Biology. māmā Rōpū nahanaha

E ngā rerekē rōpū taxonomic o ohie (whakaahua o ētahi rauropi e te aroaro i roto i tenei tuhinga) kararehe pūtau-tahi, no ki te rōpū o eukaryotes. Mai i te tahi atu eukaryotes katoa, rerekē ratou i roto i taua ratou te tikanga ngā o te pūtau kotahi anake, ahakoa i reira kia kia maha ngā. Nō reira, ko te taumata pūtau o te whakahaere, ko te ki te whai i te rawa. Hoki ngā rōpū taxonomic kore noa e ngā rauropi e kore e e whakatau i tenei whakaritenga. Tata e mōkitokito i roto i te rahi māngai katoa.

āhuatanga morphological me whaiaroaro

E ai ki to ratou taumata e ratou rerekē pārōnaki morphological me whaiaroaro. Hei tauira, he Pūora hanganga ngā ohie (kore e i rerekëtanga ratou organelles whakaiti, hopu nekehanga me te tahi atu te kai.). A, ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te ciliates, he tino matatini ratou whakahaere. i ēnei pellikulyarnye mata māmā hanganga, me fibrils tohutoro contractile, me te organelles o nekehanga, tiaki, hopu kai me te t. D.). Kua āhuatanga katoa taxonomic rōpū kararehe pūtau i te ahua o te ultrastructure pūtau, me te organelles whakaaro whānui: lysosomes, ribosomes, Golgi taputapu, kiriuwhi, pungaraungao. Ko te matua o ratou dvuhmembrannoy karapotia e te anga, i roto i nei i reira he kōputaputa. Oku i ai e nucleoli, karyoplasm me pūira (te nuinga i roto i te karihi interphase despiralizovany ratou).

maha o ngā momo

Ki te rā, ua haapii te rōpū taxonomic nui hātare. E pā ana ki 25-30 mano o momo. A ko reira anake te hunga e i kitea e pūtaiao. Ko te maha o ka puta noa tika i ki kia neke atu i te wa torutoru, no te mea kahore ratou e whakawakia e tika ana ki te mau fifi hangarau me ratou rahi mōkitokito. E whakaahuatia rau o momo hou o te pūtau-katoa tau. Kua wehewehea katoa o ratou ki rima akomanga: knidosporidii, ciliates, sporozoans, flagellates me sarkodovyh. āhuatanga whakatairite o ngā rōpū nahanaha pūmotu taea ki te tīpako ratou āhuatanga āhuatanga. I te tokomaha o ratou e kia kōrero i roto i tenei tuhinga.

Tūnga i roto i te āhua

He tino noa i roto i te āhua hātare. noho ratou i te wahi nui i roto i te mekameka kai, me te rite i roto i te ao koiora rite te katoa. He tokomaha o ratou (ciliates, radiolarians, flagellates) ko te wāhi o te köurarangi moana. Tere whakanuia, maha tae ratou he maha nui. Ēnei microorganisms - he wāhanga nui o te kai o te aumoana moana, rawa copepods. E mea pinepine te māmā (ciliates, foraminifera) e ngā i roto i te benthos moana, kitea nei i te rohe intertidal ki te hohonu nui rawa. He maha o microorganisms ko te wahi waimāori nöhanga me te köurarangi. Momo māmā hanganga noho i roto i te wai hou, - whakaatu saprobity, i.e. wai parahanga i matū organic. Kai o maha torongū ika, tae atu hī, ko etahi o te māmā, tino maha ciliates.

momo pirinoa

He tino maha tenei rōpū pūnahanaha o te pūtau-. Katoa tito o rua ngā akomanga o pirinoa - knidosporidii me sporozoans. O ngā faufaa i roto i enei kararehe pūtau he pirinoa tangata, kararehe arumoni me te kāinga, ika me te manu. Hoki meinga ratou mate te tangata ngā giardiasis, leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, malaria. Ko te tino nui mō ngā kararehe he mate e meinga pirinoa toto - trypanosomiasis, piroplasmoses theileriosis.

