Kia pehea te Ko te whakahaunga o te tuhinga: te whakamātautau me ona tikanga

Examination ki te whakatau i te whāititanga o te tuhinga he whakaaro rangahau tino rongonui. Ko te meka Ko e ki te rā, whakarato te marae i te maha nui o titoa kirimana, tiwhikete, mana mau, me ngā kirimana. taea ki te tāutu i te rūpahu tuhinga-tawhito tohungatanga ko.

I te wa ano e te reira ki te pūkete te rā i runga i te pepa, me te hanganga o te kuputuhi. Hoki tenei momo o te mahi, me te e tuhinga tohungatanga-tawhito hangarau i te kaupapa o te imi ārahi te take. kia tae te petihana me te tangata mo.

Identification o tohu mau

Me pēhea te ki te whakatau i te whakahaunga o te tuhinga? Ko te whakamātautau mō tenei whakamahi rua huarahi. Ko te tetahi tuatahi ko te ki te tautuhi i noho tonu nga tohu i roto i te wa. Ko ētahi o ēnei ko te ihirangi o te tuhinga, me ona turanga e tika ana ki te whakarite o te mea tuhituhi whakamahia, te āhuatanga rārangi, ngā rauhanga, me ngā rauemi.

whāinga rangahau whakahaeretia ki te whakatū i ngā hanganga ture vahe huanga ki te wā wā motuhake. He aha i roto i tenei take e kumea whakarongo ki te tuhinga whakamātautau-tau? Tohunga titiro te rā ka ngoikore i whakaritea i roto i te kōrero o te kuputuhi, me te wā wā. Ko te tino whai hua i roto i te kaupapa i puta i roto i te wā tomu'a o huringa nui i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā taputapu tuhituhi me ngā rauemi, me ano hoki i roto i te reo tenei huarahi.

Ko te kupu, ko te whakamātautau o ngā tuhinga e taea whakakitea nga fakangatangata e:

- ki te whakarato i te kuputuhi, nga ngā kahore e e whakatau i tona rā o te faaineineraa (hei tauira, ingoa o ngā pokapū, rōpū, aha ...);
- i runga i panereta me te hiri ongo raraunga e wātea ana i runga i te whakahaere, i hanga nei i muri, Whakakahoretia ana ra ano te wa i whakaritea ranei;
- i roto i te ihirangi o te tuhinga he tohutoro ki te ngā i puta i te wa rerekē.

Hoki, whakamātautau o te whakatūnga o te tuhinga whakahaunga tūhura te Morphology o whiu. I runga i enei raraunga taea tino tatou te whakakore i te taea o te mahi o kōrero tuhi noa te tekau ki te pene pura, tae noa ki te mau hitu ahuru - te rā. Otiia ka taea te hanganga o te kuputuhi ki te whakamahi o mīsini taipé hiko i muri i anake te 70. Ka taea anō hoki whakamātautau o te hanga o te tuhinga whakahaunga.

Rangahau kitea me hanganga o nga rauemi e whakamahia ana mo te whakaaturanga o te kuputuhi. Tenei, i roto i ngā, tae me kaihoroi i roto i nga pukapuka i roto i te pepa. Ko te kupu, i mua i te rima tekau e kore tono whakapiri mō ngā pene pura e Kei roto i te waikano phthalocyanine. I tua atu, hei wāhanga o te hanga kāinga o te pepa ki runga ki te 60-doma reira ko kahore he brighteners optical.

Ko te ako o tohu o huringa pae tino

Ka rite ki ano takoto te tuhinga whakahaunga? Ka taea te whakamahi i te whakamātautau, me te huarahi rerekē ki o ratou akoranga. Ko te ki te tautuhi i aua āhuatanga e kitea e tika ana ki ngā huringa whakahaere i roto i nga āhuatanga o mea tuhituhi whakamahia mō te tono taipitopito. I tua atu, tenei huarahi ka taea hoki te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi pepa. I roto i tenei take, te whakamahi i te matauranga o nga ture faatere i te huringa i roto i ngā āhuatanga o te tuhi mea i roto i te akoranga o ratou te whakamahi.

Hoki, e ka taua whakamātautau ki pūkete te tukanga e puta i roto i te pepa i roto i tona rokiroki wā roa-.

