Hanganga nekeneke. Ko te hanganga nekeneke tuatahi

hanganga nekeneke - he wāhi nui o te pakeke anga waho o te ao. E whāiti ratou e hara hohonu. E ako Movement me te hanganga o te kirinuku i te anga o taua pekanga rite nekeneke.

Overview

kimihia hanganga nekeneke te whakamahi i whakamahere matawhenua, tikanga geophysical (rū, i roto i ngā) me te kōhao. kawea te ako o ēnei wāhanga i roto i roto i runga i te whakarōpū whakaaetia. E tūhura ana te reo te arowhenua me rahi āhua iti o e pā ana ki 10 km i roto i te wāhanga ripeka, tectonics - hanganga o nui, i runga i te 100 km. huaina ana te tuatahi ko dislocations o ngā momo rerekē (ka motu, werotanga me pera atu.). E pā ana te rōpū tuarua synclinoria me anticlinoria i roto i te takai aulacogens wāhi, syncline, anticline roto te mau api, whakangungu rakau, subsidence perikratornyh. Tenei kāwai hoki ngā raro tawhē hāngū me te kaha paparahi, pūhara, whitiki geosynclinal, ngā moana, orogenes, tupuke waenga-moana, raruraru i, a na i runga i. Enei tino nui-tauine hanganga nekeneke hipoki anga pakeke a huaina te lithosphere me hohonu.

whakarōpū

Superglobals matamua hanganga nekeneke tae tekau o miriona o mita pūrua. km i roto i te rohe me te mano o kiromita o tona roa. whakawhanake ratou puta noa i te aamu arowhenua o te atamira ao. Global hanganga nekeneke - he hanganga e tangohia ake 10 miriona sq. km. Ratou roa tae e rave rahi mano kiromita. He rite ki te whakaaro o mua te roanga o ratou oraraa. He hoki whakarato hanganga nekeneke subglobal o te kirinuku. noho ratou i te wāhi o te maha miriona mita pūrua. km me hora mo mano o kiromita. Ko te wā o ratou whanaketanga - neke atu i te 1 piriona tau.

hanganga nekeneke matua

whanaunga e hāngai ana displacement kotahitanga nukurau taratahi paraharaha lithospheric. Ki te rā, te nui rawa mohiotia 7 me 11-13 whakaaro iti. ngā te mua te Eurasian, Te Tai Tokerau ko Amerika ki te Tonga, Africa, Indo-Ahitereiria, Kiwa, hanganga nekeneke Antarctic. Hoki hinonga iti ngā Filipaini, wirou, pereti Karipiana, kokonati, a pera atu Nazca.

hanganga whati

wehea ēnei hanganga nekeneke paraharaha lithospheric. I roto ia ratou, te tuatahi o katoa wehewehe raruraru i. E wehea ratou ki raurarahi me waenga-moana. Tata puka he pūnaha ao, te roa o te mea neke atu i te 64 mano. Km. Tauira o taua pae taea te mahi ki Te Tai Rāwhiti African (te nui i roto i te ao), Baikalsky. Ko tētahi atu momo o ngā hanganga tetahi he e Panoni pae wāwāhi raruraru i hāngai. I roto i to ratou aho haere ngā wāhi neke whakapae o paraharaha lithospheric, pātata ki a ratou.

pūhara

E puhoi-neke ratou poraka crustal mārō. Kua ēnei pae feunga roa wāhanga o te whanaketanga. Tüäpapa e rerekē hanganga toru-ATE. Ratou hanganga karaihe he reira turanga i hanga e te ōnewa me te ofa'i-te kāhuarau kanapa papa. tawhiti hoki te tūāpapa uhi parataiao. paparanga, tioata turanga i hanga toka kāhuarau, i roto i hipi manusinusi. He uaua tenei katoa ki te wahi i roto i te matotoru o te takahi takoki (te nuinga waikawa me te he i te hanganga toharite). Tei runga i te tau o te hanganga o te turanga, kua wehea te tūāpapa ki taitamariki, me te tahito hanganga nekeneke. Ko te mahi whakamutunga rite te karihi o te fenua, mau ratou waenganui. whakanohoia mātauranga e Si◊í i runga i to ratou taha. I roto i te paparanga cover parataiao i roto i hōpua te nuinga o nedislotsirovannye, tai me i roto i te wā onge rerenga continental.