Tenei rōpū pūnahanaha noa tono te rota o te kino me te heihei (coccidiosis). O mate protozoal i roto i te pāmu ika mamae ika te nuinga tamariki arumoni. I roto i ngā, Ichthyophthirius, ciliate pirinoa (whakaahua i runga ake) Ka taea e meinga te mate o parai. I roto i te wahi nui ngā knidosporidii piha o pirinoa ika me ngā ngārara whai hua - to'e me pi. I teie mahana, whakawhanakehia ara o te whakamahi i enei kuware, ara, microsporidia, hoki tohe nei pests. Kua whiwhi hua te fafau i roto i tenei aronga.

pūtau-moana

takaro tenei māmā rōpū pūnahanaha te wāhi nui i roto i te hanganga o ngā toka parataiao. E pā ana tēnei rawa radiolarians me foraminifera. He maha putunga difficulty, limestones me ētahi atu toka parataiao i hanga i rerekē ngā wā arowhenua i runga i te mau farii takere, kōhiwi wāhanga tino ranei i hanga (siliceous calcareous ranei) matatoka hātare. Na kawea tātari Micropaleontological atu i rūri papawhenua, ngā i roto i te tūhura hinu.

Mā te mahi taiwhanga

I roto i te mahi taiwhanga whakamahia whānuitia ngā momo o te kararehe pūtau (ciliates, Pūora) mo te rangahau Biophysical, iranga, me te raruraru cytological. Kei te pai te hangaia ahurea Technique taiwhanga. Protistology - Ko te pūtaiao e mahi ki te ako o te māmā.

microanatomy

Ko reira he hanganga o te pūtau ko te māmā, tei matua i runga i te ara o te ora o te momo, me te ona urutaunga whaiaroaro. Kia mōhio e reira he tonu tetahi atu ranei otaota karapotia e te membrane rua. Kua tukua tenei mutunga kaiputaiao ki te hanga i te tātari whakatairite o nahanaha rōpū kararehe pūtau. I roto i te karihi he pūira. Ua tauturu hoki ratou aroaro obligatory i roto i ngā momo katoa tautuhi i te āhuatanga whakatairite o te taxa hātare. aroaro ciliates Photo te raro nei.

ciliates karihi te tikanga taka ki e rua ngā momo: kotahi, neke atu rānei micronuclei iti me kotahi macronucleus nui. Pūtau i etahi o te māmā maha-matua. Kei te āhuatanga e te aroaro o vacuoles hātare rōpū taxonomic Meiha. wehea ana tēnei wāhi i te toenga o te membrane cytoplasm. rerekē ratou i roto i ngā āhuatanga, me te rahi. E tukua Vacuoles ki ngaungau kai, a hoki ana ki te haaputuputuraa me te tikanga o ngā hua totoka, me te wai o te pākia e. I tua atu, e taea te whakamahi e ratou mo te whakataunga o pükohu, e whakarato rangatira, e ko photosynthesize organic nga rauropi māmā. Nga vacuoles me cytoplasm o etahi momo i roto i granules ngarahu. I tua atu, tohaina ratou hanganga plastids - intracellular hanganga motuhake e roto i uhi e pā ana ki te whakatinanatanga o te ahotakakame. Ratou tau, me te āhua whakawhirinaki i runga i nga momo, e ko, no ki te paearu whakarōpū. I raro i etahi ekstrusomy waho membrane tikanga ohie, "shooting" organelle. Tenei, hei tauira, hūpē secreting mukotsisty me trichocysts, emitting kakawaea kikokore. Pea te mahi ratou ki te tiaki. noa te mahi tatou i rite flagella. Tei runga i te momo e taea e ratou i tetahi ki tokomaha. organelles tenei toitoi miro-rite ki te pūnaha matatini o microtubules ahopou ā-. E ai ki te parau tumu o te mahi, me tona hanganga, rerekē tino ratou i te flagella o huakita. I roto i ngā, he āhuatanga o flagellates ratou. Kia mea a te torutoru nga kupu e pā ana ki a ratou motuhake.

Flagellate flagella whakamahia ki te hanga i ngā wai haereraa me / ranei, kia kia whiwhi ratou kai. Tenei rōpū māmā pūnahanaha ngā he plurality o pirinoa rite me ngā puka noa-ora me symbionts o kararehe. He pūtau-tahi polienergidnye monoenergidnye me puka, me te multicellular me te koroni. Hoki flagellates i roto i te whānui i te haafifi i ki osmotrofnomu kai tōtika me ngā pūtau rahi iti. Ahakoa i reira e roto ia ratou fagotrofnye puka rawa nui.

