Ko wai e te Karaites? Ko te takenga mai o te Karaites

Ko wai e te Karaites? Tenei Ko tetahi o nga iwi tino tawhito o te ao, me te hītori puta noa atu atu i te rau tau tatini. Māngai o taua iwi e taea inaianei te kitea i roto i Poland, Lithuania me Ukraine.

Ko te hītori o te iwi

Ētahi atu 4 mano tau BC. e. Te mania Iranian i noho iwi Turkic. Muri ko to ratou whakatairanga ki te Te Tai Rāwhiti, tae noa ki te waenganui o Mehopotamia. I roto i tenei rohe, i wehea nga iwi. hoki tetahi o ratou ki te tonga, wahi i hanga e ratou i te āhua Sumerian. ka arahina e Tumuaki Black te tuarua o nga karihi o te iwi heke mai - Karaites. Ko tēnei wāhanga o te iwi noho i roto i te rohe o te huinga o reira Turkey, Hiria ko Iraq.

I aua ra, i te Karaites te iwi anake nei e matau ki. E ai ki pūtaiao, i konei i reira ko te ingoa. I muri i te katoa, te auraa te kupu "utu" i roto i te reo o te ora i roto i te tata wāhi toronga ki "lau".

I roto i te aamu o tona oraraa, ko tenei iwi wahi o te ngā āhua. I te tīmatanga, ko reira te kingitanga Hiti. I muri i tona matenga - Ahiria. ko te iwi Karaite Next wahi o te kingitanga o Pahia, a Parfanskogo.

I waenganui i 2 ki te 1 rau BC. e. whawhati atu i tona iwi wahi o Karaites, a noho i roto i te rohe o te Middle Te Tai Rāwhiti. Heoi, kua i reira he mana fakalotu nui i runga i te taupori o te rohe.

Te mea faahiahia, meinga te iwi Karaites ki noho i roto i te ana. He tauira o tenei e taea te mahi kia rite ki nga pa pērā i Dzhuft Kale ko Mangup-Kale. mau ētahi mataotao te takenga whakapae Karaite o te wahine a Meri, e hiahia ana ki te hoatu whanau ki te Karaiti i roto i te ana.

I tohua te timatanga o to tatou wā i te atu te ahunga whakamua o tenei iwi ki te raki. haere Karaites roto i te hiwi Caucasian, ka noho i roto i te rohe o reira Dagestan. ka mau whakahohenga o tenei tukanga wahi i roto i te whitu o nga rau tau i roto i te whakaekenga o nga Arapi. Kua apiti ake Karaites ki nga iwi Turkic. I te wa ano, i hanga e ratou te Khazar Khanate, i mutu ki te tīariari i muri i huakina ia e nga Tatars Crimean. ngaro Karaites te nuinga o ona iwi.

ka haere mai nga mema o te ora o tenei iwi i raro i te mana o te whakaeke. I te wa ano e tata ana te pakura,, ko te iwi ake peu, e kore anake ritenga me ngā tikanga, engari ano hoki te reo tono i nga Tatars. Karaites kahore take whakaaro te te iwi tino mātau. Haamau Ko e tonu he rerekētanga nui i te reo o te tahi atu mau melo o te o te iwi i homai te reo o te Crimean Tatars.

Ko te kupu "utu" pā kore noa ki te iwi. whakamahia tēnei wā i roto i te pā ana ki tetahi māngai iwi e whakaae ana karaites mau haapiiraa.

kaupapa fakalotu

Ko te take i reira ko te kaupapa rite te Karaites, whakahuatia tuatahi i roto i te rau tau 8 i roto i Baghdad. Ko tenei rā wā hoki ki te whakahua tuatahi o te Hurai tetahi ananitov wehenga fakalotu. Ko te whakaaro o te hapori, ko ki te whakakotahi i ngaro katoa o ratou rōpū Hurai mana i raro i te kara o antiravvanisticheskogo aronga. Ko te upoko o tenei wehenga, Anan kanga Rawiri, i korero ki ana kaitautoko katoa haere noa tonu ki te ako i te mau haapiiraa o Mohi, tono hei utu te whakakorehanga o te Talmud, me te te karakiatia o te ture, kia rite ki te pukapuka tapu anake.