Ko te kupu, i hanga te tuhinga mahi whakamātautau-tawhito patapatahia, e tūhura ana te raraunga tukanga, e tohu te wā o te hanga o te Patopato homai te waitohu me te momo, whitiki kākahu, me te pera i runga i .. I tua atu, tangohia ki pūkete nga rerekētanga katoa e puta i roto i te mahi o te taputapu. Ko te mutunga o te wā o te faaineineraa o te typescript homai i runga i te pūtake o te whānuitanga katoa o huru ahu e kua whakaritea ki te tauira noa. Tika whakatau wā i roto i tenei take kia i roto i te whānui i te ra kotahi ki te tau kotahi.

Hoki whakamātautau me te tango i te tuhinga e mahi i runga i te pūreretā hono ki te rorohiko whaiaro. E whakaritea ratou ki nga tauira noa, tāngia ki runga ki te taua hangarau. Analysis o te mahi rangahau tohu e taea te kawea te pepa whakamātautau i ki te tika rahi, hanga i runga i te pūreretā inkjet. Hoki tenei ako te kariri, nga tohu o e puta i runga i te pepa rite te "titi, me ngira."

whakaurunga rangahau

Kei te whakamahia Examination taputapu tuhituhi whakahaunga ki:

- inscriptions, rite whakatikaina e te ringa;
- tuhinga, tāngia te whakamahi i ngā pūreretā inkjet;
- tuhipoka tuhi;
- pane Imprint, hiri me pane.

Methods o ako

Hei whakatau i nga whāititanga o te tuhinga whakamahia:

1. tikanga organoleptic. Ki te to ratou awhina, tātarihia, ka aromatawaitia te kounga o ngā hāngai i runga i te kuputohu whiwhi ka tono rongo (rongo, kite, reka, kakara). Ēnei akoranga whakarato he aromatawai ataata o te tuhinga i roto i te pātai. Ko tona umeraa, tae, te kakano o te rauemi, me pera i runga i. D.
2. tikanga mōkitokito. Ka rite ki te tikanga, kei te whakamahia e ratou ki te whakamārama i te raupapa o pane pouakataki Imprint me inscriptions hanga.
3. tikanga whakaahua. Kua ratou whakamahinga kua meinga whakawhetai taea ki te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau hou. E whakamahia tikanga whakaahua i roto i te tata katoa ngā wāhanga o forensics, tae atu ka whakatau i te tikanga hanga te tuhinga.
4. tikanga Chemical. Ratou whakamahi taea hoki valivali te tātari, me te tuhi rauemi ki te matapae o ratou āhuatanga huri i runga i te wā.
5. tikanga tūrara. Ēnei tikanga tukua ki a matou te whakatau i te akiaki o te whakaetonga o te whakarewa organic, e ko te wahi o ngā rauemi tuhituhi.
6. tikanga Spectrographic. Ēnei whakamahinga whakamātautau mō te whakatau i te hanganga o Inks me ngā rauemi tuhituhi. Na roto o tenei tikanga e whakaturia ai i roto i te aroaro o ngā rauemi poke tae, i te mea te turanga i roto i te tikanga ki te hanga tetahi te tahi atu putanga ranei.

I tua atu, whakamātautau o whakahaunga hou o te tuhinga hanga whānui whakamahi o te hangarau mōhiohio hou. Tenei, i roto i ngā, i te whanaketanga o te te rorohiko tātaritanga o nga tuhinga.

taipitopito Priority prostanovki

Ka rite ki taea te whakaritea i te reira i te whakahaunga o te tuhinga? Tohungatanga i roto i te tukanga o ratou rangahau kumea whakarongo ki te tikanga o nga rārangi i runga ake, me te ka tā te kuputuhi. Na, pane, hiri me waitohu hanga he tuhinga titoa i roto i te wa rerekē. Kia aroha mai, e kore te mea taea te wā faaotiraa streaking superposed. Heoi, whakamātautau o ngā whāititanga o te tuhinga e taea te whakatau tonu i nei o nga kōrero kua hoatu iho i roto i te wahi tuatahi - he hiri waitohu ranei.

rite o ngā tauira

Kia pehea te atu whakaritea e te whakahaunga o te tuhinga? i roto i to ratou tohungatanga rangahau maha whakamahi i te tikanga o ngā tauira whakarite. taea te tono he tikanga pērā ki nunui o ngā tuhinga e wātea ana. Hoki te mahi tango tauira o whakahaere pepa e pā ana, i unu ake nei i ngā wā rerekē.

