + 2, + 4, + 6, e whakawhirinaki i runga i te tohu o te excitation.

tāpui

Kei te piki haere tau te nui o te whanariki hua. e pā ana tēnei ki te whānui o te tono whānui, tonu te nei tipu tika ki hangarau me te ake ako tino o huānga matū mohiotia kua. Ko te āhua o te whanariki i roto i roto i te puka taketake, me te he wahi o te maha nui o tokahuke. Tei runga i tenei, kei te whakamahia tikanga rerekē i roto i tona production. tohaina putunga Stratiform i roto i te United States, Iraq, te Middle Täingäwai me te rohe Carpathian. Ko te tino pai i roto i ngā ōrau ratou, i reira te whakaputaina i te 50 ki te 60% whanariki. takoto te pākawa waro me te pūkawa ngā toka nui, pa tekau o mita i roto i te hohonu me te rave rahi rau - i roto i te roa. He āhuatanga o te kaha rohe hinu production putunga Soljanokupolnyh. Hoki nga putunga nui o te rohe ngā te Gulf o Mexico, i te mea whakarara ki te whakawhanake i te US, Chile me Mexico. Ko te tino hou, hou-i hanga putunga he putunga puia. hono o ratou takenga te ki hapa nekeneke kirinuku, me te mahi puia. Fakatatau ki ai, kei te tū enei putunga i roto i te Pacific Ocean. Tino tūhura raraunga Japan me te rohe Russian. I roto i te Eurasia atu noa putunga whanariki taketake, e kua he takenga ka makona tawhito me te pai kei roto i te papa mata. Ural Mountains, te motu o Sicily, te rohe Täingäwai, Lviv rohe ko te whanaketanga o putunga, e kua whakawhanakehia ki te ra nei. World hanga o te whanariki he neke atu i te 50 miriona taranata ia tau, ki te 30% - Kowaka, 33% - hau me te hinu, 14% - tukatuka tukunga ahumahi, 16% - o sulfides, 6% - o Ngā pūkawa.

Methods production

Tei runga i te hohonu o te whanariki kei roto tokahuke whakamahi tikanga rerekē o te tangohanga, me te tukatuka atu. Ko te āhuatanga ōkiko o te whanariki i te papamua, ahakoa o te tikanga o te hanga, te haumaru tukanga putanga. Tikanga, te taonga awa haere tahi e te haaputuputuraa nui o hau paitini e kore e waho take parariraa noa. paparanga ausia o ngā papa ore e nekehia atu te whakamahi i excavators - ko tenei tikanga te iti rawa mōrearea (i roto i te hanganga ture ki te whakaritenga hangarau katoa). Whanariki pure hua i tona tukatuka atu i nga otaota tēnā, kei hea te hoatu ai i te whakapai. Methods o purenga me te kukū rerekē: waiariki, centrifuge, filtration, Steam, tangohanga.

Ko reira nui uaua ki te hanga i te tangohanga o te whanariki, i roto nei i roto i ngā papa raro. Toku tikanga - i roto i te whakarato o te hau e pā ana - he tata uaua, na tino pai Germana Frasha tikanga e whakamahia ana mai i 1895. Ko tino hua i roto i te whanaketanga o putunga taonga ia, me te whakarato nui penapena i roto i ngā utu waka me te utu o te tukatuka atu o ore, rite titau te reira i te putanga o te taonga parakore. Ko te kuware parau tumu ataahua: kua tukinotia paparanga ore kei roto whanariki, ki te wai wera tukua nei te i roto i te putorino. Whakaritea i roto i te reira e rua oko porotakaroa motuhake, e kua hangaia mō te tuku hau me te tuku o te hua oti. Nā ki te pāmahana rewa iti o te mata i raro i te pēhanga putaatu whanariki ki te nui iti o poke.

tono

Ko te kiritaki tuatahi ko matū whanariki, e kore e taea e te tīariari, kahore waikawa e hāngai ana i runga i tenei huānga. Pueru, te hinu, te kai, penupenu, e taea kore mahi i keri production wāhanga, kahore tenei taonga. hanga Tātai pūngāwhā taea reira ki te tono i ona pūhui mo te hanga o explosives, ōrite, rapa, poke, ngā rongoā, me te pera i runga i. D. I roto i te ahuwhenua e whakaaro tatou he taonga ngā i roto i te hanganga o te tongi ki te oneone (faarahi ōrau whakaritea phosphorous) me ngā paihana i tukinotia purapura i ngā pests. Hoki te hanga o tae me tito luminescent whakamahia tuku whanariki. E ai ki te tohu o te tangohanga, tukatuka, me te whakamahi o tenei huānga e taea te kite i runga i te pūmanawa ahumahi o te kāwanatanga katoa. Te nuinga o te whanaketanga hou i roto i maha rāngai matauranga-kaha o te ōhanga e hāngai ana i runga i te whakamahi o te whanariki me ona pūhui. He uaua ki te aromatawai i te pūmanawa tonu o te tono o tenei huānga matū, whakamahia nei e te taata mai nga wa onamata, me te haere tonu ki te whai wāhi mātātoa i roto i te tukanga whanaketanga hangarau.