Ngā āhuatanga 1 whakatupuranga rorohiko. Whanaketanga o te hangarau rorohiko me te whakatupuranga rorohiko

Whakarorohikotanga - he āhuatanga kitea e te inaianei, pea, i roto i nga whenua katoa o te ao. He faahiahia ona reiti. Ko reira ngā ki te ahu i te tikanga i roto i nei i kawea ai i roto i mua. Ka taea te mea te reira e te whakarorohikotanga - te hua o te whanaketanga pūnahanaha o rorohiko, me te tuku pūmanawa o te hangarau ki a ratou? He aha e nga wāhanga hītori o te whanaketanga hangarau o rorohiko?

Ko te aroaro o rorohiko?

He pārekareka ki te kitea i roto i te mea te momo o ngā pūrere i mua mua te rorohiko. Ko te kupu, kia tuhia ai i te reira e i roto i te rau tau 17, te pūtaiao French rongonui Pascal whakaaro, whakapono ki hei te mīhini tāpiri tuatahi, i whakahaeretia i runga i te pūtake aunoa. I roto i te tīmatanga o te kaihōpara Ingarangi rautau 19 whakaaro Babbage te pūkaha tātari tuatahi. I muri i te tahi tau ahuru matahiti, i hanga te mataaro pūkaha American he tabulator Hollerith - mīhini hiko, me i ko reira taea ki te tātai i te tatauranga. whanaketanga i muri o te taiwhanga ārahi i roto i te ao i roto i te ahunga o te hanga whakaaro e te hunga tata ki te rorohiko i roto i te tikanga hou, kei te mātātoa tonu.

Ko te rorohiko tuatahi

Ko tētahi o te rorohiko tuatahi o te ao i whakaaro e tetahi atu kairangahau American W. Bush i 1930. Ko te hītori o te rorohiko, he he oti whakaaro mamati, he maha pūtaiao kiia i 1944, ka he rorohiko American ahorangi Ayknem hangaia "Mark 1". I roto i te meka, ko reira he pūrere no ki te whakatupuranga rorohiko 1. He aha e ona āhuatanga, ka taea e koe te whakahua? Tuatahi o te katoa, pea, te āhuatanga hoahoa. i tino āhuatanga 1 Generation rorohiko. Hei tauira, "Mark-1" i te roa o e pā ana ki te 15 mita, teitei -. Mō 2.5 m te kaha o te rorohiko mamati tuatahi, i ngā paerewa hou, ko ngā haehaa, engari e kore e taea te piriponotanga tona tūranga i roto i te hītori o te ahumahi hangarau rorohiko. I roto i te 1946, kua hangaia te hōia US he rorohiko "ENIAC". Ngā āhuatanga 1 rorohiko whakatupuranga tauira o tenei pūrere kia mea noa atu whakamīharo. Rorohiko "ENIAC" i te roa o e pā ana ki 30 m a paunatia 30 taranata.

Ko tatou hiahia, o te akoranga, te rahi e kore anake o tetahi whakatupuranga o rorohiko, engari ano hoki i ētahi atu āhuatanga o te momo tēnā o mīhini. A feruri ratou rite te pai kia rite ki te hītori o muri o atu rorohiko.

Āhuatanga whakatupuranga 1 rorohiko

rorohiko whakahaeretia 1 e hāngai ana i runga i whakatupuranga o ngongo irahiko - he pūrere e whakahaere i te huri i te awa o matūriki neke i te pitoiho ki te pitoake. Ko te parau tumu taketake o ōrite kaupapa - paheke thermionic. Mai te timatanga, e hangaia rorohiko i te parau tumu o te tohutohu arorau i runga i te tohatoha o 0 me 1. tenei kaupapa e whakatinana pera tawhiti. Pehea e mahi ai rite ki te wähanga matua i roto i te PC whakamahi i te rama? Tino ohie. Inlet hoki kua hanga i runga i te ngaohiko rama, mo te tauira 2 V. Ko te putanga - iti, pērā i te 1 V. Ko te tu o mua i tuhia rite te rama 1, te tuarua - rite 0. te huinga o enei tikanga e hāngai ana i runga i te plurality o o mano tekau o rama āhua waehere mīhini.