Ka tukua tenei huarahi te tohunga ki te whakatau i te nui, me te taumata o te huringa e kua puta, pa tonu i runga i te pūtake o enei raraunga, te mutunga o te wā o te faaineineraa o te kuputuhi i tautohetia.

kia tauira Tuhinga e e tangohia mo te whakarite kia whakamana te whakamahi i te taua pūmārō (copiers, ngā pūreretā me te rite. D.), ka hoki i tuhituhia e te taua kakau (rā pōro ranei). Me ōrite, me te takahi te mangumangu, e hāngai ana mō te tā. I roto i te kaupapa e kore e katoa o te ngā i runga ake ngā i runga i nga tauira katoa i tetahi mea ki te mahi i ki te tuhinga tautohetia, pā te tohunga tikanga rerekē. I roto i tenei take, i homai te mutunga e pā ana ki te eita o te mahi.

Tikanga whakarite pepa tautohetia

Aita i maoro a'e, whakamātautau o ngā tuhinga i te tikanga o whāititanga pinepine whakamahi te tikanga whakarite ki te whiwhi i te kape o te kuputuhi ki te rauemi motuhake kohia i roto i te wā kotahi, kei roto tānga tauira, inscriptions me ētahi atu kōrero.

Ko te whakamahi o tenei tikanga hanga taea reira ki tika te whakatau i te rā o te hanganga whakarerekē o te pepa mōhiohio ranei. Heoi, kua ona drawbacks tenei tikanga. faaoti ratou e e rapu utu i te hanganga o te pātengi raraunga i te haumi nui o te wā me te hōpuni. Tenei, i roto i te tahuri, ka whakaara ake te utu o te whakamātautau.

Rauemi (kaupapa) ako

Whakatau i te tau o te tuhinga, ko te atu kotahi aronga. Ko tā te reira i te rangahau i runga i te ako o te huringa e pa ana i te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi tuhituhi, me te kōrero o pepa mōhiohio. Kua whakaaturia ngā rangahau e ki e taea te whakamana tino raraunga mahi pū i te whakatau i te wā o te hanganga o te tuhinga i roto i i te waituhi ko kore iti iho i te rua tekau ōrau o te whakarewa organic tiketike-kohua. Ko te rārangi o taua rauemi - Inks inkjet me i peitahia mō ngā pene pura tokotoko e. He he hanganga rite, me te takahi te mangumangu. Ko te wā herenga tuhinga e whakaritea e te ihirangi whakarewa wäriu i roto i nga whiu. whakaturia ana tēnei tohu e na roto i te tūāwhiorangi tūrara hau wai i whiwhi e te whakapiri absorption wāhanga o pepa e pā ana i roto i te dimethylformamide.

Examination waitohu tawhito i runga i te tuhinga tano te tikanga e hāngai ana i runga i te matauranga o nga whiu hoholo tauira hanga whakapiri mo ngā pene pura, i roto nei i reira he waipiro benzyl, fenilglikol me tīmeka ethers propylene glycol. whakaritea Age o te kaupapa rangahau i roto i tenei take e whakarite. Ki te mahi i tenei, tangohia te āhuatanga o whiu o te tuhinga tautohetia me te tauira i hanga ki runga ki te tau, te marama me te ra i roto i te rite ki kei i tākinga.

taahiraa whakamātautau

He he he hoahoa whakamātautau raupapa whānui o fakangatangata i runga i te ihirangi whanaunga o te tuhinga i roto i te volatiles whiu tae. Kei roto te reira i te whai i ēnei:

1. He ako tuatahi. solves te reira i te raruraru o te whakatau i te tikanga o te whakatinanatanga o whiu, me te he aromatawai o ratou pai ki te whakahaere i te ako whānui.
2. Analysis o te whakarewa. te whāinga o tēnei ako ki te whakatau i te pai o whiu ki te whakatau tata i te wa o to ratou mahi.
3. Investigation o nga rauemi kore-ahua i roto i roto i te pae (resins me tae). whakamana he tātaritanga taua te ki te whakatau i te momo o te rauemi e whakamahia ana, me te ki te whakatū i ngā āhuatanga motuhake mō tona aromatawai.
4. whakatau i o te ōrau o ngā rauemi ahua i roto i nga whiu.
5. Whakatauira o te toulekeleká taipitopito tukanga.
6. mahi i whakarite Direct whiu wā.

