Ko wai i hanga te Cathedral o te Faaiteraa. Faaiteraa Cathedral o te Kremlin: whakaahuatanga

kitea te hītori roa o te kāwanatanga Russian te i roto i te urupa o te toi, hoahoanga me te tuhinga. Ko te whakapaipai o te whenua nui - Moscow me tona pokapū - te Kremlin, i tenei ra ko te torona e kore anake o te kāwanatanga me te peresideni, engari ano hoki i te whare taonga e whakaata ana i nga tohu katoa o te riroraa i te kaha nui. Ahurei i roto i tona hoahoanga me te hītori o te matatini taea korero manuhiri he rota o mea ngā. Ia whare he ona wahi o to tatou mua: pourewa, tapawhā, kari, hahi o te Moscow Kremlin. Cathedral o te Faaiteraa no ki te whare tino tawhito, tiketike, rongoa i roto i reira, rā hoki ki te wā o te hanganga o Karaitiana i Russia.

tauwāhi

Ko te pokapū hoahoanga o te Moscow Kremlin ko te Cathedral Square. E rua nehenehe urupa o mua e kei haere tona paenga. wahi Tonga-hauauru o te tapawha ko te Cathedral o te Faaiteraa, kei te maha i huaina nei te koura-domed, i whakatapua e ia i roto i te ingoa o te Faaiteraa o te wahine. Ko te temepara ko te māngai ahurei o te hoahoanga onamata, te peara o te Kremlin. Neke atu i te te hītori roa o tona oraraa, i hanga reira maha nga wa, te whakapaipai ki nga māngai i muri o te whare kingi, engari e kore kua reira ngaro te whakaaro matua me ngā puka tuatahi wawetia hoki. I roto i te tikanga ki te whakatau nei i hanga te Faaiteraa Cathedral o te Moscow Kremlin, me tahuri koutou ki te hītori o tona hanganga. Kei te mohiotia te reira mo te pukapuka o ngā mātāpuna i te mutunga o XIV Cathedral kua vai te reira.

kōrero

hanga te hahi rakau o te Faaiteraa o te raraunga kāore i i roto i 1290. E ai ki te kōrero, i hoatu he tikanga mo te hanga i Piriniha Andrew, ko wai ko te tama Aleksandra Nevskogo. Ko wai i hanga te Cathedral o te Faaiteraa i te putanga rakau taketake he unknown, engari na te mutunga o te rau tau XIV vai te reira i roto i tenei puka. Ko te hiahia mo te whakapakari i me te toe fakafoki mai o te hahi whakatika i muri i tukua ai icon Byzantine "Karaiti i roto i te sacristy o te ma." Kei te whai pānga te reira ki tenei hui tuhia te tuatahi whakahua o te whare karakia i mua nei. Ki te putanga ra hakari o te hanganga taketake kihai i hanga i te reira i tetahi mōhiohio. Rahi, kaituhi o whare, whakapaipai roto, me te waho o te hahi noho he mea ngaro e kore e taea te wetewete. Mai te timatanga o te rau tau XIV haamata te hanga o te hahi kohatu, i muri nei e tau mohiotia rite te Cathedral o te Faaiteraa. He mea paihere History o te huringa atu o te temepara ki te rangatira, a ka nga hapu kingi tikanga ana i roto i Russia.

rau tau XV

Tona apataki i roto i te hahi kohatu i takoto ki a Basil ahau (te tama a Dmitry Donskoy), ko reira ia te tangata e whakahau ana ki te takoto i te fare pureraa mo te whānau rangatira. Ko te huru matua ko te hanga o tona pātata ki te ruma noho, na te Cathedral i roto i te pa Moscow Kremlin Faaiteraa huaina te temepara "i runga i te whakamahau." I roto i te 1405 pania e ia i hanga i te whakapaipai roto i rongonui kaipeita Russian (F. Kariki, A. Rublev). Ko te āhuatanga hoahoanga o te hanganga i hanga, whakaata tona hoahoa te mana o te kāhua Byzantine, i i puhoi tika ki te hanganga o Karaitiana i taua wa. Neke atu i te 70 tau i mahi ai te whare tapu i roto i te tonu, me te i roto i 1483 i ngaro i runga i te whakahau o Ivan III.