rorohiko ngongo, e ko, te hunga e no ki tetahi whakatupuranga e taea te mahi e pā ana ki 20 mano. Operations ia te rua. He rota kore nui ranei? No te whakarite, te ahua hoki PC o tenei ra - pirioni o ngā mahi ia rua. Ko te raruraru taketake o aua tau, tae atu i roto i te ao hōia, kua whakaaetia tino te whakatupuranga tuatahi o āhuatanga rorohiko ki te mahi i.

e kore e rorohiko o tenei momo āhuatanga e tika teitei. Just no te mea tahu te rama i roto i pinepine, me puta ke ratou. Mō te rahi o rorohiko Rapa, kua mea matou i runga. predetermines tenei te uauatanga nui rawa i roto i to ratou transportation, me te arotautanga o ratou wāhi i roto i te whare. he tiketike rawa utu rorohiko whakatupuranga tuatahi - ratou i taea utu ki te hoko pakihi nui anake me ngā pokapū kāwanatanga ki pūtea nui. Hoki i āhuatanga rorohiko ngongo e utu whakahaere nui - te nuinga i roto i ngā o te kohi pūngao. Mahi i runga i a ratou ui ki kukume kaimahi tino tohu ki utu muri o ratou utu nui. Ko te tangata e mohio i te iti rawa i te pūrere rorohiko, e kore e ki te whakahua i te kaha ki te hōtaka i te rorohiko, he kaitoi rongonui, me te utu.

Pū o te whakatupuranga tuatahi o rorohiko ano hoki e whai wāhi enei mihini i roto i te reo hōtaka takitahi. I tua atu, i ohie nui te huinga o tohutohu rorohiko. Ka rite ki taua, te hōtaka - i roto i te tikanga mua - ka whakamahi i te momo e tika ana o te rorohiko e kore te whakamahia. Ko e tika ana ki te mahi tano o tō rorohiko e kore anake tenei, engari pūrere hangarau rokiroki ano rawa iti - pinepine i ratou kāri tokua me rïpene autō, e he tino kore i rite nei ki pei tatou te tere mua.

Heoi, i te palõpalema tuhia timata Engineers urutau kaha - i roto i te whanaketanga o ngā hātepe aunoatanga te nuinga mahi ki waehere taketake. Ahakoa te mahi rawakore o te whakatupuranga tuatahi o rorohiko, te tōtika o ratou mahi tonu āta piki haere.

Rorohiko Generation 2

Kua tonu ahumahi rorohiko World i muri i te whakaaro whakahuatia ki te whakawhanake tere. Ko te tenenga o "Mark-1", "ENIAC" me ētahi atu cars - ko reira noa te timatanga. puta 2 whakatupuranga rorohiko i roto i te tīmatanga o te 60raa. Ratou āhuatanga matua - he ratou hei utu o i whakamahia transistors rama. Ka rite ki te hua, nui haere hua mīhini. I tua atu, mahara tatou e i mīharo te rahi o tetahi rorohiko whakatupuranga. Mīhini mō transistors, i tahuri, tino heke. Kia pehea te kitea painga whakamatauria whai i roto i te hanganga o te rongoā e hāngai ana rorohiko hangarau? Kati te reira ki te mea e te transistor 1 i taea ki te whakakapi a tawhio noa 40 rama. Ake a hoki pāpāho. Ko te pūrere Ko te whakatupuranga tuarua o rorohiko taea whai wāhi te whakamahi o te kōpae autō, kati te hanganga me te ariā ki te pūrere, e te hunga mōhio ki te kaiwhakamahi hou.

I roto i ngā o te whai wāhi o te ahumahi rorohiko ao pūmanawa ka mau ano te taahiraa i mua, te whakawhetai ki te kaha o te momo mīhini tēnā. Te reo, no ki te kāwai taumata-tiketike. Kua whakawhanakehia hötaka tuhi - te tikanga e ai e whakamaoritia te hātepe tēnā ki te reo e whakamahia ana i roto i te whakahau rorohiko mīhini. Kua whakatinana hoki matou i te mau parau tumu o te mua o etahi wheako pūmanawa rorohiko. timata matou ki te puta tono pukapuka, ngā pūnaha aroturuki, e kua riro te Momo o ngā pūnaha whakahaere hou.

Heoi, ahakoa te tahi mau nganatanga ki whakakotahi hātepe pūmanawa whai wāhi i roto i ngā mīhini rerekē, i te āhuatanga e te iti hototahi rorohiko rerekē. Whakakotahitia ratou, pera ki te korero, ki te whatunga kotahi, me te ki te hanga i runga i te pūtake o tona pūnaha mōhiohio rangatōpū i tino uaua.