Examination o "pahuatia" pepa

E mea pinepine whakaratohia hoki te ako o ngā rauemi kua kitea i mua ki tetahi awe pukuriri. Ko te take i taea ai tatou te marama, matū ranei mana waiariki ki te hoatu i te pepa mōhiohio, titiro koroheke. hanga tenei reira tino uaua ki te kawe i roto i te mahi tohunga. Otiia i roto i ngā take pēnei i, kei te korero kua te meka mere o tenei mana e pā ana ki te āhua taihara o te ara i rite ai.

Hei tauira, ka te pānga waiariki i runga i te kuputuhi o te pepa ko te nui whiti "whakaata". I roto i tenei take, e kore e taea ki te tiro i te whiu grainy. I tua atu, i roto i tenei take i reira he makenu i runga i te pepa o te rehutuhi, me te whakaatu pūāhua he ahua tia. Ki runga ki te rapunga o enei tohu o te tohunga homai te whakaaro i runga i taua tuhinga i waiho i raro ki puia ahotea i te puka o te wera i runga i te rau nga nekehanga.

Whakatau i o mehemea reira kua huringa ki te tuhinga

E mea pinepine i hanga te tuhinga tapehatanga mōhiohio ara podrisovki, erasures, i horoia pūkete waikawa ranei. I te tahi taime hanga huringa ki te tuhinga mā te overprinting kupu, reta me ngā nama, me te māka kahupapa me ngā kāri whakaahua. I roto i te tikanga ki te whakatau i taua meka whakamahia tikanga mō te ako i te tuhinga rauemi. Whakawa i runga i ngā kōrero overprint atu ranei, ka taea e koe te whakamahi i te ako whakatairite o te colorant. Rerekētanga i roto i tona hanganga tohu te rūpahu. Ki te whakatau e piripiri kahupapa pikitia akoranga. I roto i te tuhinga hakari e tetahi anake o tona ahua.

I te tahi taime e taui i roto i te kuputuhi o tetahi o nga pepa o te mahi pepa mōhiohio mā te whakamahi i te pūkarapa. Kei te tomo te tuhinga ki te rorohiko, whakatika, ka tāngia i roto i runga i te pūreretā. I roto i ngā take pēnei i, E whai wāhi ana te whakamātautau o te pepa katoa, e taea ana ki te whakatau i te wa rerekētanga o ratou hanganga.

Whakatau i o te kuputuhi taketake

Kēhi ka forensics heheu rara tuhinga -old. Na i reira he he hiahia ki te whakatau i te mākete ihirangi taketake. I roto i ngā take pēnei, e haamata te ako ki te whakamātautau o te tuhinga i roto i nga hihi katinga tātari. kia whakarato te hua o tenei mahi matauranga ki te puaretanga ka taea o te pepa ki tetahi matū pukuriri. Ki te papaki te kuputuhi taketake o te tuhinga i te taha o te erasure, na ka tauturu i te reira ki te whakatau i te whakamātautau mōkitokito me whakawātea. Whakaora i te ihirangi taketake o te kuputuhi ka kia taea i muri i whakaahua i te pepa i roto i kitea hihi katinga me te tono o ngā tikanga o te tukatuka rorohiko o te whakapakoko hua.

Ki te whiti te kuputuhi i runga i te pepa i roto i ringihia ranei, pania mauherea, mo te tāututanga o te whakamātautau tuatahi o ngā pūkete e whakamahi tikanga rerekē ranei. Ka whakawhirinaki te kōwhiringa o te tikanga i runga i te ako o te huinga o waikano, e kua whakamahia ki te tuhituhi kuputuhi me te kati. Ko te tikanga tukatuka tuhi rorohiko whakamahia i tēnei wā te nuinga noa.

Ko te eita o te whakamātautau

Ahakoa te whanaketanga tere o te pūtaiao hou, me te hangarau, me te rārangi tika roa o ngā tikanga, ki te rangahau whakatau taea te kawea nga whāititanga o te tuhinga i roto i kore tonu.

Taea tūmahi ka:
- tāpaetanga mea mate o ngā tuhinga;
- te ngaro o te maha e hiahiatia o ngā tauira mō te whakarite;
- kāwanatanga takarepa pepa mōhiohio (tona whakarerekētanga nui).