Ko te tūranga, me te mahi o te pūmua i roto i te pūtau tenei. He aha te mea te mahi o te pūmua i roto i te pūtau te mahi?

Pūmua - Ko te tino nui rauemi organic, te maha o e kaha i runga i te tahi atu macromolecules katoa, e te hunga reira i roto i te pūtau ora. hanga ake ratou, nui atu i te hawhe te taimaha e rua tipu me te kararehe kaiao o mea maroke. Ko te mahi o te pūmua ngā i roto i te pūtau, e mohiotia ana ki te pūtaiao tonu etahi o nei. Tonu, i matau pai te ahunga matua o ratou "mahi". Me ki whakatenatena tukanga i roto i ngā pūtau me te kopa ētahi. whakawhitia Ētahi atu pūhui nui kohuke kei roto i te oko membrane pūtau me te toto i tetahi okana ki tetahi. Ētahi tiakina te tinana ki tukumate ke maha. Ko mārama Kotahi te mea - i waho e kore e te pūmua tango i te wahi kahore he tukanga i roto i to tatou tinana.

Ko te mahi matua o pūmua

Ko te mahi o te pūmua i roto i te tinana kanorau. Kei ia rōpū te hanganga matū motuhake, mahi he motuhake "mahi". I roto i ētahi wā, e rave rahi momo o pūmua e pā ana ki ia atu. Ko ratou kawenga mo te wāhanga rerekē o te hātepe taua. pā ranei te torutoru noa. Hei tauira, mahia te mahi ture o pūmua e whākōkī me hormones. Ka taea te māngai i tēnei āhuatanga, e mahara ana te Adrenaline taiki. whakaputaina e ia he apa whakaaro o nga repe adrenal. E puta i roto i nga oko toto, faarahi te reira i te nui o te hāora i roto i te toto. Te putanga mai a faarahi te pēhanga toto ihirangi huka. Whakaongaonga te reira i te pākia. Ano, ko te Adrenaline ko te neurotransmitter o te pūnaha io roto i ika, amphibians me ngokingoki.

Ko te mahi enzymatic

Maha tupu i roto i ngā pūtau o kaiao ora e kawea tauhohe matüora atu i pāmahana teitei, me te pH kūpapa. I roto i taua tikanga, te tere o te wahi he iti rawa, na e tika ana kaiwhakakökï motuhake mohiotia whākōkī. ngā ratou kanorau katoa ki 6 akomanga, e rerekē i roto i to ratou pū o te mahi. E synthesized whākōkī i runga i ribosomes i roto i te pūtau. whai wāhi ratou ako enzymology pūtaiao.

Kore, i waho te whākōkī e kore e taea e mahi pūmua ture. E ratou he selectivity nui o mahi. Ka taea te whakaritea o ratou mahi i activators me inhibitors. I tua atu, whākōkī te tikanga whakaatu pū ki te faatura ki substrates. Hoki mahi enzymatic tei runga i te tikanga i roto i te tinana, me te i roto i ngā i roto i ngā pūtau. Ratou pēhanga pānga rere pH waikawa, te pāmahana, katote kaha o te otinga, i.e. te kukū o tai i roto i te cytoplasm.

Transport mahi o pūmua

I roto i te whare herehere tonu kia mahi hiahia kohuke me te mea organic te tinana. E hiahiatia ana ratou kia rite ki rauemi hanga me ngā mātāpuna o te pūngao i roto i ngā pūtau. Ko te huarahi o to ratou taenga he tino uaua. kiriuhi pūtau ngā kore anake o pūmua. E hangaia kiriuhi koiora rite ki te parau tumu o te kahu rua o lipids. I waenganui ia ratou e noho pūmau te ngā pūmua. He mea tino nui kia e kei nga rohe hydrophilic i runga i te mata o te membrane, me hydrophobic - i roto i tona tīwae. Ko te kupu, hanga he hanganga taua anga impermeable. e kore i roto i te reira e taea i runga i to ratou ake, kahore ki te "tokoni" haere taua wāhanga nui, pērā i te huka, waikawa amino me katote METOLIT. Puta noa i te membrane cytoplasmic ki te cytoplasm, kua kawea ratou pūmua motuhake, e kua eke i roto i te papa lipid.