Panels me mau api

E whakarōpūtia ēnei momo o ngā hanganga nekeneke rite ki nga pau o te hanganga arowhenua. Shield i huaina tüäpapa wahi i runga i te mea te kamaka i runga i te mata, i.e. whai ratou kahore waipara. I roto i te tanga e te aroaro awhi, rite ki te tikanga, mania me nga pukepuke. Peleti he tüäpapa o ratou wāhanga ranei, ngā te apa parataiao kaha. meinga ratou hanganga e subsidence me he moana. Ko te mātauranga mahere whenua o te pereti wahi te tikanga hāngai raorao, me te hiwi.

anteclise

tohu ratou te hanganga pai nui o pereti wahi. Ko te mata he turanga koropuku. E kore te te uhi parataiao āhuatanga e kaha nui. kawea anteclises Hanganga i rite ki te hua o te wāhi faateiteiraa nekeneke. I roto i tenei whakaaro, he tokomaha Horizons reira i roto i te wāhi kino pātata kore ai e kitea i roto i a ratou.

Huānga me haurangi

Ko ratou rohe hanganga anteclises. E faahoho'ahia e wahi teitei o ratou huānga. Ko ratou te turanga ranei i te mata, e hipoki e ngā parataiao o te Quaternary ranei. karanga haurangi o te huānga. E māngai ratou e piki whawhe elongated inerite ranei, pa tonu te diameter o 100 km. E tanumia hoki Funds haurangi. I runga a ratou, māngai te taupoki parataiao i roto i te puka o te kotinga nui iti.

syneclise

Ko ratou kino nui hanganga super-rohe o ngā hanganga pereti. Ratou mata ko turanga hakoko. E āhuatanga ratou e te raro papatahi me koki rawa pāpaku o tuku i runga i nga titahatanga. Syncline i hanga e te rohe subsidence. I roto i tenei whakaaro, he rerekē ratou cover mana teitei parataiao.

monocline

Ēnei ngā hanganga rerekē iu nekeneke ngā paripari. Ko uaua ratou koki o te pā atu atu i te 1 tohu. Tei runga i te paetukutuku te o nga hanganga pai, me te kino, kei nei i waenganui i nga rohe Monocline kia hoki kia rerekē tana kāwai. ngā rohe o grabens parataiao cover moni, ringa he, me te nohoanga. noho Tata he tūranga takawaenga i roto i te tiketike o te mata. Nohoanga tūnga runga ake te hanganga tōraro e karapoti ana ia ratou, engari iti pai.

orogen

E āhuatanga ratou e te hua koi i roto i te matotoru o te kirinuku. E hanga e rohe Mountain-takai i te pūtahitanga o ngā wāhi lithospheric. Te nuinga o ratou, ina koa te taitamariki, e āhuatanga e seismicity teitei. Ka rite ki te parau tumu faufaa o te whakarōpū o nga rohe o te tau maunga-takai kaimahi ngā. Kei te tāuta i te reira i runga i te whenei whakaotinga manusinusi. E wehea pae maunga, na i:

1. Baikal.
2. Hercynian.
3. Caledonia.
4. Alpine.
5. Cimmerian.

whakaaro ana tēnei whakarōpū te ki kia kaua te noho, rite ia ite nuinga o aivanaa te tonu o te kotuituitanga.