Ko te takenga mai o te Karaites, me te whakaahuatanga o ratou whakapono, me te ora ite i roto i te pukapuka "Ehekora ha Cofer" tuhituhia Yuhudoy Hadassi (1147).

I roto i tenei mahi, whakarāpopoto te kaituhi nga mahi tikanga o tenei iwi, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te tautohe, i whakahaere i waenganui i ngā māngai o te hapori, me te Karaitiana.

Mō e parau mai ia tatou i te Karaites, me te pukapuka "Adderet Iraia", tuhituhia e Iraia Ben Mohi Bashyachi. I roto i tenei mahi, i tukua i te mutunga o te rau tau 15, kei reira ngā mōhiohio whānui e pā ana ki te mahi tikanga o pūrongo te matawaka.

Etymology

Tuatahi, te auraa te kupu "e tautea" i roto i to tatou whenua anake rōpū fakalotu. E pā ana te reira ki te karakia, me te i tetahi mea ki te mahi i ki iwi. Katoa e puta ke i roto i te wā Soviet. Ko te wa ka kore e whakahuatia te karakia ki hea. I roto i tenei whakaaro, a reira ko whakatōpū o te wā "Karaites" mo te ingoa o te rōpū matawaka o te iwi.
He aha e te kupu "kara" i teie mahana? takoto ratou te matawaka, kahore whakaaro ki te karakia. I te tahi taime te wā "tautea" tohu te hononga confessional, kahore tango ki pūkete te iwi o te tangata.

ariā Semitic

E ai ki etahi whakapae, ahu te iwi Karaites i te rōpū ethno-reo Hurai i kauwhautia dotalmudichesky porohiraiti. Ko tenei ariā anake noa te mutunga o te rau tau 19. A e tahuri iho a reira me i te Karaites. I teie mahana, he ngohengohe ki te faaino koi i te kau taki o te rōpū matawaka tenei ariā. e kore e tautokona reira e te nuinga o te hapori Karaite te mau melo. Heoi, kaitautoko o te take Hurai o te ariā, ko te tonu i reira i teie nei. noho ratou i roto i te Ukraine me te Crimea.

ariā Turkic

He he he whakaaro e heke te iwi o te Karaites i te Khazars. He iwi hikihiki Turkic (7-10 cc.), Tahuri ki porohiraiti.

hoatu tenei ariā i mua e V. V. Grigorevym (orientalist Russian), ka tona horapa i roto i 1846 I roto i te putanga rau 20 o te takenga Khazar o te Karaites mohio te pūtaiao Soviet. Nau mai te ariā taua, a ngā rangatira rōpū mātāwaka, e whakakahore tetahi hononga ki tona iwi ki a porohiraiti me Hurai. Heoi, tutaki maha putanga fakalotu Karaites Khazar i ki faaino. Te kore whakakahore i te oraraa o ngā āhuatanga Turkic i roto i to ratou take, e kore ratou e whakaae ki te ariā Khazar. Ki te rā, e kore matou e whakaae ki tenei putanga, a he tokomaha pūtaiao.

maha ngā uri o nga Khazars whakaaro ratou Karaites, Krymchaks ko Mountain Hurai. Na tēnei putanga hoki he tika ki te tīariari. Ko te take i whai te Karaites, Krymchaks ko Mountain Hurai i roto i to ratou ake reo, etahi āhuatanga o te Chuvash (Khazar). I roto i te manakohia o tenei putanga, me te aronga toi whenuatanga ki te karakia. Krymchaks, me te te Khazars, parau Siu Hurai ravvanistichesky.

ariā waihanga

Tera atu ano tetahi kupu whakahoki ki te pātai o nei te Karaites. Ki te rā, he putanga e whakakotahi te Turkic me ariā Semitic. E ai ki a ia, tenei iwi ko te hua o te ranu Khazar-Crimean Bulgarians me Hurai, Karaites. hoatu matou mua tenei ariā Yufud Kokizov me Ilya Casas. kī mohiotia enei Karaites e kore i taea kia kōmakatia rōpū mātāwaka nei māngai i ratou, i rite te toronga tonu-toto.