Transport o matū i tetahi okana ki te atu

Ko kawea te mahi waka o pūmua i roto i waenganui i kore anake te taonga intercellular me te pūtau. Ētahi tukanga whaiaroaro nui e tika ana ki te whakaora i te taonga i tetahi okana ki tetahi. Hei tauira, te waka o te pūmua toto - albumin serum. Kei te fakakoloa'i reira ki te kaha ahurei ki te hanga i te pūhui ki waikawa ngako, e kitea i roto i te nakunaku o ngako, ki taero, me te ki hormones pūtaiaki. pūmua kawe nui he pūtoto, me (tuku hāora muingota) transferrin (honotanga ki ngā katote rino) me tseruplazmin (hanga complexes ki parahi).

Kïia e mahi o pūmua

O te faufaa rahi i roto i te akoranga o ngā tukanga whaiaroaro i roto i kaiao multicellular matatini whai pūmua receptor. E eke ratou ki te membrane wē. mahi ratou hoki iteraa me te wetemuna ngā momo o tohu i haere mai i roto i te awa tonu o ngā pūtau i te kopa pātata kore anake, engari ano hoki i te taiao o waho. I tēnei wā, pea te pūmua receptor tino ako he acetylcholine. Kei roto i te maha o ngā hoapā interneuron i runga i te membrane pūtau.

Ko kawea te mahi whakaoho o pūmua te i kore anake i roto i te pūtau. herea maha hormones ki receptors motuhake i runga i to ratou mata. Taua ahua te hononga, me te ko te tohu e whakahohetia te tukanga whaiaroaro i roto i ngā pūtau. He tauira o taua pūmua he taiāki, mahi i roto i te pūnaha adenylate cyclase.

mahi paruru-

He rerekē nga mahi o te pūmua i roto i te pūtau. E whai wāhi ētahi o ratou i roto i te whakautu ārai. tiaki te reira i te tinana i te mate. Ka taea e te pūnaha ārai mate urupare ki āpiha ke tāutuhia e te ariā o te maha rahi o lymphocytes. Enei matū e nehenehe o tīpakongia hoko enei āpiha, kia ke ratou ki te rauropi, pērā i te huakita, matūriki supramolecular, kia waiho ai ngā pūtau mate pukupuku ranei.

Ko tētahi o nga rōpū - "peta" lymphocytes - hua pūmua e tomo te awa toto. E ratou he āhuatanga rawa ngā. kia mohio ki ēnei pūmua pūtau ke me macromolecules. Na ka piri ratou ratou, hanga he matatini e ko ki kia ngaro. huaina ēnei pūmua immunoglobulins. Sami wāhanga manene - antigens reira. He immunoglobulins, e hāngai ana ki a ratou - he paturopi.

mahi hanganga

I roto i te tinana, i roto i te tua ki tino motuhake, i reira e ano pūmua hanganga. E tika ana ki te whakarite i te kaha aunoa ratou. He nui ēnei mahi o te pūmua i roto i te pūtau ki te pupuri i roto i te āhua me te tiaki tinana taitamariki. Ko te rongonui tino he collagen. Ko te pūmua matua o te kopu wahopūtau o kopa tūhonohono tenei. I roto i te whāngote teitei, he reira ki runga ki te 1/4 o te katoa taimaha o pūmua. collagen synthesized i roto i fibroblasts, e ko te pūtau matua o kopa tūhonohono.

Ko o faufaa rahi taua mahi o te pūmua i roto i te pūtau. I tua atu ki te collagen, mohiotia tetahi pūmua hanganga - elastin. Ko reira ano hoki he wāhanga o te kopu wahopūtau. taea ki te horo'ai te taea o te kiko totoro i roto i etahi rohe, me te ngāwari hoki ki te āhua taketake Elastin he. Ko tētahi atu tauira o te pūmua hanganga - fibroin, kitea nei i roto i te torongū silkworm. Ko te wāhanga matua o te hiraka miro tenei.

nekeneke pūmua

e kore e taea te amuitahiraa te tūranga o te pūmua i roto i te pūtau. tango ano ratou wahi i roto i te mahi o nga uaua. Uaua hukihuki Ko te tukanga whaiaroaro nui. Ka rite ki te hua, te faafariuraa o te penapena rite ATP macromolecules ki pūngao matū. Tika whai wāhi i roto i te tukanga e pūmua rua - actin me myosin.