Ngä makawe flagella rite, engari he poto, me te hanga i nga wa katoa he complexes katoa i runga i te pūtau, me te taunga mahi. Ko te tauira tohanga o te makawe iti i runga i te mata - he tohu nui o te te whakarōpū hāngai ki te rōpū taxonomic o hātare.

Kaua e hamani ratou waimāori, Heoi, etahi māngai o te māmā hipoki pauna mineralized organic ranei ranei anga o anga, rerekē i roto i te hanganga me te hanganga. I tua atu, ka taea e waiho ratou kōhiwi intracellular pakeke, i te tikanga ko te hanganga ripekapeka matatini.

kai

Ki te whakaaro ki te Pātukitukinga, te māngai o tenei rōpū taxonomic ko rānei autotrophs (e ko, photosynthesize ratou organic) ranei heterotrophs (mimiti reira i te taiao) mixotrophy (te whakamahi i te rua ara i runga ki te mana) ranei. Ka taea e Heterotrophs u, ake mata pūtau solutes. I roto i tenei take e huaina ratou osmotrofami. I tua atu, ka taea e horomia ratou kai maro i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā tikanga, a ka kua huaina ratou fagotrofami. Food fagotrofov kia ngā tahi atu rauropi. I roto i ngā, ka taea e kai ratou i te tahi atu kararehe pūtau. I te tahi taime, te whai ratou taonga parakete i roto i te tikanga ki te hopu i te reira.

tohatoha

Mai i te pūtau ki te utu reo waho hua totoka ahu te whakamahi i vacuoles hononga kei roto ratou, ki te membrane waho. Te reira i te tahi mau taime puta i roto i te wahi i whakatapua ona (tsitoprokte, poroshitse pūtau). He mātātoa te mäminga vacuoles Contractile i te wai i te taikaha me te ururua pūkoro rewa i roto i reira.

manawa

kia kō atu i ngā āhuatanga o te respiration kiripuaki rōpū taxonomic hātare. taea e te mea rānei hāora-free (anaerobic) me rapu utu taiao hāora e he takohe. Hāora mō te anaerobes faahepo nei he kino, a ka mate ratou i roto i te taiao taonga i roto i a ratou. Ētahi momo i roto i te kāinga rōwai, rawakore ratou, manawa ratou i roto i te huakita taupuhipuhi. Ko te kupu, ko te tika hautanga ki te pāmahana te tere i nei puta tenei tukanga, me te tei runga i te momo o te tïpako metabolizable, i.e. rāpoi cleavable, me te rōpū taxonomic.

uri

Whakaahuatanga rōpū nahanaha noa oti āhuatanga uri. Ka taea e ratou uri asexually. I roto i tenei take, kua wehea te pūtau ki te maha o āpiti. Heoi, kia ratou te kawe atu i tenei tukanga, me te moepuku, me te whai wāhitanga o te pūtau e rua. E te tahi mau taime kīnakinaki ēnei tikanga i runga i i te mea atamira te huringa ora rānei. ngā pūtau iroriki (kīia ki rite tohuhema) hanumi i te whakaputa uri fakasekisualé ranei te kitea te hononga rangitahi (conjugation) e rua ngā pūtau tikanga, e arata'i ki te utu o te therebetween rauemi tuku. Ki te hanumi tohuhema waho tata ōrite, e korero tatou e pā ana ki isogamy. Ki te kotahi o ratou, ko nui nui te rahi, e mea e pā ana ki anisogamy.

O te akoranga, tatou anake poto whakaahua i te rōpū pūnahanaha o te māmā. Biology - te pūtaiao, ako e taea ite i koe he ao hou katoa. e kore e taea e ki te wehewehe moroiti-kaiao tatou kanohi, engari ka taea pūtaiao ki tatou kite ratou. I mua i tatou puta ao. Tauira o enei e ngā rōpū nahanaha o hātare. He rawa ngā i roto i te tikanga maha rhizomes, sporozoans, ciliates, flagellates me ētahi atu rauropi.