Ko te putanga o Eastern Europe

He ko he ariā e muia he torutoru rau ngā whānau Tartar me Karaite i Vytautas rangatira Lithuanian i te Crimea mo ratou whakanohonoho i roto i tona rangatiratanga. Heoi, etahi pūtaiao (Pita Golden, Rana Shapiro ko Golda Akhiezer) he ahua i whakaarohia rerekē ariā. E ai ki to ratou whakapae, nga tupuna o te Karaites, i tenei ra e noho ana i roto i Eastern Europe, kua kore mai i te Crimea. mahue ratou te whenua i roto i te Lower Täingäwai me i te raki Iran, riro e te Mongols. I tua atu, tae etahi Karaites i Europa i Byzantium, me te i te Ottoman Empire.

mātauranga tikanga

Ki te pātai "Ko wai e te Karaites?" Tamata ahau ki te tiki i te whakahoki, me te maha tohunga whai wāhi i roto i te ako o te tangata. Na, tohunga tikanga tangata Constantin Ikov i 1880 kua ako e pā ana ki toru tumuaki tatini no ki te māngai Crimean o tenei iwi. I hanga mutunga ta'e runga i te pūtake o te raraunga e kore e te Karaites no ki te toronga. Ka taea te whakarōpūtia ratou rite brachycephalic.

uiui āhuatanga tikanga tangata o te māngai o te Lithuanian Karaites i Yulianom Talko-GRINTZEVICH i 1904

I te tau 1910, ka mutu ai pūtaiao Vitoldom Shreyberom e te huru iwi ki te toronga Karaites tirengi. Tenei iwi, ka mau ia ki te rōpū Finno-Ugric.

I roto i 1912 Kua whakahaeretia SA Weissenberg ako hou. whakaritea te pūtaiao nga āhuatanga tikanga tangata Krymchaks Hurai ko Karaites. Heoi, faaoti ia e te ahua o te rōpū whakamutunga e rua matawaka.

i uiui, Polish me Lithuanian Karaites i roto i 1934 Korrado Dzhini. ka haere mai te pūtaiao ki te mutunga e pā ana ki te hononga o tenei iwi ki te Chuvash, a no reira, ki nga Khazars me Cumans.

I roto i te 1963, i tohua AN Pulyanosom Tata āhuatanga Eastern, e whai i roto i to ratou ahua Lithuanian Karaites (kite i raro whakaahua).

whakamatautau toto nga ngā mema o tenei rōpū matawaka tū i roto i 1968. Ko te kitenga tohu te ōrite o te Karaites i Lithuania ko Ihipa, i whakapumautia te takenga o te iwi Mediterranean.

I roto i te 1971, i tū academician V. P. Alekseevym ako craniologically o iwi e noho ana i roto i te pa o Khazar Sarkel. Ka rite ki te hua, kua mutu aivanaa e hua te iwi Karaite i te ranu ki ngā iwi rohe o nga Khazars (Sarmatians, Alans, Goths).

I roto i te wā i 2005 ki te 2013. Nōna ka ako waitohu ira no ki e rua tekau-waru Karaites. Ko te raraunga whiwhi tohu te takenga Eastern Middle o tenei iwi, me tona tatanga ki Eastern, Sephardic ko Ashkenazi Hurai. whakapumautia Ako te ōrite o Eastern me Ihipiana Karaites.

E kopakia ana te rerekētanga waho matua o tenei rōpū mātāwaka i roto i te teitei toharite, uma whanui, makawe maeneene ranei paku mawhatu me kanohi pouri. Tokomaha Karaites (kite i raro whakaahua) i te nuinga thickens ki te raro o te ihu, me almond- kanohi āhua, e protrude he torutoru.

māngai kiri o tenei iwi whakamarumaru kōwhai marama i.