Enei pūkaha pūmua he rāpoi threadlike e mahi i roto i te contractile pūnaha uaua kōhiwi. E kitea ana hoki ratou i roto i te kopa uaua-kore i roto i ngā pūtau eukaryotic. Ko tētahi atu tauira o nga pūmua nekeneke - tubulin. Mai i reira i hanga microtubules, e ko te āhuatanga nui o te flagella me ngä makawe iti. microtubules hoki kei roto tubulin kitea i roto i ngā pūtau o te io te kopa o te kararehe.

paturopi

tūranga paruru nui o pūmua i roto i te pūtau. takoto wāhanga o taua mea i roto i te rōpū, i huaina nei ko paturopi. He matū o te take mai tūturu, e kua synthesized, te tikanga huakita, harore mōkitokito, me ētahi atu microorganisms enei. E hāngai ana ratou i pehi i te tukanga whaiaroaro o te tahi atu rauropi whakataetae. Ko te kitea o te take paturopi pūmua i roto i te 40s. Kua revolutionized ratou rongoā, hoatu ana e ia he hiringa kaha ki te whanaketanga.

Na roto ratou natura matū, paturopi - he rōpū rawa kanorau. rerekē ratou i roto i to ratou tikanga o te mahi. Ētahi pokanoa ki te kōtuitanga pūmua i roto i ngā pūtau, te poraka muri te hanga o whākōkī nui, tautāwhi i te tupu o te tuatoru, tuawha - uri. Hei tauira, streptomycin pai mohiotia taunekeneke ki ribosomes o te pūtau kitakita. Ko te kupu, ratou tino pōturi iho te kōtuitui o pūmua. E kore e nga paturopi raraunga taunekeneke ki ribosomes eukaryotic tinana tangata. Tenei te tikanga e kore e paitini ki kararehe teitei enei matū.

e kore ko nga mahi katoa o te pūmua i roto i te pūtau tenei. Ripanga o matū paturopi ki te whakatau, me ētahi atu mahi tino motuhake e e taea ki te faaitoito i runga i nga huakita me kore noa enei pūhui tūturu motuhake. I tēnei wā tīmata ako takenga pūmua paturopi, i roto i te pāhekoheko ki DNA ofati te tukanga e pā ana ki te whakatinanatanga o te mōhiohio ā-ira. Ko rite te roa rite taua matū e anake whakamahia i roto i te te hahau o mate pukupuku. He tauira o te taonga paturopi taua he dactinomycin actinomycetes synthesized.

tāoke

Pūmua i roto i te pūtau mahi te mahi o te eccentricity rawa motuhake, me te noa. He maha o kaiao ora whakaputaina e paihana - tāoke. Na roto ratou natura, he pūmua, me te matatini taimaha rāpoi iti pūhui organic. Ka rite ki te tauira, he mushroom penupenu paitini te mate kapu.

pūmua manawapa me te kai

Ētahi pūmua mahi rite embryos kai o kararehe me ngā otaota. He maha ngā tauira. Ko te uara o te pūmua i roto i te purapura totokore pūtau karapoti i roto i te reira. maku koutou e atawhai ratou te iroriki o otaota puta i roto i te tīmatanga o tona whanaketanga. I roto i te kararehe pūmua kai he hua albumin, me te waiu casein.

āhuatanga pūmua Unstudied

Ko te tauira i runga ake - te wahi anake e kua kē kua nui ako. Otiia i roto i te āhua i reira e tonu maha mea ngaro. He ahurei, me inaianei tae noa uaua ki te whakarōpū ratou te pūmua i te pūtau o ngā momo maha. Hei tauira, monellin - he pūmua kitea me taratahi i tipu Awherika. reka te reira reka, engari e kore e meinga e te reira te mōmonatanga me te kore-paitini. I roto i te heke mai, ka taea e te mea hei whakakapinga pai ki te huka. Ko tētahi atu tauira - he pūmua kitea i roto i te tahi mau ika Arctic, ārai reira mīti o te toto, mahi rite ārai makariri i roto i te tikanga totonu o te whakarite. He maha o ngārara pūhui pūmua parirau resilin tāutuhia ki te ahurei, elasticity tata tino. A e kore te e tauira katoa o matū e ka titiro anake, me te whakarōpū.