Ko te kaupapa o te London Underground: hītori me te tūnga o nāianei

Scheme London Underground ngā o teihana 270, 11 ngā rārangi, te roa tapeke o te mea rite ki te 402 kiromita. Katoa ra, i tenei momo o te waka e whakamahia ana e neke atu i te toru miriona noho me manuhiri o te whakapaipai Ingarangi. Moko London Underground ko tetahi o te pūāhua matua i roto i te ahurea rongonui te ao e hua, ka hokona ngā tūemi o kakahu me oko ki te logo kamupene me te arā raro kaupapa.

History o hanga me te āhua o nāianei

hinga ki runga ki Hānuere 10, 1863 te ra whakatuwheratanga o te arā raro i roto i London. ingoa te raina tuatahi i "reyluey Metropolitan" herea e ia te teihana tereina e rua nui rawa. I roto i 1890, i te tereina London Underground tuatahi tīmata mahi o electrically. Tae noa 1933, te hanga me te whanaketanga o ngā rārangi e whakaratohia ana e ngā kamupene tūmataiti. Kua piri ratou Creation o te Tari o te Passenger Transport ki te pūnaha kāwanatanga kotahi.

I roto i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, kua meinga reira he rerenga raro mahuinga i te poma o te taupori rangimarie o te pa. Whiringa 18, 1987 i mahara nga tangata o London pakarutanga ohorere o te ahi. I taua ra, kī nga mea timatanga i te oraraa o toru tekau iwi. I roto i te Hōngongoi 2005, kua riro e rave rahi teihana te ūnga o whakaeke kaiwhakatuma. Ka rite ki te hua, e wha blasts ruruku i roto i toru tereina patua 56 iwi, me te rererangi whakamomori wha.

Ki te rā, ko te kaupapa o te London Underground i wahi wha i roto i te roa rawa i roto i te ao, i muri Seoul, Beijing me Shanghai. ka karanga kainoho o te whakapaipai tenei puka o te waka te Tube (Engl. "Paipa") e tika ana ki te āhua o te huna.

Raina a London Underground teihana

Ka rite ki whakahuatia i mua, ngā te whakapaipai Ingarangi raro o 11 ngā rārangi, e wha o nei he pāpaku, te tahi atu - hohonu. Fakakaukau ki ia motuhake:

• "Takiwa" (denoted i roto i te hoahoa i te tae matomato, me kei roto 60 teihana);
• "Met" (papura teihana 34);
• "Circumferential" (kōwhai, 36 teihana);
• "Te Tai Tokerau" (mangu, 50 teihana);
• "Waterloo & City" (Urikiko, teihana 2);
• "Central" (whero, 49 teihana);
• "Beykerloo" (Brown, 25 teihana);
• "Piccadilly" (puru pouri, 53 teihana);
• "Wikitoria" (puru, 16 teihana);
• "Anniversary" (hiriwa, 27 teihana);
• "Hammersmith & City" (Pink, 29 teihana).

I roto i te 2007, ka katia te raina Eastern mō te hanga anō. E whā tau i muri i tona whakatuwheratanga, ka wahi o waka mā'olunga. hoki kei roto Scheme London Underground wahi pērā i "London Overground" me "Docklands Light Railway".

meka ngā

• Ko te ara roa ko te haerenga tika i te teihana "Te Hau-ā-uru Raislip" ki "Epping" - 54,9 kiromita me pumau te haora, me te 28 meneti.
• I runga i te rohe o "Stratford" Ko te ara maiangi poto (4 mita), me te roa rawa puritia te teihana "anahera" (60 mita).
• huaina te teihana rawa hohonu te "Hampstead", e takoto ana e ia i te hohonu o 59 mita i te taumata huarahi.
• I te iti rawa i te hohonu (5.2 mita) Kei teihana "Redbridge".
• "Waterloo" Ko te teihana roa a'ei o te London Underground. I roto i te tau, ko konei pāhihi waka 82 miriona te iwi.
• "Takiwa" rārangi kua te maha nui o teihana (60), me te iti - "Waterloo & City" (2).

hoahoa

I te tīmatanga ngā te kaupapa London Underground i ki te mahere o te pa e, kia rite ki te tini o tenei momo o te waka, faingataa perception ataata o te tira haere. I muri mai, i roto i te tau 1933 e Garri Bek hangaia te mātārere mōhiohio, i hoatu te aho i roto i te papamuri schematic, nui atu i matawhenua, me kua whakaritea takitahi katoa tae.

momotuhi grotesque ahurei, e te tuhituhi te kupu Underground i runga i te muri puru, i hangaia e Edward Johnston i 1916. Kua Moko ki te tuhituhinga i runga i roto i te tau tuatahi o tona oraraa kua mohiotia e taua ingoa rite "ūnga" me "te kanohi o puru". Ko te porohita whero, e haere i roto i te pokapū o te karawarawa puru. He unknown tonu te kaihoahoa o tenei tohu. I muri aratau katoa o waka mai i raro i te mana o Transport mo London, timata tenei tohu ki te kia tono ki te teihana tēkihi, pahi, Wilkes i, DLR me etahi atu.

haere teie mahana i runga i te London Underground, ngāwari koe e taea e whakarite ki te haere ki te Museum o Modern Art. Kei te kaha tonu inaianei wāhi Advertising ki rotarota me te toi peita, ko te kupu te hanga i te huru hari i roto i ngā pāhihi. Tenei tūruhi unspeakably hoki hari me manuhiri ki te pa, ahakoa te meka e te utu o te ekenga pakeke, i runga i te taiao o te toharite o 3 pauna. utu tīkiti a ngā tamariki hawhe te utu.