Te hononga ki nga Hurai

Hoki te wa roa tonu te Karaites ariā Semitic o tona takenga. Heoi, e kore ratou i whakahē ratou ahurea Hurai. Heoi, nga mea katoa ke i muri i te rohe e nohoia e Karaites, i apitiria ki te Russian Empire. Mai tenei māngai wā i whakahē nuitia ngā iwi whakaaro ano nga Hurai. Feia faatere Karaites iwi, iwi rongonui i roto i ngā porowhita ahurea me te tōrangapū, hoatu ariā Semitic tätätanga o te takenga o tona iwi. Whakapakari o tenei au puta i roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20. Tenei āhuatanga pai pēnei i:

- Tuhinga, ka he iwi katoa tika rite, anake nga Hurai;
- whakawhenumi reo, monohia te reo Hiperu i roto i te haamoriraa, a whakakapi i te reira ki te Karaite;
- whakawhitinga Karaite pūkenga ki Karaitiana;
- dejudaization Karaite taupori.

tonu ki te patoi i ano ki nga Hurai Māngai o te iwi e noho ana i roto i te mua Soviet Union, me tenei ra.

karakia

Karaism he pūnaha syncretic kei whakapono me ngā mahi kawa, me te fifi. A tonu ko reira tata ki te whakaako o te kaupapa fakalotu e piri ki a Anan Ben Rawiri. Ko tōna mau parau tumu whakaaro:
- aroha mo te hoa o te kotahi, me te ki te Atua;
- te karakiatia o tikanga morare katoa, e kua hoatu i roto i te mau Papai Tapu.

I te wa ano, puta noa i te aamu o te iwi ngā Karaite kātakí fakalotu. e kore ratou i ite mauahara fakalotu ki ētahi atu mau haapiiraa, whakapono e anake i roto i tenei take i te tangata he tika o te ora i te ra'i. Taua āhuatanga tukua karakia Karaites tu i roto i te Lithuanian me te taiao Crimean me e kore e hanumi ki reira. Kahore faarahiraa, e nehenehe tatou e te mea e kua awhinatia karakia tenei iwi ki te tiaki i to ratou tapatahi matawaka, me te ahurea.

I roto i te tahi mau pa o te Crimea ko reira taea tonu kia kite i te temepara (whare o inoi) o te Karaites. I tona paruru kua reira he whetu e ono-oka. Heoi, e kore e huaina ana a reira te whare karakia, me te kenassa. maha teie mahana enei e whakarerea whare kahore whakamahia hoki tona whakaaro e tūmanakohia ana ranei.

māngai Famous o te iwi

I nga wa katoa, whakaaro iwi ahurea, me te matatau Karaites. kua hanga tangata Famous o tenei rōpū iwi he koha nui ki te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao ao, me te tuhinga. I roto ia ratou Ko Andron Senior ha-Rofe tama a Hohepa, e noho i roto i te biennium 1260-1320. Ko ia he philosopho me rōia, kaituhi me te tākuta, rohi pehe fakalitūsia me exegete. Ko te āhua o te Andron i hinengaro mataara, me te pono,. Mā te tona matauranga hohonu, me te pūkenga, i tuhituhi e ia he maha o nga mahi tino. Ko tētahi o ratou ko te pukapuka "Mivhar" i roto i nei e hoatu kōrero te ture. whakaaro ana tēnei mahi te tetahi o te pai i roto i te Karaite mahi.

Ko tētahi atu māngai anaana o te iwi Karaim ko Abkovich Rafael Avraamovich (1896-1992 gg.). Tenei whakamutunga o te hazzan Polish whakaturia i te wa o Wroclaw kenassa.

Karaite mohiotia ahua tūmatanui, kaiwhakaruruhau me philanthropist ko Bobovich Sima Solomonovich (1790-1855 gg.). I roto i te 1820, i mahi ia rite matenga o te pa Yalta. I roto i te 1837, i whakapumautia e ia kia rite ki te tuatahi Crimean ko Kahama, a ka whakaritea he faifekau matua o te Karaites.

I roto i te māngai tino nui o tenei iwi ko mathematicians rongonui me tohunga tikanga, kau taki hōia me kaiwhakaari, kaihoahoa, kaiako, tākuta, kaimahi whare tapere, me te pera i runga i. D.