Matarere-poraka huānga

E hanga e ēnei ngā hanganga rite ki te hua o te whakaora o nekehanga nekeneke whakapae, me te poutū i roto i nga rohe o nga pūnaha tūtaki i mua, me te maha kua ngaro. I roto i tenei hononga, ko atu angamaheni o te Paleozoic hanganga puninga-poraka me mua Mataora rohe. huānga Sotaiete, te tikanga rite ki te whirihoranga o ngā whakaiti kamaka. Heoi, e kore e kitea tonu tenei i roto i te wāhi takai-poraka. Hei tauira, i roto i te taitamariki pae maunga hāngai anticlinoria hanganga me synclinoria - waka he ◊Otumo◊unga. Roto te wāhanga takai, me te i runga i to ratou taha e tohaina, aua, mata me hōruarua matatau me awaawa. I runga i te mata o enei ngā e whakaritea hua fragmental pokepoke puta i ngā toka whati - molasses. hanganga Foredeep Ko te hua o te subduction o ngā wāhi lithospheric.

rohe Russian Central

aroaro ia matatini tūturu matua te rite te rohe geostructural wāhi nui kotahi. E nehenehe te reira i te turanga ranei korukoru pūnaha o te ngā tau geologic. Ia hinonga he faaiteraa hāngai i roto i te te tauturu. He rerekē ngā takiwā makariri katoa o ratou, osbenno cover whenua. Ko te moni, ko te hanganga matua nekeneke Ural. I roto i te āhua hakari ko reira meganticlinorium, e ngā o te maha anticlinoria elongated meridional me synclinoria wehea. ōrite whakamutunga awaawa ahopou, te tuatahi - tupuke. rere Key anticline Uraltausky roto i te mātauranga katoa. E ai ki te hanganga o putunga Riphean taea te faaoti i te reira e reira ko te subsidence kaha i roto i to ratou whakaeminga. I te wa ano i toutou whakakapi ia faateiteiraa wā-poto. Na roto i te mutunga o te Riphean ahu takai Baikal. Timata te whakatairanga, te mau tautooraa i roto i te Cambrian. I roto i tenei wā, ka tahuri tata katoa te rohe ki te whenua maroke. tohua ana tēnei e te tino iti tohatoha o parataiao, tei faahoho'ahia i schists matomato Kura Cambrian hanganga, mapere, me te quartzite. hanganga nekeneke o Ural i te taumata tohanga raro kupu oti tona kotuituitanga taukiri Baikalian. Ka rite ki te hua, i hanga e te reira ngā wāhi i tua atu i te hunga i whakatika i te wa i muri mai. Ratou tonu turanga mātauranga Timan-Pechora tawhē i roto i te tūāpapa Pākehā Te Tai Rāwhiti.

hanganga nekeneke Siberian: Aldanskoye Highlands

Mātauranga i roto i tenei rohe e tito o onamata gneisses Proterozoic me schists. no ratou ki te Precambrian o te tūāpapa Siberian. Heoi, me mea te reira e pā ana ki etahi o nga āhuatanga e whai hanganga nekeneke. Aldan Plateau whakawhanakehia hoki hītori meso-Cenozoic i waenganui i nga wāhi tonga o te Te Tai Tokerau Baikal me te tūāpapa. I roto i ngā wāhanga maha o te kamaka tioata basement kei i te mata. E māngai ratou e granite pai-baked, quartzite tawhito, māpere me gneisses. I runga i te taha raki reira ko te rohe i reira te turanga e takoto i te hohonu o e pā ana ki 1.5 km. E homaitanga o ona toka e urutomo granitic i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te whanaketanga arowhenua.

wahi Pākehā

Here moni maunga Khibiny. dissected hanganga nekeneke te denudation piki mania. noho ratou i te rohe o te kola Peninsula me Karelia. I hanga maunga Khibiny ahu hanganga nekeneke i roto i te puka o urutomo me dislocations. whakaritea ratou te whenua. kanohi wāhi ngohi kawakore e tetahi o nga urutomo multiphase matatini. Kei runga i te rohe gneyskogo Archaean me Proterozoic ngā Formation Varzuga-Imandra me i kī rohe whati hake e haere i roto i te raina p. Cola - p. Niva.