He aha e te membrane pūtau waho? Ko te hanganga o te membrane pūtau waho

ako hanganga o ngā pūtau o prokaryotic kaiao, me te tipu me ngā kararehe whai wāhi i roto i te wāhanga koiora tangata, ka karanga cytology. Kua kitea Scientists e rawa uaua i roto i te reira te tirotiro o te pūtau, e ko, hanga. Kei te karapotia te reira e te wae mata pera-ka karanga, tito o te membrane pūtau waho, nadmembrannye hanganga ngā: glycocalyx me te taiepa pūtau, me te microfilaments, microtubules me pelikula hanga ona matatini submembrane.

I roto i tenei tuhinga, tirohia tatou te hanganga me ngā mahi o te membrane pūtau waho, wahi o te taputapu mata o ngā momo o ngā pūtau.

He aha e te membrane pūtau waho

Ka rite ki whakaahuatia i mua, ko te membrane waho he wahi o te mata o ia pūtau kōwae, i pai te wehe ona tirotiro ā-me tiaki organelles pūtau i ngā āhuatanga taiao kino. Ko tētahi atu mahi - ko te whakarato o pākia i waenganui i nga tirotiro pūtau me te kiko inu, na whakarato te membrane pūtau waho waka o ngā rāpoi ngota me ngā katote tomo ki te cytoplasm, a hoki āwhina ki te tango tāoke me tāoke te taikaha i te pūtau.

Ko te hanganga o te membrane pūtau

He tino rerekē i roto i a ratou ano membrane plasmalemma o ngā momo rerekē o ngā pūtau ranei. Te nuinga, te hanganga matū, me te ihirangi whanaunga o lipids, glycoproteins, pūmua me, no reira, te āhua o receptors e te hunga i roto ia ratou. Ko te waho hanganga membrane pūtau me te mahi o nei takoto te matua i te hanganga o nga glycoproteins takitahi, e wahi i roto i te āhukahuka o whakaohooho i roto i te taiao o waho, me nga tauhohenga pūtau ki o ratou mahi. Mai kia taunekeneke kiriuhi pūmua me glycolipids pūtau etahi wheori, kia kia tomo ratou ki roto ki te pūtau. huaketo herpes me rewharewha taea te whakamahi i te plasmalemma o te pūtau ope ki te hanga i te anga tiaki.

He huaketo me huakita, pera-ka karanga bacteriophages, pūtau piri ki te membrane me te rewa i roto i te whakapā reira te whakamahi i whākōkī motuhake. Na, atu i te poka rāpoi ngota pītauira viral.

Āhuatanga o te hanganga o te wē membrane o eukaryotic

A haamana'o na e mahi i te membrane pūtau waho rite te waka, arā, waka o matū ki te cytoplasm o te pūtau , me i te taiao o waho. Hei kawe i te tukanga taua titau te hanganga motuhake. Oia mau, te plasmalemma ko te aumou, ao mo te katoa pūtau eukaryotic pūnaha taputapu mata. Tenei kikokore (2-10 nm), engari ko te makona kiriata multilayer mātotoru e hipokina te pūtau katoa. ako Ko tōna hanganga i roto i 1972 e taua aivanaa rite D. Singer ko G. Nicolson, hanga hoki e ratou he tauira wai-mosaic o te membrane pūtau.

Ko te pūhui matū matua e hanga ai - ko te whakaritenga maau o nga rāpoi o pūmua, me te etahi phospholipids e kua pūmau i roto i te taiao waiwai lipid me rite mosaic. Ko te kupu, titoa te membrane pūtau kei o rua ngā papa o lipid, kore-neke hydrophobic "hiku" e he i roto i te membrane, me nga upoko hydrophilic neke anga te cytoplasm pūtau me te inu intercellular.

apa lipid î e te rāpoi ngota pūmua nui whakatu nga kōputaputa hydrophilic. Kei te kawea te reira i therethrough, wairewa waiwai o te kūhuka i me te kohuke tai. E kitea ētahi rāpoi ngota pūmua i runga i te waho, me te i runga i te mata i roto o te wē membrane. Ko te kupu, i runga i te membrane pūtau waho o ngā pūtau i roto i te rauropi katoa he rāpoi matua warowaihā e hono e here kotuari ki glycolipids me glycoproteins. ihirangi warowaihā o te kiriuhi pūtau pae i 2 ki te 10%.

Ko te hanganga o te wē membrane kaiao prokaryotic

Ko te membrane pūtau waho i roto i ngā prokaryotes mahi mahi rite ki te pūtau plasmalemma kaiao karihi, ara tirohanga me te tuku o te mōhiohio i te taiao o waho, waka o ngā katote me rongoā ki te pūtau me i o, tiaki i te cytoplasm ke waho tauhohenga. kia hanga te reira i mesosoma - hanganga puta i roto i invagination o wē membrane ki te pūtau. kia waiho ratou whākōkī whai wāhi i roto i te pūkoro tinana tauhohe prokaryotes, hei tauira, i roto i te tāruaruatanga DNA, te kōtuitanga pūmua.

Kei roto hoki Mesosoma whākōkī, pitihāoratanga, i te photosynthetic e bacteriochlorophyll (huakita) me phycobilins (cyanobacteria).