Rorohiko Generation 3

Kōrero 3 whakatupuranga o rorohiko haamata ki ngā mīhini, hanga o nei anga ki te whakamahi takatakanga integrated, ia o nei, rite tahuri reira i roto i, i taea whakakapi e pā ana ki 1,000 transistors. Kua tupu te mahi o rorohiko tino. Na koutou e taea e rere i runga i te rorohiko e rave rahi hātepe pūmanawa wā kotahi. He aha te mea ASIC? Tenei karaihe o silicon, e kua he wāhi o e pā ana ki 10 sq. mm. I roto i ngā o te mahi, kua reira kua tata, i roto i te meka, he rite ki te rorohiko "ENIAC" kotahi IC. I roto i nga rorohiko 3-whakatupuranga tino rongonui - rorohiko whakawhanakehia e IBM - te Pūnaha 360 mīhini.

i te āhuatanga rorohiko o tenei momo e te tohu nui nui o mahitahi atu te pūrere, kua matou kōrero i runga ake, tae atu ki te hunga i roto i te āhuatanga pūmanawa. I roto i te rorohiko tuatahi-whakatupuranga Kua whakatinanahia 3 pūnaha whakahaere tonu, e taea o te raveraa i mahi maha wā kotahi. E rave rahi o te āhuatanga pūmārō kua timata whakawhitia ki te apa pūmanawa.

COMPUTER 4 whakatupuranga

I roto i te tau 70 kua hoatu te nui-tauine integrated iahiko pera-ka karanga ki production papatipu. He aha te momo o ngā āhuatanga e taea te tuhia? Tuatahi o te katoa, te tetahi e hāngai ki to ratou mahi e pā ana ki 1000 iahiko integrated tikanga. Ka rite ki te hua, kua ki te kaha ki te whakaputa i te pūrere, te rahi me te mahi i rite nei ki te hunga e e waia tatou ki tenei ra te ahumahi rorohiko ao.

Na roto i te whakapai ake i te hua o ngā rārangi wheketere mo te hanga o nui-unahi ara iahiko integrated me ētahi atu wāhanga rorohiko matua, rorohiko āta ka iti. Ki te i wātea nga rorohiko whakatupuranga tuatahi, me te tuarua (i roto i te 50s me 60raa), rite tuhia i runga matou, matua anake ki pakihi nui, me ngā hanganga kāwanatanga, kua kaha te hoko i te rorohiko 1970 tangata noa.

āhuatanga whakarorohikotanga

kua meinga whakarorohikotanga he āhuatanga papatipu, rawa ki te haerenga mai o te ipurangi i roto i te mutunga o nga 80. i ara hihiri nui atu i riro te utu o raro me te raro whakaaro ona reiti - ratou rahi. Ko te kupu, ko te PC tuatahi, i roto i ara maha, me te hanganga hangarau rite ki te hunga waia ki a matou i tenei ra, puta i roto i te waenganui-te 70 me te wawe 80. I roto i te hunga whakaaro - IBM PC, i meinga te tauira o te turanga rorohiko tino parare teie mahana. Kua meinga e ratou te whakataetae tata ki te PC te kaha i whakaputaina e Apple. Ko te rerekētanga tumuaki i waenganui ia ratou - i roto i te ariā IBM o maia me te haafatataraa o te tūāpapa Apple. Mai i te tirohanga o te pūmanawa, me te taputapu hanganga o te rerekētanga i waenganui i te momo PC tikanga iti. Kei roto i te hanganga IBM-pūhara te wāhanga matua e whai ake nei pērā i te pūtukatuka, RAM, puku mārō, ataata, me te kāri tangi, kaupapa. Heoi, kia whakakapia ratou e etahi atu - hei kē, atu hua.