Ko te hanga o te whare karakia

tīmata whakahou Full Kremlin whare ki 1480. Duke o Moscow, karangatia Ivan III rangatira Italian ki te mahi, engari ki te huru o te hanganga o te matatini katoa o whare i roto i te kāhua Russian tawhito. Ko wai i hanga te Cathedral o te Faaiteraa? Mai i nga meatanga o te wa tika meka pai-mohiotia, e mea ana i hanga i te whare i kaihoahoa Russian. Hoki enei mahi whai wāhi i roto i te kaihoahoa Pskov, kua tīmata nei ki te āwhina o te rangatira Moscow te hanga o te whare i roto i 1984. Ko te turanga o te whawhe tawhito i mahi ki a ia na. E. i hanga te whare karakia o te āhua kotahi rite te tetahi tawhito.

tu mahi uaua i te aroaro o nga rangatira Russian, ko ia ki te feongoongoi uru ki te temepara o whare o te Kremlin. Mai i meatanga te mutunga o te rau tau XIV, taea noa koe ako i te ingoa o te hunga nei i hanga te Cathedral o te Faaiteraa i Moscow tenei Architects i Pskov Myshkin me Krivtsov. Me kï hoki te taranata o enei iwi, whakawhetai ki a ratou mau tautooraa, kua ka te Kremlin tetahi hanganga ahurei, me te mimiti te hītori o te kāwanatanga i runga i te mau tenetere o tona ora.

hoahoanga

I te 1489 ka oti te hanga o te whare karakia, tahuna ana e ia te Metropolitan Gerontius. taea te takina ngā āhuatanga Angamaheni o nga whakarerenga iho hoahoanga o nga rangatira Moscow me Pskov i roto i tenei whare. Ka rite ki te whare i mua i-ngā, i ia he āhua tapawha a i marenatia ki toru upoko. I roto i te wahi pokapū noho te pou, i rerekē hoki ia taiepa o te kikorangi iti. i karapotia whare Cross-domed e ara hipoki. pūnaha whakawhiti e here ana temepara ki whare noho o te matatini Kremlin. Apses (katia iti hikinga aata) i tū i runga i te taha ki te rawhiti. e kore e matua (karakia) ti'araa ekore whakamahi mahi, i whanau te Faaiteraa Cathedral o te Kremlin. Whakaahuatanga o te aata hanga taea reira ki te amo i taua i roto i te whawhe i taea te penapena taonga kāwanatanga.

whakarite

ariki Grand, a ka nga tsars Russian katoa whakamahia te Faaiteraa Cathedral o te Kremlin rite te hahi rohe. oti te reira i ouau katoa utuafare (te bapetizoraa, marena). ka te karakia te papa wairua o te rangatira o Russia, parau ia te reira, tei tauturu ia faaineine me i pai tuturu, i taea e hoatu te tohutohu kingi i roto i kōrero roa. i pupuri te Ekalesia Faaiteraa te uara o te rangatira (te kingi) whānau (pukahu, ata, pukahu o hunga tapu). rongoa te tuatahi rangatira o Moscow i afata tao'a o reira. Ia māngai o te whare i muri, kake te torona, e ngana ana ki te whakapai ake i te roto o te whare karakia, ki te hanga i tona ahua te tahi mea o ratou ake, waiho i te whakamahara i runga ki uri.

rau tau XVI

Ko wai i hanga te Cathedral o te Faaiteraa, e kite tatou i tenei ra? E kore te mea ohie te pātai, whakahoutia te whare i pinepine i roto i te hononga ki te ahi i roto i Moscow, me i te hua o pakanga me takaí. Ko te huringa tino nui i roto i te ahua o te temepara ka mau wahi i roto i te rau tau XVI. Vasily III i roto i tona kingitanga whakahau ki te peita i te whare "taonga." I whiwhi tēnei mahi te kaipeita pai i roto i Russia (Theodosius, Fedor Edikeev). Ko te tumu matua o frescoes kua tiaki, engari te whakapaipai o te whare karakia ki reira, me te oti kohatu utu nui. Ko te maha o domes nui haere ki te 9 (tohu wahine Tapu i roto i Karaitiana tawhito), ia o nei pani i te koura, na riro te reira Zlatoverkh karakia. tikanga te tomokanga tonga o tona kia te anake mo te haerenga kingi (rangatira) whānau, i reira hoatu ratou i mahi atawhai me te toenga i muri i te mahi.