Ko te tūranga o te membrane waho i roto i te hoapā pūtau-pūtau

Tonu ki te whakahoki i te pātai, He aha e te membrane pūtau waho, ka arotahi ki runga ki tona tūranga i roto i ngā hoapā pūtau-pūtau. I roto i te tipu ngā pūtau i roto i te taiepa o te kōputaputa membrane pūtau waho e hanga e haere i roto i te apa penupenu. Na roto i taea ratou tukua cytoplasm pūtau waho taua takere kikokore i huaina plasmodesmata.

Ngā mihi ki a ratou, te hononga i waenganui i ngā pūtau tipu tata rawa kaha. I roto i ngā pūtau tangata me ngā wāhi kararehe whakapā o kiriuhi pūtau pātata e huaina desmosomes. He āhuatanga o te endothelial me ngā pūtau epithelial, ka kitea hoki i roto i cardiomyocytes ratou.

hanganga Houalotú o wē membrane

Hei mahino te rerekētanga i waenganui i te tipu ngā pūtau i kararehe āwhina ratou ako i te hanganga āhuatanga o te plasmalemma, e whakawhirinaki i runga i te mea mahi e whakamana e te membrane pūtau waho. Runga ake i te reira i roto i te pūtau kararehe ko te apa o te glycocalyx. Kei a ia ko polysaccharides ngā rāpoi ngota e pā ana ki pūmua me lipids membrane pūtau waho. glycocalyx Nā adhesion (e piripiri) puta i waenganui i nga pūtau, ārahi ki te hanganga o te kopa, na e te reira wahi i roto i te mahi kē o te wē membrane - te whakaohooho āhukahuka taiao o waho.

Kia pehea te te waka hāngū o matū motuhake i roto i te membrane pūtau

Ka rite ki i kī i mua, whai wāhi te membrane pūtau waho te i roto i te waka o ngā matū i waenganui i te pūtau, me te taiao o waho. E rua ngā momo o te waka puta noa te plasmalemma: hāngū (difuzionny) me waka kaha. pā ana te tuatahi tūringiringi, ngä tūringiringi me te rerewai. Ko te kaupapa o matū me te rōnaki kukū tei matua i runga i te taimaha me te rahi o ngā rāpoi ngota e haere ana i roto i te membrane pūtau. Hei tauira, kei ngā wairewa i roto i te apa lipid toharite plasmalemma neke therethrough rāpoi iti nonpolar me te puta i roto i te cytoplasm.

rāpoi nui o matū waro tomo ki roto ki cytoplasm ki te awhina o pūmua kawe motuhake. E ratou momo pū, me te tūhono ki te matūriki katote pūngao ranei utu, kahore pē whakawhiti i roto i te membrane i te rōnaki kukū (waka hāngū). Tenei tukanga ngā te pūtake o ngā āhuatanga wē membrane pērā i uruhanga whiriwhiri. I roto i te tukanga o te waka hāngū e kore e whakamahi i te pūngao o ngā rāpoi ngota ATP, a whakaora reira te pūtau ki ētahi atu tauhohe pūkoro tinana.

waka Active o ngā matū i roto i te plasmalemma

Mai te membrane pūtau waho taea whakawhiti o ngā katote me ngā rāpoi ngota i te taiao ki te pūtau me te hoki, riro te reira taea ki ngā hua putanga dissimilation he tāoke, waho, i.e. i te inu intercellular. puta waka Active ki te rōnaki kukū, me te titau te whakamahi o te pūngao i roto i te puka o ngā rāpoi ngota ATP. Reira tā hoki pūmua taraka huaina ATP-taketake, Kei te wā kotahi me whākōkī.

Tauira o taua waka ko te papu konutai-pāhare pāporo (e whakawhiti katote konutai i te cytoplasm ki te taiao i waho, a ka kua mäminga katote pāhare pāporo ki te cytoplasm). Ki reira, e nehenehe o intestinal pūtau epithelial me te tākihi. Rerekē o tenei tikanga ko te tukanga whakawhiti o pinocytosis me phagocytosis. Ko te kupu, ako te mea mahi e whakamana e te membrane pūtau waho, e taea te takoto te tikanga te tukanga e nehenehe o te phagocytosis me pino- protists heterotrophic, me te pūtau o ngā kaiao kararehe teitei, hei tauira, leukocytes.

tukanga Bioelectric i roto i te kiriuhi pūtau

Kei te pumau te reira e te vai nei te rerekētanga pea i waenganui i te mata o te wē membrane waho (te pai whakatupato reira) me te kahu kōpako o cytoplasm, tōraro i ako. I huaina te reira i te pūmanawa takoto, a ko reira tūturu i roto i ngā pūtau ora katoa. He kiko io e takoto kore anake pea, engari he ahei o whakahaere nga biopotentials ngoikore, e kiia nei ko te tukanga excitation hoki. Kei te timata te membrane waho o ngā pūtau io, neurons, tango ritenga o receptors ki te huri i te utu o katote konutai ki te pūtau massively whangai me riro te plasmalemma mata electronegative. He cytoplasm apa taiepa e tika ana ki tīhiko te taikaha whiwhi te tiaki pai. E whakamārama ana tēnei i te take he aha i reira he recharge te membrane pūtau waho o te neuron, e ai āriponga o ponana karere e à te tukanga excitation.