Ko te whakatupuranga o rorohiko nāianei

kua rahui hangarau, i whakaturia e Engineers i roto i te 70, kua pera nui e te whanaketanga atu o tohunga rorohiko me kaitätari fakamatala'i rite tango wahi i roto i te whakatupuranga 4 taua. Ko te PC tiketike-mutunga hou whakahaeretia, i whānui, te taua mau parau tumu rite te pūrere 40 matahiti i teie nei. I roto i te tahi mau āhuatanga, pērā i, mo te tauira, te rahi o te rorohiko, kite tino rorohiko hou nui atu hangarau i whakanuia. I roto i te pūrere ki te rahi iti o te pukapuka te mana rorohiko pai tawhiti rawa te hunga e nga, hei tauira, i roto i te rorohiko tuatahi i Apple ki 70.

ariā tonu

Otiia conceptually te PC e whakamahi tatou i teie mahana, e whakahaerea ana e te kaupapa pionie i roto i te rorohiko 4 whakatupuranga. E kore paearu mārama, e pai tukua ki te mea e, āhua korero, te pona IBM PC tuatahi me iMac hou - he rorohiko he rerekē whakatupuranga. rerekē whānui Mahinga, engari ko te tikanga te ariā te taua.

I runga i te pūtake o te tūāpapa tapaea e te IBM, whakatinana te nuinga o te tenei ra desktops, rorohiko, Aio. Na roto i te paearu maha, a hoki ngā pūrere pūkoro - smartphones me papa - he rite ki te IBM-atamira, i puta i roto i te 70. Ko te kupu, i roto i ia o ratou, rite i roto i te PC, i reira te mea he pūtukatuka, mahara, rokiroki pūrere - he tairitenga o te kōpae mārō.

te uaua ki te ara te mea e nui haere faufaa taumata whakamarie te whakamahi i rorohiko, ki te whakarite tatou i te whakatupuranga tuatahi 4 o hoahoa PC me ngā tauira hou. mana pūmārō rorohiko Basic - papapātuhi, kiore - fele, e kore i puta ke i runga i te tau. He ko, o te akoranga, nga mea katoa o ngā mata pa, whakaaturanga pātata me ētahi atu rongoā tāwāhi. Otiia e kore e no kaiwhakamahi katoa ki a ia feunga pai.

Pai ake, o te akoranga, me rongoā pūmanawa - te pūnaha whakahaere (i roto i te 4 whakatupuranga tuatahi o rorohiko i tauira, te mana i te pūnaha whakahaere whakahau raina i tenei ra ngā mahi atanga kaiwhakamahi whakairoiro), momo pūmanawa tono. Ko te momo tuatahi o ngā hōtaka e hāngai ana i roto i te 70 i tino māmā i roto i te hanganga.

I teie mahana, Ko reira nga taputapu kaha o te whakatutukitanga o ngā mahi production. Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki ngā kēmu, he kite ano hoki te rerekētanga. I roto i te 70 i reira tika te kauhanga toa, i tenei ra tukua ratou ki te hanga i te rumaki ātahu ki te wāhi mariko. Heoi, kua hanga kēmu, te pūnaha whakahaere, me te pūmanawa tono i runga i te taua hātepe rite te rongoā hāngai i roto i te tau wawe o te whakatupuranga 4 o te whanaketanga rorohiko, maha i runga i te reo hōtaka taua.

Whakatauritenga o whakatupuranga rorohiko

Whakamātauria ki sioloto nga āhuatanga whakatairite o te whakatupuranga rorohiko. Me pehea e taea tenei e meatia? Ko reira he kōwhiringa watea - he whakatairite tepu o te whakatupuranga rorohiko. Ka taea te māngai te reira i roto i te hanganga, he āhuatanga huritao o te kī rorohiko - hua me te turanga hangarau, e hāngai ana i runga i nei e whakamana tātai.

Ko nga āhuatanga whakatairite o te whakatupuranga rorohiko enei. kite tatou i pehea tere whakawhanake hangarau rorohiko. Computers o whakatupuranga rerekē - tauira oraora o te putanga me te whakataki angitu i roto i te hanga o te ariā tino auaha, me te tiketike-tech engineering - e rua i runga i te taumata wae pūmārō, me te i roto i te pūmanawa.

I runga i te ringa kotahi, Ka taea e tatou e faaoti e whakarorohikotanga - he āhuatanga kua whakawhanakehia e māmālie, ki te hua correlative i roto i te mahi PC, he iti me te māmā whakamahi ratou. Ko reira te mea he wāhi o te tirohanga, i roto i nei āhuatanga te tukanga i roto i te pātai e wā o te 2, i te mea kua ia tino e takatakahi ana tere, a ko reira i muri i te ahua o te rorohiko 4 whakatupuranga, a muri huringa o te Ipurangi ki te whatunga ao. Ēnei āhuatanga e rua, ka meinga, kia rite ki te tahi mau kairangahau, nga taraiwa matua o te whakarorohikotanga.