Ivan Grozny

I roto i te 1547 whare Moscow me te Kremlin tino pāngia e te ahi nui. Cathedral o te Faaiteraa ko kahore he okotahi, na whakahaua ia Ivan Grozny ki tino ora (whare ranei). I roto i te 1564, i hanga te temepara, peita, te whakapaipai ake i runga atu i raro i tona papa (Vasily III), ka marama. Whakamahau whakapaipai ki whakairo papa matotoru hoki te kohatu ma, e kua hangaia e rangatira Italian. Ahurei mo taua wa tatau maitai parahi, te whakapaipai ki te koura. I wāhanga toe langa te reira i iconostasis me kikorangi peita, te taiepa, me tīwae o te temepara. Commissioned e Ivana Groznogo ki te Faaiteraa Cathedral piri te whakamahau (Grozny), i runga i hoatu i te reira, ko reira te wahi i reira ka kite te kingi i tetahi tīwaiwaka o tona mate.

hītori hou

ka mau ia ki te torona o te whare Romanov, i puritia ano, ka whakapaipai Cathedral o te Faaiteraa. Ko tōna hītori muri he tauira o te huru tupato ki nga wahi tiketike Russian Old. Ko te kino tino nui ki te hahi i roto i 1917, patua he anga ngaro te whakamahau i Grozny, e kore nei e i faaho'ihia mai. oho nga mua te whakapaipai ki Moscow, a whakanohoia i roto i te ārahi Kremlin o te whenua. ka uaua pae hītori, karakia, me te hoahoanga ahurei ki te iwi noa. Te kāwanatanga hou i muri i te wā roa, kua whakatuwheratia te tomokanga ki te pokapū pa hītori, te hanga i te Moscow Kremlin Museums. ngāue Faaiteraa Cathedral i roto i tenei kaha noa 1993. I teie mahana, ko reira tetahi o nga pae tapu Siu tino tawhito mahi i runga i te rohe o to tatou ahua.

hoahoanga hou

Cathedral o te Faaiteraa hanga i runga i te maha o ngā rau tau. Reira mau ngā o te maha whare o wā rerekē e fakatahai feongoongoi nui ki te hanga i te ahua maheni o te tangata hou i runga i te whare. I roto i te rau tau XVI ki te karakia e piri wha fare pureraa, ia upoko karaunatia, ki toru o nga vahe e iwa he whakapaipai. he iti i roto i te rahi, t te wāhi roto. Ki. tikanga te karakia i anake mo te rahi (te kingi) utuafare. Ka taea te whakaahuatia te kāhua hoahoanga o te hanganga hei Old Russian, ngā tikanga Byzantine. Ko te hanganga dome i te utu o te rama hanga te pānga o te kaupapa poutū, i roto i te tikanga o te whakapaipai taea te takina kura Pskov hoahoanga (pou tapawha, haurangi dammed). Moscow rangatira i roto i te mata o te taiepa whare karakia me papa matotoru hoki puka whitiki tauira. He ahurei i roto i tona hoahoanga me te whare hītori Faaiteraa Cathedral.

iconostasis

Ko te hanganga ahurei, me te tau o te kohinga, kei te roto e rave rahi nga rarangi (rarangi). Ata XIV, XV, senituli XVI, nga pukahu ahurei o Karaitiana i tahito aroaro i roto i te temepara. I roto ia ratou he mahi Andreya Rubleva ko Feofana Greka, i ora noa to tatou ra. Ata tohu ana i te mau ohipa o te ora o te Karaiti, i hanga i roto i te rau tau XVI, kua meinga o ratou utu i te tikanga motuhake i roto i te 1896. Koinei iconostasis Faaiteraa Cathedral he no te mea kei te mahue i te reira i roto i te wahi mo te whakapakoko kingi e whakatakoto tikanga i roto i te tetahi wā wā. I muri i te matenga o te icon ariki ki tona whakapakoko i whakawhitia ki te Anahera Cathedral ka whakanohoia ki runga ki te tohu.

peita

ngaro te matamua tauira tūturu o frescoes i roto i ahi me reconstructions o te whare karakia. peita Modern ko ratou kape, kua meinga ai e toi o te rau tau XVI, i tamata ki te kawe i ngā tae, te āhua me te kōrero uara. He aha te mea poitirere ko te meka e me ki te tohu te Bibilia tuku iho i runga i te taiepa, haurangi, tīwae whakaatu nga mata o nga rangatira Russian me philosopho onamata, homai ana e ia he taua tohu ahurei rite te Faaiteraa Cathedral o te Kremlin. Moscow, e kore tauira ake tawhito Russia mau hiero kōwaiwai. whare tenei whare taonga mahi o toi fakalotu, e whai kahore analogues. Ko te whakapakoko o te Faaiteraa no ki te momo iconography tino tawhito, me te onge.